Language Production

• Lira Nurjanah 122122011• Winda Widia 122122019• Susi Nurul Alifah 122122020• Fika Fauziyah 122122036

Language production is the production of spoken or written language. It describes all of the stages between having a concept, and translating that concept into linguistic form.

Stages of Laguage Production

1. Conceptualization2. Formulation3. Articulation4. Self Monitoring

Conceptualization

According to David McNeil, conceptualized is the very biginning of spoken utterance. There are 2 concurrent and parallel modes of thought:1. Syntactic thinking2. Imagistic thinking

• First dialogueA : Where’s my briefcase?B : There’s your briefcase!Person B points the briefcase the same moment he says There’s

• Second Dialogue A : Where’s my coat and my briefcase?B : There’s your briefcase!Person B points thebriefcase the same moment

he says briefcase.

Formulation

Grammatical encoding Morphological encoding Phonetic encoding

Speech errors

• “ Speech errors allow to us to peek in on the production process because we know what the speaker intended to say, but the unintentional mistake freezes the production process momentarily and catches the linguistic mechanism in one instance of production” (Scovel,2009,p.32)

• In formulation speech, we are often influenced by the sound system of language.

For example, big and fat--- pig and fat; fill the pool---fool the pill.

slips of the tongue or tongue-slips,

• The scientific study of speech errors, commonly called slips of the tongue or tongue-slips, can provide useful clues to the processes of language production: they can tell us where a speaker stops to think.

A spoonerism is an error in speech or deliberate play on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels or morphemes are switched between two words in a phrase.

e.x: “The Lord is shoving leopard” instead of

“The Lord is a loving shepherd”. - we’ll have the hags flung out we’’ll have

the flags hang out .- is the bean dizzy ? Is the Dean busy ?

Examples of the eight types of errors

(1) Shift is one speech segment disappears from its appropriate place and appears somewhere else.: That’s so she’ll be ready incase she dicide to hits it. (decides to hit it).

(2) Exchanges are, in fact, double shifts, in which two linguistic units exchange places. : Fancy getting your model resnosed. (getting your nose remodeled).

(3) Anticipations occur when a later segment takes the place of an earlier one. They are different from shifts in that the segment that intrudes on another also remains in its correct place and thus is used twice.: Bake my bike. (take my bike).

(4) Perseverations appear when a earlier segment replaces a later item. : He pulled a pantrum. (tantrum).

(5) Additions add linguistic material.

I didn’t explain this clarefully enough. (carefully enough).

(6) Deletions leave something out.

I’ll just get up and mutter intelligibly. (unintelligibly)

(7) Substitutions occur when one segment is replaced by an intruder. These

are different from the previously described slips in that the source of the

intrusion may not be in the sentence.

At low speeds it’s too light. (heavy)

(8) Blends apparently occur when more than one word is being considered

and the two intended items “fuse” or blend into a single item.

That child is looking to be spaddled. (spanked\paddled).

Articulation

Articulation is the term used for all actions of the organs of the vocal tract that effect modifications of the signal generated by the voice source.

Human vocal apparatus

According to Maddieson (1996), articulation performance is classified by:

• The place of articulation• The manner of articulation• Nasality• Degree of laterality

According to Laver (1994:131-152), there are three general aspects of articulaion:

• Confirmational• Topographical• Transitional

Self Monitoring

• Production process sometime goes awry and• speaker will verbally misstep, especially with• irregular or more unusual form.• Example:(1) The last i knowed about it (i mean knew

about it), he had left Vancouver.(2) She was so drank (i mean drunk), that we

decided to drive her home.

S.Pit Corder, a pioneer in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) classified these slips of the tounge and the pen as mistakes.

Mistake are production problems, they are troubles you have with your linguistic printer, not with the original software.

Errors are comitted only by non-native speakers (NNSs) according to Corder.

• There are three insights into the production process:

1. It demonstrates that speakers are constantly self-editing.

2. It suggests that speakers are intuitively sensitive to what stage of production process went awry, if indeed a mistake was made.

3. There is a distinction between performance and competence.

• (3) I think it costs just about...uh...twenty-five dollars.

• (4) They have to try to...uh...contact an attorney.

Hostiations like those examplified in (3) and (4) are not mistake-certainly not in the sense that the term has been defined and illustrated here.

• (5) I think it costs just...uh...about twenty-five dollars.

• (6) They have...uh...to try to contact an attorney.

‘just about’ and ‘have to’ function as linguistic units, so it is improbable that the speaker would hesitate in the middle of either one, after having already chosen to fill the linguistic slot of the utterance with those phrases.

• The attested presence of a self-monitoring stage presumes that people don’t just communicate with others, they communicate with themselves, they don’t just listen to others, they listen to themselves.

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