Language Contact Language Contact Phenomena in the Phenomena in the

Language of Finns living in Language of Finns living in Oslo, Norway Oslo, Norway

Leena Maria Heikkola, MALeena Maria Heikkola, MA

Finnish DepartmentFinnish Department

Åbo Akademi, Turku, FinlandÅbo Akademi, Turku, Finland

Language as the Mirror of National Language as the Mirror of National IdentityIdentity

Master’s Thesis: Kieli kansallisen Master’s Thesis: Kieli kansallisen identiteetin peilinä – Koodinvaihto ja murre identiteetin peilinä – Koodinvaihto ja murre oslonsuomalaisten ja –italialaisten oslonsuomalaisten ja –italialaisten kielessä (Heikkola 2005) kielessä (Heikkola 2005)

(Language as the mirror of national (Language as the mirror of national identity – codeswitching and dialect in the identity – codeswitching and dialect in the language of Finns and Italians in Oslo)language of Finns and Italians in Oslo)

Hypothesis of the thesisHypothesis of the thesis

Use of dialect reflects national identityUse of dialect reflects national identity

Use of codeswitching reflects Use of codeswitching reflects integrationintegration

In this paper I concentrate on In this paper I concentrate on language contact phenomenalanguage contact phenomena

The study - InformantsThe study - Informants

10 first generation immigrants10 first generation immigrants

Reason for moving study or Reason for moving study or workwork

9 women, 1 man 9 women, 1 man

23-67 years old23-67 years old

Average age 27Average age 27

The study – Method and dataThe study – Method and data

Recorded interviews Recorded interviews

Based on a questionnaireBased on a questionnaire

Transcribed roughlyTranscribed roughly

The study - ResultsThe study - Results

I divide language contact phenomena in I divide language contact phenomena in three categories:three categories:

1) Prosodic and phonetic language contact 1) Prosodic and phonetic language contact phenomenaphenomena

2) Borrowing2) Borrowing

3) Codeswitching3) Codeswitching

Main focus on borrowing and Main focus on borrowing and codeswitchingcodeswitching

Phonetic and prosodic phenomenaPhonetic and prosodic phenomena

Majority pronounced according to Norwegian Majority pronounced according to Norwegian phonology and declined/conjugated according to phonology and declined/conjugated according to Finnish morphologyFinnish morphology

Rising intonation at the end of a phrase Rising intonation at the end of a phrase (Norwegian intonation, see Strandskogen 2001)(Norwegian intonation, see Strandskogen 2001)

Prolongation of vowels or wordsProlongation of vowels or words

Norwegian affects the pronunciation of one Norwegian affects the pronunciation of one informant informant

Borrowing and codeswitchingBorrowing and codeswitching

Loans, 56%

Codeswitching, 44%

BorrowingBorrowing

Loans, 39%

Established loans,

18%

Translation loans,

43%

Established loansEstablished loans

Two groups: 1) commonly used loans (13/16) Two groups: 1) commonly used loans (13/16) 2) loans used due to interference (3/16)2) loans used due to interference (3/16)

Example: Example: 77, F3: Ne, ketkä tykkää DISAINISTA, on ihan 77, F3: Ne, ketkä tykkää DISAINISTA, on ihan innoissaan, et Suomi on hyvä juttu. innoissaan, et Suomi on hyvä juttu. (Those who like DESIGN are excited that Finland’s great.)(Those who like DESIGN are excited that Finland’s great.)

Example: Example: F2: No kyl mie nyt, siis kyl mie nyt uutiset F2: No kyl mie nyt, siis kyl mie nyt uutiset katon ja silleen, mut en mie noit, mitä ne on, katon ja silleen, mut en mie noit, mitä ne on, DEBATTEJA jaksa katella. DEBATTEJA jaksa katella. (Well, I do now, I mean, I do watch the news now and stuff, but I (Well, I do now, I mean, I do watch the news now and stuff, but I don’t feel like watching, what are they, DEBATES.)don’t feel like watching, what are they, DEBATES.)

