+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Date post: 13-Dec-2015
Category:
Upload: millicent-coral-dickerson
View: 244 times
Download: 3 times
Share this document with a friend
Popular Tags:
55
Language and Language and Communication Communication
Transcript
Page 1: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Language and Language and Communication Communication

Page 2: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Verbal and Non-Verbal Verbal and Non-Verbal CommunicationCommunication

Page 3: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Linguistic diversityLinguistic diversity

5000 – 60005000 – 6000

Page 4: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Distribution of languagesDistribution of languages

Vast territory of China –Vast territory of China –

Standard Mandarin (Standard Mandarin (885 million 885 million speakers)speakers)

cfcf..

New GuineaNew Guinea – – a population ofa population of 5 5 million million peoplepeople speak overspeak over 1000 1000 languageslanguages

Dagestan – 2,5 million people Dagestan – 2,5 million people

speak over 30 languagesspeak over 30 languages

Page 5: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

How many languages are How many languages are spoken in Russiaspoken in Russia??

• 11660 0 ethnic groupsethnic groups

• over 100 languagesover 100 languages

Page 6: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

““Big” LanguagesBig” Languages

1.1. ChineseChinese 1.3 миллиард1.3 миллиард    2.2. EnglishEnglish 350350-400-400 millionmillion3.3. SpanishSpanish 250250-400-400 millionmillion4.4. HindiHindi 200200-500-500 millionmillion5.5. ArabicArabic 118800-400 million-400 million6.6. BengaliBengali 230 million230 million7.7. PortuguesePortuguese 210 million210 million8.8. RussianRussian 145145--180180 million million9.9. JapaneseJapanese 11330 0 millionmillion10.10.GermanGerman 101055 млн. млн.

Page 7: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Languages dieLanguages die

•FromFrom 1490 1490 toto 1990 1990 almost almost half of the world languages half of the world languages

dieddied

•In theIn the 21 21stst century century an an estimatedestimated 90% 90% of the of the

languages will dielanguages will die

Page 8: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Reasons:Reasons:

• Persecution of native speakersPersecution of native speakers ((Native AmericansNative Americans))

• Diseases, alcohol, drugsDiseases, alcohol, drugs

• Adopting a more prestigious Adopting a more prestigious languagelanguage

Page 9: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

““Killer languages”Killer languages”andand

“liberator languages”“liberator languages”

Page 10: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

SoundsSounds

• Russian - Russian - 88 vowels vowels

• AbhasianAbhasian – – two vowelstwo vowels: а, ы: а, ы

• DanishDanish – 26 – 26 vowelsvowels

• Russian – 35 consonantsRussian – 35 consonants

• AbkhazianAbkhazian – 58 – 58 consonantsconsonants

• HawaiianHawaiian – – 6 (8) consonants6 (8) consonants: : p, k, l, m, np, k, l, m, n

Page 11: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Unusual soundsUnusual sounds

• Khoi-khoin tribe (South Africa)Khoi-khoin tribe (South Africa)

резкие щелчки языком и резкие щелчки языком и «целующие» звуки«целующие» звуки

Page 12: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Unusual soundsUnusual sounds

• Bird Village in TurkeyBird Village in Turkey

whistle (telegraph of kindswhistle (telegraph of kinds))

Lovers can tenderly whistle to each Lovers can tenderly whistle to each other at a distance of other at a distance of 5 5 milesmiles

Page 13: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Musical languagesMusical languages

• Tone: Chinese (up to 6 – 10 tones)Tone: Chinese (up to 6 – 10 tones)

•Malagasy language (pronounced (pronounced Mala-gass)Mala-gass), Madagascar, Madagascar

• VietnameseVietnamese

Page 14: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

WordsWords

• Chukchi language :Chukchi language :

мыткеплувицветыркын – мыткеплувицветыркын – we are we are playing ballplaying ball (= мячеиграем) (= мячеиграем)

Page 15: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

WordsWords

• Индейский язык науатль:Индейский язык науатль:

Вы, уважаемые, могли бы разбить Вы, уважаемые, могли бы разбить носы до крови, но обошлось.носы до крови, но обошлось.

Page 16: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

WordsWords

• WelshWelsh::

a 57-letter word – place namea 57-letter word – place name::

«церковь Св. Марии в долине Белого «церковь Св. Марии в долине Белого ореха подле бурного водоворота и ореха подле бурного водоворота и церкви Св. Цецилии»церкви Св. Цецилии»

Page 17: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

WordsWords

• A Native American name of a lake in A Native American name of a lake in Massachusetts Massachusetts ::

ChargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggChargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagunggamaugg chaubunagunggamaugg - You fish - You fish on that side, I’ll fish on this side, and on that side, I’ll fish on this side, and no one will fish in the middle.no one will fish in the middle.

