7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

1/22

language is variable at a number ofstructural levels (phonology,

morphology, and syntax). Variabilityis within everyones experience of

using and listening to it.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

2/22

Variationist paradigm :

understanding variation and change inthe structural parts of language.quantitative paradigm explores

regularity in linguistic variation byexamining certain dimensions that areexternal to language itself and relating

variation in these to variation inlanguage.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

3/22

Haugen points out (p. 923) that

language can be used to refereither to a single linguistic

norm or to a group of relatednorms, and dialect to refer to

one of the norms

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

4/22

Research Procedures of quantitative

paradigm:1. Selecting a variable (for example, asound segment such as /a/ which isobserved to vary in pronunciation)

2. Quantifying occurrences of variants

in the speech of different speakers andgroups of speakers.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

5/22

main advance of

quantification:

relating variation in language tovariation in society and situationalcontext of speech (contextual style), for

example, socio-economic class, age ofspeaker, sex (gender) of speaker, ethnic

group of speaker, and social netwok

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

6/22

A technique to elicit casual or

informal styles, which informantsmay tend to avoid in talking to an

outsider such as the fieldworker

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

7/22

Quantitative

sociolinguisticsfocuses on the

speech community.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

8/22

Definition of Speech community

all people who use a given language or dialect. the whole set of people who communicate which eachother, either directly or indirectly, via the common

language

a group of people who interact by means of speech a social group which may be either monolingual or

multilingual, held together by frequency of social

interaction patterns and set off from the surroundingareas by weakness in the line of communication.

any marked agreement in the use of the languageelement, so much as by participation in a set of sharednorms

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

9/22

Language maintenance signifies theprocess of consciously maintaining. Itcan be categorized into two types,

institutional and non institutional

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

10/22

Institutional maintenancearises

from the imposition of linguisticnorms by powerful social groups

also called standardization

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

11/22

Non institutional maintenance or

vernacular maintenance is extendedto cover situations in which thepressure to maintain language states

(Milroy (1975:82).

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

12/22

standardization, vitality, historicity,autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de

facto norms, (Bell, 1976, pp. 14757)

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

13/22

refers to the process by

which a language has beencodified in some way, such

things as grammars, spellingbooks, and dictionaries, and

possibly a literature.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

14/22

refers to the existence of a

living community of speakers.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

15/22

refers to the fact that aparticular group of people

finds a sense of identitythrough using a particular

language

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

16/22

is an interesting concept because it is

really one of feeling. A language mustbe felt by its speakers to be differentfrom other languages.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

17/22

refers to the fact that a particularvariety may be regarded as a sub-

variety rather than as anindependent entity.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

18/22

refers to feelings speakers haveabout the purity of the variety

they speak.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

19/22

refers to the feeling that manyspeakers have, that there are both

good speakers and poor speakersand that the good speakers

represent the norms of properusage.

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

20/22

.

Patois is usually used to describe onlyrural forms of speech and the speech of

the lower strata in society.

Dialect is to describe urban speech andmiddle class (Petyt, 1980, pp. 245)

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

21/22

Extra Linguistic VariablesSocial class, eg: income, trade, orprofession, and educational level,

genderSocial Network depends on

indicators of density andmultiplexityin a speakers socialrelationship

7/31/2019 Language, Dialect, And Variety

22/22

Measurements of extralinguistic

variables tratificational modelclassifying individuals in a hierarchy ofclass groupings based on the idea of a

continuum from the highest to the lowest process model of class

as the means of production and

distributing and resulting in two broadgroupings of society proletariat andbourgeoisie.