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Language Style Found in Indonesian Movies
Simamora.Maraden
Abstract
The research entitled “Language Style Found In Indonesia Movie” is intended to identify kinds
of language style and tries to find the most dominant language style usage employed on the Five
Indonesian movies. The writer use the Martin Joos Theory (1967) “the five types are Frozen style,
Formal style, Consultative style, Casual style and Intimate style. The researches collects the data from
Five DVD of Indonesian movies“ LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops), HabibiedanAinun (Habibie and
Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener), Skandal (The Scandal) and Ada ApaDenganCinta” (What’s
Up With Love). The writer using the noting technique by taking a note in collecting the data, the writer
applies the descriptive method to describe and to analyze all the data, because the data of this research
are in the form of words. It is analyzed by identifying, analyzing, and categorizing, the data. The
writeralso note the frequency of the number of the kind of language style and the most dominant
language style. Based on the result of the research, there are five language styles of found in
Indonesian movies. They are 3.6% Frozen style, 12.5 % Formal style, 19.4% Consultative style, 6.7%
Casual style, 3.8% Intimate style. Based on the percentage of the dominant language style used is
Casual. The writer suggestfor students of English Department ,English teacher and lecturers, to
improve their knowledge of language style For scriptwriter , to improve the Indonesian movies to be
well known by language style that I have analyzed from five Indonesian movies that casual style make
the movies to be more interesting for people who watches Indonesian movies to know what style used
most interesting in the movies dialogue
Key Words : Language style, Frozen Style, Formal Style, Consultative Style, Casual
Style, Intimate Style
1. Background of the Study
Language is one important aspect in the life of all beings. By language, people can
make interaction and making communication with others and also people can transfer
information to others and people can express ideas and emotions, make sense of complex and
abstract thoughts, to fulfill our wants and needs, as well as to establish rules and maintain our
culture. Language is a system of communication not just through language but through such
means as a gestures, art, dress and music. Often times they will refer to language as a verbal
behavior, which is include gestures and body movements as well as spoken word.
Behaviorists often define language as a learned behavior involving a stimulus and a response.
The language offers a vast array of choices in sentence structure, phrasing,
vocabulary, verb tense, and voice. Fiction writers use this variety to their advantage in
crafting a thought, description, or action. Different language choices can create a huge range
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of styles and tones for any given expression. These different styles and tones give the story its
unique meaning. In most cases, a story’s way of being told is at least as significant as its
content.
Linguistics is science that conducted within a field of a language. Linguistics is
multidisciplinary, specialist in many disciplines bring their own expertise to the study of
language. Linguistics is a property of the human mind, they have contributed many insights
into such topics as how people acquire language. Linguistics is the scientific study of human
language, it’s consists of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
and sociolinguistics.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relation between language and society.
Sociolinguistics also branch of linguistics and sociology. Sociolinguistics focus on what
factor of language and language’s effect on the society, including cultural norms expectation,
interaction, context and the way language is used including language varieties and language
style and how people use it in daily life.
Language style is defined as the choice of words used by a specific group of people
when speak in a place and in one condition. Language Style is pivotal of construct in the
study of sociolinguistics variation. Language style is very important for people to express
their ideas, people use style depend on with whom they speak and where they speaking too.
So, people can suit the style with rules well. Speaking is the delivery of language through the
mouth. Speaking is happen when two or more people talk about something. They speaking by
use language, certainly there are kind of language style there.
There are many people watch the movies, people watch the movies in anytime. They
watch the movies because the actors or the action in the movie. In other side people does not
care about the way of conversation on movie, people do not understand how the actors setting
conversation on movie. Movie is a series of still image which, when shown on a screen. It is
a reason that the writer became interested to know about the conversation on the movies. He
want analyze and find the styles of language in conversation in five Indonesian movies.
According to Martin Joos Five Clocks Times (1976:153-155) there five types of style
of language as follows: Frozen style (oratorical), Formal style (deliberative), Consultative
style, Casual style, Intimate style.