Translation loans - VerbsTranslation loans - Verbs

Verbs form the largest group of translation loans: 13/39Verbs form the largest group of translation loans: 13/39

Example: Example: F4, 47: Et edelleen ei oikee, o tälle toiselle F4, 47: Et edelleen ei oikee, o tälle toiselle ihmiselle voi antaa anteeks, koska se ei oo niinku, se ei ihmiselle voi antaa anteeks, koska se ei oo niinku, se ei oo ollu meillä töissä pitkään, mut se toinen ihminen, joka oo ollu meillä töissä pitkään, mut se toinen ihminen, joka kysy multa, se on ollu tosi pitkään ja se on nähny mun kysy multa, se on ollu tosi pitkään ja se on nähny mun nimen kirjotettuna, ei mun nimest voi OTTAA niinku siis nimen kirjotettuna, ei mun nimest voi OTTAA niinku siis VÄÄRIN, että. VÄÄRIN, että. [ta fel][ta fel]

(So still I can’t really, I can’t forgive this other person , because she (So still I can’t really, I can’t forgive this other person , because she has not been like, she has not been working for us for long, but this has not been like, she has not been working for us for long, but this other person, who asked me, she’s been working there a long time, other person, who asked me, she’s been working there a long time, and she’s seen my name in writing, you cannot MISINTERPRETE and she’s seen my name in writing, you cannot MISINTERPRETE my name [to be Norwegian], so.)my name [to be Norwegian], so.)

Translation loans –OthersTranslation loans –Others

14/39 wrong cases due to interference14/39 wrong cases due to interference

5/39 nouns and 5/39 adjectives5/39 nouns and 5/39 adjectives

2/39 times2/39 times

Out of 39, 8 are quotationsOut of 39, 8 are quotations

F1 and F7 not native Finnish speakers, F1 and F7 not native Finnish speakers, their loans form half of the translation their loans form half of the translation loans (17/39)loans (17/39)

LoansLoans

Definition = Words that occur in the Definition = Words that occur in the data 3 or more times, which are data 3 or more times, which are declined/conjugated according to declined/conjugated according to Finnish morphology (frequency-based Finnish morphology (frequency-based criterion, Myers-Scotton 1997)criterion, Myers-Scotton 1997)

LoansLoans

Largest group: Food names 23/36Largest group: Food names 23/36

Example: Example: 73, F3:73, F3: Sitte FISKEBOLLE, siis kaikki Sitte FISKEBOLLE, siis kaikki sekotettu kala on hirveen pahaa, johon on sekotettu kala on hirveen pahaa, johon on sekotettu jauhoa ja muuta. sekotettu jauhoa ja muuta. [kalapulla][kalapulla]

(Then FISHBALL, I mean all mixed fish is terribly (Then FISHBALL, I mean all mixed fish is terribly bad, if it’s mixed with flour and stuff.)bad, if it’s mixed with flour and stuff.)

LoansLoans

9/36 greeting words9/36 greeting words

3/36 word 3/36 word trinn trinn (level)(level)

Other words used, but not present in this Other words used, but not present in this study:study:

For example: For example: pensympensym (syllabus), (syllabus), semesteri semesteri (semester), (semester), grunnfag grunnfag (foundation subject), (foundation subject), mellomfagmellomfag (intermediate subject) etc.(intermediate subject) etc.

CodeswitchingCodeswitching

Matrix language Finnish, the embedded Matrix language Finnish, the embedded language Norwegian, sometimes Swedish language Norwegian, sometimes Swedish or Englishor English

I analyze codeswitching in the data I analyze codeswitching in the data according to Myers-Scotton’s MLF Modelaccording to Myers-Scotton’s MLF Model

Poplack 1985: tagswitching, intersentential Poplack 1985: tagswitching, intersentential and intrasentential codeswitchingand intrasentential codeswitching

CodeswitchingCodeswitching

Tagswitching, 1%

Intersentential CS,

19%

Intrasentential CS,

80%

MLF ModelMLF Model

Myers-Scotton (1997): ML and EL islands and ML + EL Myers-Scotton (1997): ML and EL islands and ML + EL constituentsconstituents

ML islands:ML islands: Matrix language words in accordance with Matrix language words in accordance with matrix language grammarmatrix language grammar

ML + EL constituents:ML + EL constituents: Matrix language system and Matrix language system and content morfemes, and EL content morfemes in content morfemes, and EL content morfemes in accordance with matric language grammaraccordance with matric language grammar

EL (embedded language) island:EL (embedded language) island: EL content and EL content and system morphemes in accordance with EL grammarsystem morphemes in accordance with EL grammar

TagswitchingTagswitching

Only one occurrence, informant F4Only one occurrence, informant F4

Example: Example: 41, F4: Että tuota niin niin, ne niinku vaatii 41, F4: Että tuota niin niin, ne niinku vaatii tavallaan täällä Oslossa, et sun täytyy puhua sujuvaa, tai tavallaan täällä Oslossa, et sun täytyy puhua sujuvaa, tai muuten ei, SORI DAALING.muuten ei, SORI DAALING. [anteeksi, kulta] [anteeksi, kulta]

