Language in Exceptional Circumstance

8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance

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4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat1

TOPIC: LANGUAGE IN EXCEPTIONALCIRCUMSTANCE

Why do some infants

grow up with language

impairment such as

dyslexia and stuttering?


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Whata dyslexia is

Dyslexia is a learning disorder that manifests

itself as a difficulty with reading, spelling,writing, speaking, or listening .


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Etymologically

Greek word, dys (meaning poor or

inadequate) and the word lexis (meaningwords or language).


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Who suffers it

Dyslexia is diagnosed in people of all levels

of intelligence (normal to above).


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In fact

Many persons with dyslexia have unusual

talents in art, athletics, architecture, graphics,drama, music, or engineering.

These special talents are often in areas that

require the ability to integrate sight, spatial

skills, and coordination.


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Some ofthese symptoms are

Dyslexia symptoms vary according to the severity of thedisorder as well as the age of the individual.

The symptoms include the problems of: identifying single words

understanding sounds in words, sound order, or rhymes

spelling

transposing letters in words

handwriting reading comprehension

delayed spoken language

confusion with directions, or right/left handedness

confusion with opposites (up/down, early/late, and so on)


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The causes

Genetic Those who suffers from dyslexia usually share the same

family with the left-handed.

Neurological neurological defect/difference.

Physiological

Auditory problems. Visual problems.

Brain Structure.

Combination


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Treatment

Educational approach and phonic lessons

Need special education. Their IQ may be higherthan normal

Multi-sensory method

Use visual beside audio

Building self-confidence

Convince them not to be pessimistic

Encourage them to improve their talent


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Stuttering

The occurring of repetition of unit of speech,

such as syllable in words.For example, "to-to-to-tomorrow".

Prolongations or unnatural lengthening of

sounds.

For example,"mmmmmmmmmilk".


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Who stutters?

Stuttering affects people of all ages


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The causes

Psychogenic stuttering, can be caused by emotional trauma orproblems with thought or reasoning.

Neurogenic stuttering may occur after a stroke, head trauma, or othertype of brain injury.

From recent researches there are evidences that:

Stuttering has a genetic basis.

Children who have first-degree relatives who stutter are three times aslikely to develop a stutter.

Genetic factors interact with environmental factors for stuttering tooccur, and forty to seventy percent of stutterers have no family historyof the disorder.

Stuttering is more common in children who also have speech,language, learning or motor difficulties.


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Treatment

Provide a relaxed home environment

Refrain from reacting negatively when the child stutters

Be less demanding on the child to speak when speaking underpressure

Speak in a slightly slowed and relaxed manner

Listen attentively when the child speaks

Talk openly and honestly to the child about stuttering if he or

she brings up the subject. According to Dr James Battey, Stuttering is a genetic problems.

It can be solved by deactivating the gene that causes stuttering.


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How does brain

damage and age affect

language?


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Aphasia

A disorder that results from damage to

portions of the brain that are responsible forlanguage.


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The Cause

Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as

the result of a stroke or head injury, but itmay also develop slowly, as in the case of a

brain tumor, an infection, or dementia.


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Fluent (Wernickes) Aphasia

Cause:

Damage to the temporal lobe (the side portion) of the brain. Effect :

Speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add

unnecessary words, and even create made-up words.

Have great difficulty understanding speech, and they are

often unaware of their mistakes. Usually have no body weakness because their brain injury

is not near the parts of the brain that control movement


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Non-fluent (Brocas) aphasia

Cause: Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain.

Effect: Frequently speak in short phrases that make sense but are

produced with great effort.

often omit small words such as is, and, and the. Example: Walk dog, meaning, I will take the dog for a walk,

Typically understand the speech of others fairly well andthat is why they can become easily frustrated

Have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and legbecause the frontal lobe is also important for motormovements.


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Treatment

Simplify language

Repeat the content words

Maintain a natural conversational manner

Minimize distractions

Include the person with aphasia in conversations

Ask for and value the opinion of the person with aphasia

Encourage any type of communication

Avoid correcting the persons speech

Allow the person plenty of time to talk

Help the person become involved outside the home


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The Influence of Age to the Language

Acquisition

Some theories:

Plasticity (adult brains tend to be not elastic) Lateralization (language capacity transfer from

left to right hemisphere)


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Other Researches

When children learn a language for extended periods of time ina natural setting.

Children are less self-conscious than adults about makingmistakes.

Children learn a language accompanied by physical actions.

Adults concepts from their first language can put road blocks inthe way of easy language acquisition.

Adults may be less motivated to learn a language.

Children received personalized and constant languageinstruction.

Children have a more limited vocabulary than adults, and canuse the language for less complex tasks than adults.


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Deafness

A decrease in one's ability to hear(i.e.

perceive auditory information)


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Classification ofhearing impairment

Mild hearing loss, hearing loss between 15

40 dbHL. Moderate hearing loss ( 41 70 dbHL).

Severe hearing loss (71-95 dbHl).

Profound hearing loss (>96 dbHL)


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Based on Child Critical Age

Pre-lingual hearing impairment

Before six Post-lingual hearing impairment

After the age of six


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The Impact of Pre-lingual hearing

impairment

No verbal stimulus

Inability to pick up auditory social cues Hearing loss can lead to social isolation


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The Impact of Post-lingual hearing

impairment

Must adjust to living with the adaptations that make it

possible for them to live independently

May have to adapt to using hearing aids or a

cochlear implant, develop speech-reading skills,

and/or learn sign language

Children who suffer from untreated hearing loss

often find it extremely difficult to participate in social

activities, even within their own family.


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THANK YOU

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Language in Exceptional Circumstance

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