Based on the five styles of languages, the writer will conduct a research titled
“Language Style Found in Indonesian Movies”.
Tthe objective of the study as follows: to find out types of Language styles used in the
Indonesian movies Laskar Pelangi (The rainbow troops), Habibie & Ainun (Habibie and
Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener), Skandal (The Scandal) and Ada Apa Dengan
Cinta (What Up with Love) and to find out which styles occur dominantly in conversation
in the movies based on context.
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The writer limits his analysis based on five types of Language Styles according to
Martin Joos (1976). They are Frozen Style, Consultative Style, Formal Style, Casual Style
and Intimate Style. He will conduct the research in the movie. The data of the research is
limited on five Indonesian movies. They are Laskar Pelangi (The rainbow troops), Habibie
& Ainun (Habibie and Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener), Skandal (The Scandal) and
Ada Apa Dengan Cinta (What Up with Love).
The result of the study would be useful, theoretically, to enrich the readers with
sociolinguistics knowledge specifically about the five language styles., and ractically, this
research can be an advantages and useful to the readers for conversation understanding.
Sociolinguistics
Language is a good way for people to connect from one people to many people. By
language, people can share, transfer and get the information. If there is no language there is
no good communication and then people can express their ideas and emotions.
According to Meyerhoff(2007: 2) “sociolinguistics is a very broad field, and it can be
used to describe many different ways of studying language”. A major challenge that
sociolinguistics face is that a lot of the time speakers are completely unaware of the ways in
which language used in differently contexts .Language can changes, the fact that language
changes is indisputable and inevitable. Sociolinguistics interested in variation and change can
be drawn in straight line. In sociolinguistics, language is the means by which groups of
people articulate, themselves, and delineate themselves from others.
According to Anthony (2010:16) “sociolinguistics is a developing branch of
linguistics and sociology which investigates the individual and social variation of language”.
Just as regional variation of language can give a lot of information about the place the
speaker is from, social variation tells about the roles performed by a given speaker within one
community, or country. Sociolinguistics is also a branch of sociology in that it reveals the
relationship between language use and the social basis for such use. Sociolinguistics differs
from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on
the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's effect on the society.
Sociolinguistics is a practical, scientific discipline which researches into the language that is
actually used, either by native speakers or foreigners, in order to formulate theories about
language change.
According to Ball (2010:12) “sociolinguistics is how speakers group themselves in
socially meaningful ways”. It is exploring the relationship between speech and social status,
which is of course still one of the main aims of the field. The main aim of sociolinguistics is
to study language in its social and cultural context. This includes the study of language in a
society or speech community, language varieties, and language functions. Sociolinguistics
relates the differences observed in language use to the problems that arise from those societal
aspects. It is relationship between speech and social status, which is of course still the one of
the main aims of the field.
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The Relation Between Language and Society
Language is not simply a means of communicating information about a subject, but it
is also a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationships with other
people and it is known that language plays a crucial role and a vital role in human life and
also has many advantages of many various aspects of human life. In a social reflection like
conversation, we can indicate a language behavior in which the function and variation of
languages in establishing social relationships is reflected.
The importance of these relationships has led to the growth of a relatively new sub-
discipline within linguistics; Sociolinguistics. It is a broad but fair generalization to say that
much of linguistics has in the past completely ignored the relationship between language and
society-language is very much social phenomenon and then it is a broad field used to describe
many different ways of language various.
According to Coulmas (1998:1) “sociolinguistics is a term that refers to the study of
the relationship between language and society and how language is used in multilingual
speech communities”. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak
differently in different social contexts. And the effect of social factors such as social distance,
social status, age, gender, class on language varieties dialects, registers, genres, and they are
concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the way they are used to
convey social meanings .Sociolinguistics is concerned with describing language use as a
social phenomenon and, where possible, it attempts to establish causal links between
language and society, pursuing the complementary questions of what language contributes to
making community possible and how communities shape their languages by using them.