(So that well, they kind of require it here in Oslo, that you (So that well, they kind of require it here in Oslo, that you have to speak fluent, or else no, SORRY DARLING. )have to speak fluent, or else no, SORRY DARLING. )

Element forms an EL island – it follows English Element forms an EL island – it follows English phonology and it’s function is sentence-fillingphonology and it’s function is sentence-fillingIt is also possible that this switch to English is actually an It is also possible that this switch to English is actually an English loan in FinnishEnglish loan in Finnish

Intrasentential codeswitchingIntrasentential codeswitching

Largest group, forms 80 % (55/79) of all codeswitchingLargest group, forms 80 % (55/79) of all codeswitching

Largest group also in Kovács’ (2001) study on Australian Largest group also in Kovács’ (2001) study on Australian Finnish (74,1%) and Australian Hungarian (80,3%)Finnish (74,1%) and Australian Hungarian (80,3%)Myers-Scotton: Intrasentential codeswitches form 78%Myers-Scotton: Intrasentential codeswitches form 78%Halmari: Intrasentential codeswitches form 78%Halmari: Intrasentential codeswitches form 78%

Used by every informant, except for F9, and F5 and F10 Used by every informant, except for F9, and F5 and F10 due to recording failuredue to recording failure

Intrasentential codeswitchingIntrasentential codeswitching

9/55 English switches: 9/55 English switches:

2 phrases, 6 nouns, 1 adjective 2 phrases, 6 nouns, 1 adjective

46/55 Norwegian switches:46/55 Norwegian switches:

32 nouns, 5 verbs, 5 adjectives, 3 32 nouns, 5 verbs, 5 adjectives, 3 prepositions, 1 negativeprepositions, 1 negative

Intrasentential codeswitchingIntrasentential codeswitching

Word class groups of the Finnish informants' intrasentential codeswitching

69%

11%

5%

9%

4%

2%

nouns

adjectives

prepositions

verbs

phrases

negatives

Intrasentential codeswitchingIntrasentential codeswitching

13/38 nouns related to studying, working, or 13/38 nouns related to studying, working, or living in Norwayliving in Norway

Example:Example:104, F7: Öö, onhan meil sit jotkut, no 104, F7: Öö, onhan meil sit jotkut, no englannin kielellä ei o niin paljon, mutta nyt englannin kielellä ei o niin paljon, mutta nyt kiinan kielellä on joitakin semmosia PENSYM-kiinan kielellä on joitakin semmosia PENSYM-kirjoja kans.kirjoja kans. [lukulista] [lukulista]

(Um, we do have some, well in English not so (Um, we do have some, well in English not so much, but in Chinese we have some SYLLABUS much, but in Chinese we have some SYLLABUS books also.)books also.)

Intrasentential codeswitchingIntrasentential codeswitching

12/55 Food words12/55 Food words

6/55 other words:6/55 other words:

2 family words, and 4 Norwegian terms 2 family words, and 4 Norwegian terms used instead of Finnish wordsused instead of Finnish words

Intrasentential codeswitchingIntrasentential codeswitching

ML + EL constituents – L2 content words ML + EL constituents – L2 content words embedded in MLembedded in MLOriginal phonological formOriginal phonological formConjugated/declined according to ML syntax and Conjugated/declined according to ML syntax and morphologymorphology

One exception: One exception: 51, F4: Ei tuu, mut mä luen 51, F4: Ei tuu, mut mä luen niinku netistä tota tai sit tota ostan Daagblaa, niinku netistä tota tai sit tota ostan Daagblaa, Veegee.Veegee. (No, I don’t get it, but I read like on the Web or (No, I don’t get it, but I read like on the Web or then I buy Dagblad, VG.) then I buy Dagblad, VG.)