Page 18: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

TermsTerms

• name of an acid -name of an acid - 207 207 thousand thousand lettersletters

Page 19: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Grammar formsGrammar forms

• Tabasaran language in the South of Tabasaran language in the South of DagestanDagestan – 46 – 46 cases (cases (падежейпадежей))

• In SwahiliIn Swahili ( (AfricaAfrica) – 14 ) – 14 genders: a genders: a man and a woman are the same man and a woman are the same gender, but long and tall trees, round gender, but long and tall trees, round and solid objects, small objects, etc. and solid objects, small objects, etc. have different genders. have different genders.

Page 20: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

SyntaxSyntax

• Word orderWord orderкоровы едят траву коровы едят траву ((English, Finnish, English, Finnish,

Chinese, SwahiliChinese, Swahili))коровы траву едят коровы траву едят ((Hindi, Turkish, Hindi, Turkish,

Japanese, KoreanJapanese, Korean))едят коровы траву едят коровы траву ((Arabic, WelshArabic, Welsh))едят траву коровы едят траву коровы ((Malagasy language, ,

цоциль в Центр. Америке)цоциль в Центр. Америке)траву коровы едят траву коровы едят (кабардинский)(кабардинский)и т. д.и т. д.

Page 21: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Different suffixes expressing Different suffixes expressing modalitymodality::

• В индейском языке туюка 7 таких В индейском языке туюка 7 таких суффиксов: суффиксов: он играл в футболон играл в футбол

Диига апеви Диига апеви (скажет очевидец)(скажет очевидец)Диига апейи Диига апейи (скажет тот, кто видел (скажет тот, кто видел

игрока в испачканной форме и игрока в испачканной форме и догадался)догадался)

Диига апейгы Диига апейгы (скажет тот, кто не (скажет тот, кто не видел, а прочитал в газете) и т. д.видел, а прочитал в газете) и т. д.

Page 22: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

PolitenessPoliteness

• Tibetan (speaking to a cat)Tibetan (speaking to a cat)

Page 23: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

With every new With every new language a person language a person

acquires a new acquires a new worldworld

Page 24: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Role of language Role of language in cognitionin cognition

Page 25: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

""Genuine Irish Linen Genuine Irish Linen Handkerchiefs — 2 for Handkerchiefs — 2 for

$3." $3." vs.vs.

"Noserags — 2 for 25c" "Noserags — 2 for 25c"

Page 26: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

•Cattle wordsCattle words•Salmon wordsSalmon words ((нуучахнальтнуучахнальт, , Канада)Канада)горбушагорбушакетакетастарый лососьстарый лососьлосось, плавающий в чистой воделосось, плавающий в чистой водеплывущий лосось, у которого спинной плывущий лосось, у которого спинной плавник торчит над водойплавник торчит над водойлосось перед нерестом, зарывающийся в лосось перед нерестом, зарывающийся в дноднолосось, выпрыгивающий из водылосось, выпрыгивающий из водылосось, плывущий вверх по течениюлосось, плывущий вверх по течениюи т. д. (но всего одно слово для и т. д. (но всего одно слово для обозначения коровы)обозначения коровы)

Page 27: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Family wordsFamily words (ndbele, (ndbele, AfricaAfrica))

• u-baba u-baba – – my fathermy father

• u-yihlou-yihlo – – your fatheryour father

• u-yiseu-yise – – his fatherhis father

• u-mamau-mama – – my mothermy mother

• u-nyokou-nyoko – – your motheryour mother

• u-ninau-nina – – his motherhis mother

Page 28: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

• my fathermy father = = my fathermy father

• my big fathermy big father = = mymy ( (olderolder) ) uncleuncle

• my little fathermy little father = = my my ( (youngeryounger) ) uncleuncle

• same with mothersame with mother

Page 29: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Слова, обозначающие виды Слова, обозначающие виды походки в языке шона походки в языке шона

(Африка)(Африка)• идти, шлепая по грязиидти, шлепая по грязи• идти со звуком ломающихся ветокидти со звуком ломающихся веток• идти долгое время босикомидти долгое время босиком• идти с палкойидти с палкой• идти со сгорбленной спинойидти со сгорбленной спиной• ходить беспокойно взад-впередходить беспокойно взад-вперед• идти, тряся торсом или ягодицамиидти, тряся торсом или ягодицами• идти, покачивая бедрамиидти, покачивая бедрами• прохаживаться, оголив толстое телопрохаживаться, оголив толстое тело• и т. д.и т. д.