Language Variation
Sociolinguistics today is generally more concerned with social variation in language
than with regional variation. However, people gain a sound understanding of the various
procedures used in studies of social variation, we should look at least briefly at previous work
in regional dialectology. That work points the way to understanding how recent
investigations have proceeded as they have. Studies of social variation in language grew out
of studies of regional variation. It was largely in order to widen the limits and repair the flaws
that were perceived to exist in the latter that investigators turned their attention to social-class
variation in language.
According to Wardhaugh (2006:135) in sociolinguistics, “languages vary in many
ways”. One way of characterizing certain variations is to say that speakers of a particular
language sometimes speak different dialects of that language. Although I have already noted
how difficult it is to define dialect, we may still find it useful to use the term in our work in
sociolinguistics, and even to extend its use from studies of regional variation to those of
social variation. In this way it would be possible to talk about both regional dialects and
social dialects of a language. Just as a regional dialect marks off the residents of one region
from those of other regions, a social dialect would be a variety associated with a specific
social class or group, marking that class or group off from other classes or groups. However,
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if this further differentiation of varieties is to be successful, it will require us to be able to find
linguistic features which are associated with differences in classes or groups and, of course,
to define what we mean by these latter terms.
Llamas (2007:49-84) limitin social correlates, they are in different kinds as follows:
1. Social Class
The core of sociolinguistics is the fact that human societies are internally
differentiated whether by gender age and class.The position of the speaker in the society,
measured by the level of education, parental background, profession and their effect on
syntax and lexis used by the speaker. An important factor influencing the way of formulating
sentences is, according to sociolinguists, the social class of the speakers. Thus, there has been
a division of social classes proposed in order to make the description accurate. Two main
groups of language users, mainly those performing non-manual work and those with more
years of education are the ‘middle class’, while those who perform some kind of manual
work are ‘working class’. The additional terms ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ are frequently used in
order to subdivide the social classes.
2.Gender
Gender will have made apparent, linguists have approached language and gender
from a variety of perspectives. Differences in patterns of language use between men and
women, such as quantity of speech, intonation patterns. Gender is conceptualized as
something that is ‘done’. Gender is never static but it produced actively and interaction with
others every day of our lives. Every time we speak, we have to bring off being a woman or a
being a man.
In distinction, being a woman or being man also been challenged. It is felt that binary
such as man-woman, male-female, masculine-feminine distort and oversimplify thinking.
Gender is not a matter who of two separate and homogeneous social categories. One
associated with being female, the other associated being male, male and female speakers
differ in many ways, but there are also many areas of overlap. The preoccupation with
difference relies on an essentialist idea of a gender, that is, on the idea that male and female
can be reduced to unquestioned essences.
3.Age
The speaker’s age related place in society is often seen in terms of the life stage they
are moving through. Although it is considerable oversimplification, the life span is
commonly divided. Age perhaps the least examined and the least understood in
sociolinguistics terms. Age is as a fundamental a dimension of our social and personal
identities as our gender or ethnicity. Age often approached uncritically and treated as a
biological fact with the speakers, and against which other facets of four identities are played
out.
2.4 Language Style
Language has a potentiality for making communication successfully. If there is no
language its nothing, and language is very important to pay attention of variation of language
and variation of styles to achieve fluent communication. Language is like uniform, a badge of
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flag which signals one’s group membership in addition to the cognitive information it
conveys.
According to Eckert (2002:1)“language style is pivotal construct in the study of
sociolinguistics variation”.Language style is the locus of the individual’s internalization of
broader social of distribution variation. The broad conception on style as a social of
distinctiveness has some precedents is sociological work. Using style in the same loose
fashion, however, hardly solves anything, and goes against the usage of style by most people
in relation to individual texts or individual speakers. Another thing that complicates the study
of dialect is the fact that speakers can adopt different styles of speaking depending on the
circumstances speakers can speak very formally or informally.
