Language and Literature Research

Demonstrate knowledge of the approaches and concepts in language and literature researchIdentify the appropriate research method/s, tools and statistical treatment to apply in research related situation

DEFINITION

Utilization of various methods to gather truthful and accurate information about problems and issues related to language and literatureCarrying out specific method or analysisSystematic, objective and literature-based analysis of scientifically recorded data

Types of Research

Quantitative ResearchQualitative ResearchAction Research

A.Quantitative

Research

Centered on the objective investigationUses numerical data Done in contrived settingUses deductive method

B. Qualitative Research

Assumes that social reality is continuously constructed in local situationsMakes a holistic observationUses analytic inductionUses inductive method

C. Action Research

Classified under the general typeCo-equal with both qualitative and quantitative research

Parts of a

Research Report

The Problem And Its SettingReview Of Literature And Studies Research MethodologyResearch FindingsDiscussionSummary And Recommendations

Sources of

Research Problem

Research LiteratureTheory – Based ResearchReplicating And Extending Previous ResearchObservations Experience

Characteristics of a Good

Research Topic

InterestingResearchableSignificantManageable

Variables and Hypothesis

Variables

Varies in quantity or qualityIndependent

Treatment Organic

DependentIntervening Confounding

Hypothesis

Prediction of the tentative results and findings of a study

Null Non directionalDirectional

Hypothesis

Type I error – rejection when in fact it is trueType II error – non rejection when in fact it is falseAlphabeta

Quantitative Research Method

1. Descriptiv

e or Survey

Research

Making careful descriptions of phenomenon in language and literaturePropose description for policy formulationHelps in improving existing conditions

Longitudinal studyTrend studiesCohort studiesPanel studiesCross-sectional studies

Instruments in Descriptive Research

Questionnaire Types of question: close and open ended

Kind of questionnaire: postal and e-questionnaire

Interview Face to face interviewTelephone interview

2. Correlational

Research

Seeks to discover the direction and magnitude of the relationship of a variableScatter gram or scatter plot – pictorial representation of the correlation

PerfectPositiveNegativeAbsence of correlation

3. Casual-comparative or

Ex Facto Research

Determines the cause or reason for existing differences in the behavior or status of groups

4. Experimental

Research

Provides a systematic and logical method for answering the question on what will happen if experiments are done in careful controlled condition.

Types Of Experimental Design

a. Pre Experiment

Lacks control groupFails to provide for the equivalence of a control group One shot case study design

One group, retest posttest design

Static group comparison design

b. Quasi - Experiment

Provide control of when and to whom the measurement is appliedTime series designPretest – posttest nonequivalent-groups design

c. True - Experimental

Subjects are randomly designed to treatment groups

Posttest only control groupPretest posttest control group

Solomon four-group

Test in an Experimental

Research

Pre-test: a measure that is administered prior to an experimental treatment or other interventionPosttest – a measure that is administered following an experiment or control treatment or other intervention in order to determine the effect of the intervention

Groupings in an Experimental

Research

Control – a group of research participants who receive no treatment or an alternate treatment so that the effect of extraneous variables can be determinedExperimental – a group of research participants who receive treatment

Focus of Experimental

Research

Manipulation of circumstancesIdentification of casual factorsObservation and measurement

Pearson r – correlates to variableKendall’ w – how consistent group of judges are when giving a rateStandard deviation – shows the divergence of data to the meanVariance – the square of the SD

- measure of dispersion

Qualitative Research Method

1. Action Research

Conducted primarily to improve educational practices, including management of the classroom, classroom practices and interaction, classroom instruction, among others

Steps in Action

Research

InitiationPreliminary investigationHypothesisInterventionEvaluationDisseminationFollow up

Data Collection

Approaches

Teacher self-reflection toolMedia recording and analysisStudent feedback toolsStudent performance dataExternal or peer observationJournalingCollegial dialogue, experience sharing and joint problem solving

2. Case Study

Research

An in-depth study of cases which include an individual, a group and a community

3. HistoricalResearch

Study of phenomenon for the purpose of gaining a better understanding

Types of Sources

Primary sources Secondary sources

Categories of Sources

DocumentsNumerical recordsOral statementsRelics

4. Ethnographic

Research

Study of the features of life in a given culture and the pattern in those featuresCharacteristics:ContextualUnobtrusiveLongitudinalCollaborativeOrganic

Types of Research

Participant

Participant-observer roleObserver-participant roleComplete observerComplete participant

Types of Effects on

ParticipantsHawthorne’s EffectHalo EffectObserver Effect

Hawthorne's effect – when they know they are being observed they change their behaviorPost Hoc Fallacy – just because two things are related it does not mean they can affect each other

Sampling and Sampling Technique

Sampling Process of selecting members of a research sample from a defined population

SamplingError

The deviation of a sample statistics from its population value

Types of Sampling Technique

Convenience ProbabilityPurposefulClusterCriterionProportional stratified randomPurposeful random Random sampleSnowball sampleSystematicPurposiveQuota

Way of Measurement

Likert scaleQuestionnaireRubric

Statistics and

Statistical Treatment

Statistics – numerical index describing a characteristic of a sampleStatistical treatment – a mathematical treatment used for summarizing or analyzing numerical data

Statistical Treatment

ANOVA – to determine whether the difference between the mean scores of two or more groups on a dependent variable is statistically significant

Statistical Treatment

Chi – square – a nonparametric test of statistical significance that is used when the research data are in the form of frequency counts for two or more categories

Statistical Treatment

Factor Analysis – a statistical procedure for reducing a set of measured variables to a smaller number of variables by combining variables

Statistical Treatment

Multiple Regression – for determining the magnitude of the relationship between a criterion variable and a combination of two or more prediction variables

Ways of Analyzing Qualitative

Data

Conversational AnalysisDiscourse Analysis

ValidityThe research measures what it intends to investigateConstructContentInternal

ReliabilityExtent to which other researchers would arrive at similar results Inter-observerIntra-observer

Data Collection

in Qualitative Research

Observation Field notesField jottingField diaryField log

Kinds of Material for Field Notes

Descriptive field notesPortraits of the subjectReconstruction of dialogue

Description of the physical setting

Accounts of particular events

Depiction of activitiesObserver’s behavior

Kinds of Material for Field Notes

Reflective Field NotesReflections on analysisReflections on methodReflections on the observer’s frame of mindPoints of clarification

Interview

Background or demographic questionsKnowledge questionExperience or behavior questionsOpinion or values questionFeelings questionSensory questions

Introspective Methods

Data collection is carried out with the mental events being investigated

Think aloud techniquesAnagram tasksDiary studiesStimulated recall

Retrospection Collection of data some time after the event under investigation has taken place

Elicitation Techniques

Used to obtain data by means of a stimulus as well as those based on a questionnaire, survey and interview data