Page 30: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

• Красные чернилаКрасные чернила

• The experience of the first The experience of the first settlers in Americasettlers in America

• ПододеяльникПододеяльник

• VenickVenick

• ThermometerThermometer

Page 31: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

TimeTime

• Grammar tensesGrammar tenses

• newnew//oldold

• counting timecounting time

• ageage

• etcetc

Page 32: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

TimeTime

• Number of suffixesNumber of suffixes: в индейском : в индейском языке кикшт было 7 разных языке кикшт было 7 разных суффиксов для выражения более суффиксов для выражения более или менее давних событий.или менее давних событий.

Page 33: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Conceptualization Conceptualization and categorization and categorization

of realityof reality

Page 34: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

• палец, мизинец палец, мизинец vs.vs. thumbthumb, , finger, toe; finger, toe;

• рука рука vs.vs. hand, arm; hand, arm;

• нога нога vs.vs. leg, foot; leg, foot;

• колени колени vs.vs. knees, lap; knees, lap;

• платок, косынка, шарф, платок, косынка, шарф, пионерский галстук, кашне пионерский галстук, кашне vs.vs. scarf; индиец, индеец scarf; индиец, индеец vsvs. . Indian; Indian;

• и т. д.и т. д.

Page 35: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

"There "There sheshe lies, the great lies, the great melting pot..." (Israel melting pot..." (Israel Zangwill) — ср. рус. Zangwill) — ср. рус. плавильный котелплавильный котел..

"On the Volga there is a "On the Volga there is a beautiful flower, and beautiful flower, and her her name name is Volgograd"is Volgograd"

Page 36: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

•measuresmeasures

•colorscolors

•голубой/синий/голубой/синий/blueblue

Page 37: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

Образы животныхОбразы животных

•foxfox

•snakesnake

•rabbitrabbit

•bearbear

Page 38: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

«Стрекоза и муравей»«Стрекоза и муравей»

• Лафонтен: Лафонтен: uneune sauterelle sauterelle - - кузнечик (кузнечик (a light-minded female)a light-minded female)

• Попрыгунья-стрекоза?Попрыгунья-стрекоза?

• Shuh-ShuhgaShuh-Shuhga

Page 39: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

ДраконДракон

Дракон женится на драконе Дракон женится на драконе (достойные люди выбирают себе (достойные люди выбирают себе подобных).подобных).

• кит. символ силы и благополучия:кит. символ силы и благополучия:

Page 40: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

СорокаСорока

• кит. вестница радости, издающая кит. вестница радости, издающая приятные звуки:приятные звуки:

Сорока поет – счастье придет.Сорока поет – счастье придет.

Page 41: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

КукушкаКукушка

• кит. символ возвращения весныкит. символ возвращения весны

Page 42: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

•11) Different cultures ) Different cultures > differences in > differences in worldviewsworldviews

((not correct or incorrect, but different)not correct or incorrect, but different)

• 2) To achieve intercultural 2) To achieve intercultural understanding, it is necessary to understanding, it is necessary to match worldviews.match worldviews.

ConclusionsConclusions

Page 43: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

• Americans are:Americans are: • friendly, friendly, • hospitable; hospitable; • materialistic; materialistic; • optimistic; optimistic; • businesslike; businesslike; • self-righteous (like to teach others how to self-righteous (like to teach others how to

live); live); • ambitious; ambitious; • independent; independent; • hard-working; hard-working; • energetic; energetic; • patriotic. patriotic.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: Russians about Americans: ::

Page 44: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

• Americans look:Americans look: • fat, fat, • smiling but insincere; smiling but insincere; • happy; happy; • cheerful; cheerful; • independent; independent; • neat; neat; • funny; funny; • prosperous; prosperous; • comfortable; comfortable; • healthy; healthy; • the same.the same.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: Russians about Americans:

Page 45: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

• Americans like:Americans like: • Coca-Cola; Coca-Cola; • junk food; junk food; • their country; their country; • popcorn; popcorn; • chewing gum; chewing gum; • hot dogs; hot dogs; • work; work; • money; money; • their family; their family; • sports; sports; • entertainment; entertainment; • their President; their President; • psychoanalysts.psychoanalysts.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: Russians about Americans:

Page 46: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: Russians about Americans: • Americans always:Americans always: • say «Hi» and smile; say «Hi» and smile; • interfere with others; interfere with others; • wear T-shirts; wear T-shirts; • think they are right; think they are right; • plan their future; plan their future; • consider their own interests; consider their own interests; • speak a lot; speak a lot; • shout; shout; • boast; boast; • ask silly questions; ask silly questions; • work hard; work hard; • care for their rights and privacy.care for their rights and privacy.