According to Hornberger (2010:177) people engage in different ways of speaking has
attractedmuch attention from sociolinguists in the past decades. Initially,
quantitativelyoriented sociolinguists tried to map with what frequency
speakersconventionally shifted styles in different social contexts, and consequentlyshowed
how social hierarchies are inscribed on routine speech patterns.Style as speaking does to
speech. Speech and style are then the products, or the sediment, of the preceding interaction;
the interaction itself, in turn, may be seen as ‘styling or speaking-in-action’.
According to Holmes (2003:116) the intersection of social and style is one of the
most important findings of sociolinguistics, if a feature occurs more frequently in working-
class speech, then it will occur more frequently in the informal speech of all speakers.
Generally speaking, the use of non-standard forms increases the less formal the style and the
lower one's social status, with men's scores higher than women's. Although each class has
different average scores in each style, generally speaking all groups style-shift in the same
direction in their more formal speech style, that is, in the direction of the standard language.
According to Llamas (2007:95) “language style is dimension of language where
individual speakers have a choice”. People do not always speak in consistently the same way.
In fact people shifting the way we speak constantly as we move from one situation to another.
Style is the linguistic idiosyncrasy of an individual. Style is personal. Style in social roles
includes expected behavior associated with a particular status. It is more flexible than status
and varies also according to the speech situation. Incompatibility of requirements imposed by
roles upon individuals may result in a role strain and role conflict.
According to Simpson (2004:22) “in language, style is a choicethat people everyday
is shaped and defined by actions and events,thoughts and perceptions,and it is an important
function of the system of languagethat it is able to account for these various goings on in the
world”. This meansencoding into the grammar of the clause a mechanism for capturing what
we say,think and do.
As Joos does, in the center of the matrix in consultative style, it provides the norms
for the other styles. Intimate and casual tend to simplify its structural features, its content, or
the effort put in to its planning or execution. In consultative pronunciation is explicit, word
choice is careful, sentence structure is complete. But consultative is nonetheless a
conversational style, the speaker constantly watches the listener’s verbal and non-verbal
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responses in order to decide whether too much or not enough information is being
transmitted.
Casual is also a conversational style. But it is not for strangers. It tends to make
frequent use ephemeral words and expression which act as badges of shared information or
shared assumptions (slang). Joos claims that all five styles have a stable list of conventional
formulas, which presumably appear only in the style they mark. Intimate styles manifest
extreme structural simplicity. It is characterized by what Joos call extraction. By saying that
public information is positively abolished, he seems to claim that the information
transmission function of language is absent in intimate style. This also implied by the
contents of the communicative function. The participants are indeed so Intimate share much
information and assumptions.
In other side, formal is important, provides transition to his claims about the role. A
formal text is carefully planned is advance. Different with frozen style that lack intonation,
but this is a comment not on its phonology but on the lack of clear evidence of its author’s
intent. In fact frozen style is defined almost exclusively in terms of its role and frozen style
purposely ambiguous. Frozen style invites the reader to enter into a personal experience of
creative discovery.
Martin Joos (1976: 153-155) the enduring of appeal Five Clocks Timesis attributed to
existence of four features of communicative competence.
Intimate Casual Consultative Formal Frozen
Aware - ++++
Monitored --+++
Planned + + - - -
Pre-coded - - - - -
Martin Joos(1976)concluded five styles of language. They are describeas follows:
Frozen Style (Oratorical Style)
Frozen Style is defined as the style which is used in e very formal setting such in
ceremony, palace, and church and some other occasions. This style is defined as the most
elegant variety that reserved for very important or symbolic moments.
In spite of fact, ordinary citizens who attend in the court, religious services, may
demand frozen language because it is not an ordinary occasionand it maybe recognize used
this style
Example:
1) A priest read the holy bible in church ( Joshua 6:7)
“Dankepadabangsaitudikatakannya: “Majulah, keleilingilahkotaitu, dan orang-
orang bersenjaatharusberjalandidepantabutTuhan”. (They said to the people,
“Advance, March around the city, and let the armed men pass on before Yahweh’s
ark).