Intersentential codeswitchingIntersentential codeswitching

Occurs in 3 informants’s speech (F3, F4, F7) who have Occurs in 3 informants’s speech (F3, F4, F7) who have lived longest in Norwaylived longest in NorwayN=14: 2 Swedish, 4 English, 8 NorwegianN=14: 2 Swedish, 4 English, 8 Norwegian

Example: Example: 39, F3: Sit se sano, mitä se sanokaan, että, 39, F3: Sit se sano, mitä se sanokaan, että, SEL OM DU JOBBER SEL OM DU JOBBER HÄÄRHÄÄR? Sitten mää sanoin, että ? Sitten mää sanoin, että JAA, JÄI JOBBER HÄÄR JÄI, öö, JAA. Mää en niinku JAA, JÄI JOBBER HÄÄR JÄI, öö, JAA. Mää en niinku ymmärtäny, mistä se puhu. Sitten se sano uuestaan sen ymmärtäny, mistä se puhu. Sitten se sano uuestaan sen SEL OM DU JOBBER HÄÄR.. Öö, YNSHYL, JÄI SEL OM DU JOBBER HÄÄR.. Öö, YNSHYL, JÄI SHÖNNER IKKE VA DY MEESHÖNNER IKKE VA DY MEENERNER. Se vastaa sitten . Se vastaa sitten englanniksenglanniks, IIVEN THOU JUU WÖÖRK , IIVEN THOU JUU WÖÖRK HIÖRHIÖR??

Intersentential codeswitchingIntersentential codeswitching

(Then he said, what did he say, that, (Then he said, what did he say, that, EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK HERE? EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK HERE? Then I said, that YEAH, I DO WORK Then I said, that YEAH, I DO WORK HERE, UM, YES. I didn’t like understand, HERE, UM, YES. I didn’t like understand, what he was on about. Then he said it what he was on about. Then he said it again, that EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK again, that EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK HERE. Um, EXCUSE ME, I HAVE NO HERE. Um, EXCUSE ME, I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT YOU’RE TALKING ABOUT. IDEA WHAT YOU’RE TALKING ABOUT. then he answers in Englísh, EVEN then he answers in Englísh, EVEN THOUGH YOU WORK HERE?) THOUGH YOU WORK HERE?)

Intersentential codeswitchingIntersentential codeswitching

EL islands in MLEL islands in ML

L2 words, conjugated according to L2 words, conjugated according to syntactic, morphological and phonological syntactic, morphological and phonological rules of L2 rules of L2

9/14 quotations9/14 quotations

Pragmatic codeswitchingPragmatic codeswitching

Gumperz (1982): Quotation – Not always Gumperz (1982): Quotation – Not always in the original languagein the original language

In this data always in the original languageIn this data always in the original language

Gumperz (1982): Emphasis – Repetition in Gumperz (1982): Emphasis – Repetition in the second languagethe second language

In this data Norwegian terms repeted In this data Norwegian terms repeted and /or explained in Finnishand /or explained in Finnish

Pragmatic codeswitchingPragmatic codeswitching

42, F4: Mutta musta oli tosi hauskaa, ihan nyt 42, F4: Mutta musta oli tosi hauskaa, ihan nyt viime aikoina silleen niinkö et, mää, mää oon viime aikoina silleen niinkö et, mää, mää oon pitäny duunissa silleen, meillon semmonen pitäny duunissa silleen, meillon semmonen niinku MOORNMÖÖTTE, eli semmonen niinku MOORNMÖÖTTE, eli semmonen aamukokous niinku. aamukokous niinku. [aamukokous][aamukokous]

(But I thought it was really funny, just during the (But I thought it was really funny, just during the last days so that, I, I’ve been holding at work, we last days so that, I, I’ve been holding at work, we have this like a MORNING MEETING, so like a have this like a MORNING MEETING, so like a meeting in the morning.)meeting in the morning.)

Control groupControl group

Hypothesis: Dialect reflects national Hypothesis: Dialect reflects national identity and codeswitching integration into identity and codeswitching integration into NorwayNorway

More men – Reflects the amount of More men – Reflects the amount of Italians in OsloItalians in Oslo

Italians do not use as much codeswitching Italians do not use as much codeswitching as Finns due to close Italian community as Finns due to close Italian community which decreases integration which decreases integration

ConclusionsConclusions

Inner-group interviewer: More Inner-group interviewer: More codeswitching in Finnishcodeswitching in Finnish

Most codeswitching: Most codeswitching:

Informants who have lived longest in Informants who have lived longest in NorwayNorway

Informants who know the interviewer the Informants who know the interviewer the bestbest

In informal conversationIn informal conversation

Ideas for the futureIdeas for the future

It would be more fruitful to use other It would be more fruitful to use other methods for gathering data to study methods for gathering data to study codeswitching in the language of Finns, codeswitching in the language of Finns, and Italians, living in Osloand Italians, living in Oslo

It would also be interesting to study It would also be interesting to study codeswitching in the Finns’ Norwegian codeswitching in the Finns’ Norwegian languagelanguage

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Kiitos!Kiitos!

lheikkol@abo.filheikkol@abo.fi