Page 47: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPESRussians about Americans: Russians about Americans: • Americans never:Americans never: • cheat; cheat; • cry; cry; • do harm to their health; do harm to their health; • dream; dream; • think; think; • beg; beg; • forgive; forgive; • complain; complain; • waste time or money; waste time or money; • disclose their real disclose their real

feelings; feelings;

• think about others; think about others; • keep promises; keep promises; • depend on a person depend on a person

entirely; entirely; • eat soup; eat soup; • eat much bread; eat much bread; • get out of their cars; get out of their cars; • walk; walk; • wash dishes after meals; wash dishes after meals; • drink too much; drink too much; • understand or like understand or like

Russians.Russians.

Page 48: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Americans about Russians:

• Russians are:Russians are: • educated, educated, • cultural, cultural, • intellectual; intellectual; • poor; poor; • family-oriented; family-oriented; • passionate; passionate; • deeply religious; deeply religious; • oppressed; oppressed; • proud; proud; • warm; warm; • hospitable; hospitable; • hard-working. hard-working.

Page 49: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Americans about Russians:

• Russians look:Russians look:• serious; serious; • sad; sad; • ferocious, ferocious, • fierce, fierce, • threatening, threatening, • hungry, hungry, • unhappy; unhappy; • big, even the women;big, even the women;• tired; tired;

• unsatisfied; unsatisfied; • intimidated, intimidated, • very pale, very pale, • cold, cold, • determined; determined; • stern; stern; • strict,strict,• intense, intense, • suspicious.suspicious.

Page 50: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Americans about Russians:

• Russians like:Russians like:

• vodka; vodka;

• greasy food; greasy food;

• books; books;

• American culture; American culture;

• friends; friends;

• music; music;

• their religion; their religion;

• dancing, dancing,

• art; art;

• drama; drama;

• history; history;

• war; war;

• cold weather; cold weather;

• entertainment; entertainment;

• family; family;

• instant gratification.instant gratification.

Page 51: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Russians: Americans about Russians:

• Russians always:Russians always:

• carry packets and carry packets and bags; bags;

• push and shove; push and shove;

• compete well in the compete well in the Olympics; Olympics;

• kiss both cheeks; kiss both cheeks;

• argue; argue;

• yell; yell;

• accept life; accept life;

• take care of their take care of their families; families;

• have to stand in line; have to stand in line;

• say what they think; say what they think;

• wear fur and funny-wear fur and funny-looking hats; looking hats;

• drink; drink;

• help one another.help one another.

Page 52: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

MUTUAL STEREOTYPESMUTUAL STEREOTYPES Americans about Americans about Russians:Russians:• Russians never:Russians never:

• have fun; have fun;

• wear shoes inside wear shoes inside their homes; their homes;

• stop working; stop working;

• look at the bright side look at the bright side of things; of things;

• fall on ice; fall on ice;

• wait their turns; wait their turns;

• observe personal observe personal space; space;

• plan ahead; smile at plan ahead; smile at you on the street; you on the street;

• appear silly; appear silly;

• drink water, drink water,

• live in tropical climates; live in tropical climates;

• shrink back in fear; shrink back in fear;

• understand Americans.understand Americans.

Page 53: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

IV. Итальянец Диего Марани, долгое время работавший переводчиком, заметил необычную деталь. Во время застолий разноязыкий переводческий люд выбирал не какой-то один язык, а интернациональную смесь. Марани установил, что каждый среднеобразованный европеец имеет в запасе сотни общеупотребительных слов и выражений из основных европейских языков. Если из памяти вылетел вариант сочетания «ай эм» («я есть»), его заменяют французским – «же суи», итальянским -«ио сонно», немецким – «их бин». Марани в шутку назвал такую разговорную смесь «европанто». Шутка имела глубокие последствия. «Европанто» распространился по Европе со скоростью эпидемии. А некоторые европейские газеты, даже в консервативной Швейцарии, ввели у себя отдельные рубрики на этом языке. Не исключено, что «европанто» в ближайшем будущем затмит собой языки общемирового употребления – английский и французский.

Page 54: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.
Page 55: Language and Communication. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.

StereotypesStereotypes


Recommended