2) Stated in the Introduction Fundamental Constitution 1945
“Sesungguhnyakemerdekaanituialahahaksegalabangsa.Dan
olehsebabitumakapenjajahandiatasduniaharusdihapuskankarenatidaksesuaidenganp
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rikemanuasiaandanprikeadilan.”(Actually independence is the right for every nation
and because of that the colonization in the earth has to be abolished because it does
not conformwith the humanity and justice)
Formal Style (Deliberative Style)
Formal style is defined as the style of language that used for important or serious
situation. It is also used in addressing audience usually that is too large or permit effective
interchange between speaker and hearers. Through the forms are normally and not a polished
as those in oratorical style such in a typical classroom lecture is often carry out is formal
style.
Formal style is usually a single topic oriented and it is related to the fact, that formal
writing is technical. Formal style used in school by students, teacher, lecturer, headmaster.
Thus, most scholar or technical reports use this style such as those taking part should sit
during the proceedings.
Example:
1. Mr. : Do you want to learn this course?
Jack : Yes Sir, I want to learn it.
2. Mrs. William, would you like to have a sit first before you deliver your speech?
3. If Mr. Kevin would be so kind ask to let me finish my words.
4. Well, it is rather difficult to say at this point.
5. I would like to introduce myself to you
Consultative Style
Consultative style is style that which used in semiformal communication situation. It
is one type of language which is required from everyday speaker. Consultative style is
typically dialogue, though formal enough that words are chosen with some care like business,
translation, doctor-patient conservation.
The typically of consultative style speech is used between two persons. While one
speaking at intervals the others give short responses, mostly drawn from a small inventory
standard signals. There are basic part of the system, among them are “Yes, No, Huh, Mm,
That’s right “.
Example:
1. Mr. : Would you mind going to upstairs right away,please?
Tom : Of course
2. I am sorry, Could you go now?
3. Excuse me, I think it’s really important for me to add about the topic that we discuss.
4. Actually, we have the same views about this problem. So, why don’t you join with
us?
5. I see. You will change the project and sale it to other companies, right?
2.4.4 Casual Style
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Casual style is a style that is used for the conversation is relaxed or normal situation
that is appropriate to the conversation with our friends or sometimes members of a family,
such as outside the classroom, when the students have a chat.
Casual style is also characterized by the use of the first name or even nickname rather
than a little name and last name in addressing one another. The pronunciation is rapid and
often slurred, besides that use of slang. Another characterized feature is casual speech is the
omissions of unstressed words, particularly at the beginning of sentence.
Example:
1. Don’t get up!
2. Anybody home?
3. Hello guys, are you okay?
4. Give me some
5. Take it.
Intimate Style
Intimate style is a completely private language developed within families, lovers and
close friends. The intimate labels are: dear, darling, honey and even Mom, Dad, and other
nicknames might use in this situation.
Intimate style is also characterized by ellipsis, deletion, rapid, slurred, pronunciation,
non-verbal communication and private code characterized, it is often unintelligible smallest
social units.
Example:
1. Denny : Hey darling, how are you?
Gomez : Oh baby, kiss me!
2. Really sexy my girl.
3. Damn hot.
4. What is it, honey?
The Background of The Movies
Movies also known as a film are a type of visual communication which use moving
pictures and sound to tell stories or inform (help people to learn). People in every part of the
world watch movies as a type of entertainment, a way to have fun. Movies are made by a
screenwriter write a script, which is the story of the movie with words that actors will say.
Actors and directors read scripts to find out what to say and what to do. The actors memorize
the words from the script that they will say in the movie, and learn the actions that script tells
them to do.
The writer choose five Indonesian movies, because there many people love to watch
these movies and the writer really interested to analyze the movies especially about language
styles in conversation by actors in the movies.
The first movie is LaskarPelangithat directed by RiriRiza, Produced by Mira
Lesman, written by Salman Aristo based on Andrea Hirata. The starring in this movie is Cut
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Mini, Tora Sudiro, Slamet Rahardjo, Teuku RifnuWikana, and distributed by Miles Film and
Mizan Production. This movie use Indonesian language.
Laskar Pelangi (the rainbow troops) movie is an Indonesian film adapted from story
of Andrea Hirata. The movie follows a group of 10 schoolboys as they their two struggle with
poverty and develop hopes for the future in Gantong village on the farming and tin mining
island of Belitung off east coast of Sumatera.Thismovie was released in September 25, 2008.
The movie set in the 170s, opens on the first day of the year at a Muhammadyah elementary
school on Belitung. The school needs 10 students but is one short until near the end of the
day, when a straggles fills out the ranks for their teachers, Muslimah and Harfan. Muslimah
dubs the children “The Rainbow Troops’’.
The Second movie is Habibie and Ainun that directed by Faozan Rizal, produced by
Dhamoo Punjabi, written by Ginatri S Noer and Ifan Ismail. The starring in this movie is
Reza rahardian, Bunga Citra Lestari, TioPakusadewo, RatnaRiantiarno, Mike Luccock, Vita
Mariana. Distributed by Md Pictures and this movie use Indonesian language and Deutsche
Sprache.
Habibie & Ainun movie is an Indonesian drama film which released on 20 December
2012. The movie based on the written by Habibie, An Indonesia President about his wife,
HasriAinunHabibie, in his book ,Habibie&Ainun. This story about finding one’s soul mate.A
story about finding one’s first love and last love.A story about Indonesia’s third president and
his wife.A story about Habibie and Ainun. Rudy Habibie, is a genius in air planes and he had
a big dreams. He devoted his life to Indonesia by building an airplane in uniting Indonesia.
Meanwhile, Ainun is a young and clever doctor who had a wonderful career ahead of
her. In the yar 1962, two friends from the same high school before, met again in Bandung.
Habibie fell in love immediately with Ainun whom according to him was as sweet as sugar.
They married and moved to Germany, having a dream with the intention of it becoming a
reality is never easy. To Habibie, Ainun is everything. He is the love of her life. However, all
stories have ending, every dreams has limitations.
The Third movie is Sang Pencerah that directed by HanungBramantyo, produced
Raam Punjabi. The starring in this movie isLukmanSardi, ZaskiaAdya Mecca,
SlametRaharjo, IhsanTarore, GiringGanesha. This movie use Indonesia and Javanese
Language.
Sang Pencerah movie is Indonesian movie directed by HanungBramantyo. This movie
released in September 8, 2010. This movie tell about the different views of Islam. However,
it has also been interpreted as critique of the current Muhammadyah leadership. It was seen
in theatres by over 1 million people, the only Indonesian film people 2010 to do
so.Bramantyo attempted make his film as historically accurate as possible. Bramantyo said
that he hd intended this movie to use Dahlan’s life to examine different aspects of Islam.
The forth movie is Skandal that directed by Jose Purnomo, produced by Gobind Punjabi.
The starring in this movie is UliAuliani, Mario Lawalata, Mike Luccock, Gary Iskak,
FerbriyanieFerdzilla and LarasMonca. This movie use Indonesian and English.
Skandal moviesis Indonesian drama directed by Jose Purnomo. This movie released in
March 24, 2011.
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The fifth movie is Ada ApadenganCinta that directed by Rudy Soedjarwo, produced by
Mira Lesmana and RiriRiza. The starring is Dian Sastrowardoyo, Nicholas Saputra and Titi
Kamal.
Ada apadengancinta is Indonesian film directed by Rudy Soedjarwo. The Indonesian title
is a play on words, as Cinta (Indonesian for Love) is also themain character. As such, the title
can be translated as “What’s up with Love?” as well as “What’s up with Cinta?” meaning the
person. The film is coloured with Indonesian mainstream as well as Indonesiansidestream
values, elements of classical culture and politics and real issues encountered in teen life.
Cinta is a popular teenage girl living a comfortable lifestyle. She is gifted and
accomplished, surrounded by a group of faithful friends, and has caring and supportive
parents. The story begins with Cinta and her four best friends crying on each other’s
shoulders for Alya, who was the victim of domestic abuse by her father. The secret friendship
causes dramatic changes in Cinta’s behavior, resulting in problems with Cinta’s group of
girlfriend.
Previous Research
In this previews research, There are three study that the writer taken from graduating
researchlanguage style.
The first research is Language Style Used In Dialogue Among The Characters In
“Ever After Movie” Sociolinguistics Study. Hartono (2009) Faculty Of Letters Ahmad
Dahlan University.
The Research entitled Language Style Used In The Dialogue Among The Characters
In Ever After Movie: Sociolinguistics Study is intended to find out the levels of formality‘s
language in the Ever After Movie. The objective of this study are : a) to describe the level of
formality in Ever After and b) to describe which level types frequently used in Ever After
Movie. This is a descriptive qualitative research.
The researcher analyzes descriptive data in a written form. The technique that is used
in collecting data is noting technique. To analyze the data writer uses referential method by
Sudaryanto, and contextual method by Poedjosoedarmo. The writer uses Martin Joos theory
to analyze the level of formality namely;Frozen Style, Formal Style, Consultative Style,
Casual Style, and Intimate Style.
The result of this research shows that the writer can find levels of formality in Ever
After Movie. All of the level can be found in this movie. They are Frozen Style (6.59 %),
Formal Style (30.76 %), Consultative (18.68 %), Casual Style (25.27 %) and Intimate Style
(14.28%). The highest frequency of level formality is formal language, because in royal
society or kingdom society they usually use formal and polite language. So, the characters in
Ever After Movie use formal language to make conversation among the main character that
have higher position than the other characters.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure1. Language Style Found in Indonesian Movie
SimamoraMaraden(2015)
Language style
Sociolinguistics
The Movies
1. Habibie&Ainun (Habibe and Aiunun)
2. LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops)
3. Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener)
4. Skandal (The Scandal)
5. Ada ApaDenganCinta (What’s Up with
Love)
Types of Language Styles
1. Frozen style
2. Formal style
3. Consultative
style
4. Casual style
5. Intimate style
Language Styles in
Indonesian Movies
Syntax Phonology
Semantics Pragmatic
Linguistics
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2. Research Design
This is a descriptive qualitative research. This research works through of some book
and other references like article, and websites in doing this research to support this topic.
Here, the writer some Indonesian movies as the object. So, this research also works using
some written materials like some of books concerning the topic, some literature books, article
and website. These aim to support the ideas of the topic.
According to Dey (1993) Qualitative Data deals with meanings, whereas quantitative
data deals with numbers. It is possible to identify a range of procedures characteristic of
qualitative analysis and capable satisfying a variety of research purposes, whether
ethnographic description and explanation or policy evaluation. The relevance and
applicability of any particular procedure will, of course, depend entirely on the data to be
analyzed and the particular purposes and predilections individual researchers. There is no one
kind of qualitative data analysis, but rather than of approaches, related to the different
perspectives and purposes of researchers.
The source of data taken from scripts of Movies. And writer analyzed the style of
language used in those movie. There are five styles of language used in this data, they are
Frozen Style, Formal style, Consultative Style, Casual Style and Intimate Style that are used
in the Indonesian movies.
There are some steps done for collecting the data as follows, watching the movies, reading
the script of movies, underlying the sentences included in types of language style based on
context of five Indonesian movies ( 30 contexts of one movie)
After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data by the following steps:,
classifying the data according to the types of the styles of language, tabulating the data
analyzed them and making conclusion
3. The Data
The data are taken from five DVD of Indonesian movies, they are “LaskarPelangi
(The rainbow troops)” directed by Riri Riza. The writer limits the data on 30 contexts of
movie. The second data is “Habibie and Ainun (Habibie and Ainun)” directed by Faozan
Rizal, the writer limits the data on 30 contexts of movie. The third data is “Sang Pencerah
(The Enlightener)directed by Hanung Bramantio, the writer limits the data on 30 contexts of
movie. The forth data is “Skandal (The Scandal)” by Jose Purnomo, the writer limits the data
on 30 contexts of movie. The fifth data is“AdaApaDenganCinta (What’s Up With
Love)”directed by Rudy Soedjarwo, the writer limits the data on 30 contexts of movie.
16
Table 4.2 List of Data
No Movie Context of
movie
Context of
data
Sentences
01. LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops) 37 30 65
02. HabibiedanAinun (Habibie and Aiunun) 36 30 65
03. Sang Pencerah(The Enlightener) 35 30 60
04. Skandal (The Scandal) 37 30 65
05. Ada ApaDenganCinta (What’s up with
love?)
49 30 70
The data are analyzed based on Martin Joos’s theory (1967), to find out language
styles as procedures of analyzing data proposed in previous chapter. The writer reading the
transcription of the movies and then the writer identified every style of language found in the
transcriptions according to five styles by Martin Joos, Frozen style, Formal Style,
Consultative Style, Casual style and Intimate Style. The data are as follows:
Data I
The first data is transcription of LaskarPelangi movie. The data are as follows:
1. At home in the morning, the characters areIkal, Ikal’s Mother, Ikal’s Father, Ikal’s brother
and sister
IbuIkal : jadikauizinantarIkal? (Would you take Ikal to school?)
KakakIkal : jadi! Akuizinsetengahhari(Sure! I have a half day)
In this conversation is family context and conversation happen between mother and son (Ikal)
in a busy morning at home. Mom’s Ikal has different status and Ikal’s sister, Mom’s Ikal is
higher status as a parent than Ikal sisters as children. The language of the context influenced
by traditional (Belitung).So,Ikal’s Mom speaks by casual style language to her son and Ikal’s
brother speakscasual style language to his mom.
2. At home in the morning, the characters are Miss Muslimah and her mother
Muslimah :ma, Muss pergingajarduluyamak, assalamualaikum(Mom, I
want to go to school for teaching, assalamualikum)
IbuMuslimah : wa’alaikumsalam (Waalaikumsalam/ greeting in Muslim)
In this conversation is family context and conversation happen between a mother
(Muslimah’s mom) and a daughter (Muslimah) in a bright morning in the school.
Muslimah as a children has low status with her mother as a parent . The language of this
context influenced by language traditional (Belitung) and religious (Muslim), so Miss
17
Muslimah speaks by consultative stylelanguageto her mom and her mother speaks by
consultative style language to her daughter.
3.At school yard in the morning, the characters are Miss Muslimah and Lintang
Muslimah : siapenamekaunak?(What is your name, son?)
Lintang : akuLintangdariTanjungKelumpangbu, akunaksekolah
(I am Lintang from TanjungKelumpang Miss, I want to school)
In this conversation happen between a teacher (Muslimah) andastudent (Lintang) a bright
morning at school yard. Muslimah and Lintang has differen status, Muslimar is higher than
Lintang of the context. The language of this context is influenced by traditional Language
(Belitung) so Miss Muslimah use consultative style so Mulimah speaks by consultative style
language to lintangnadLintang speaks by consultative style language to Muslimah
4. At school yard in the morning, the characters are sirHarfan and Miss Muslimah
Muslimah : assalamu’alaikum Pak Harfan(Assalamualaikum sirHarfan)
Pak Harfan : wa’alaikumsalam, siape yang kaubawaituMus?
(Waalaikumsalam, who is he Mus?)
In this conversation happen between a headmaster (Sir Harfan) and a teacher (Muslimahia a
morning at school. Muslimah has lower status than sir Harfan’sstatus. The language of this
context influenced by traditional language (Belitung) and religious (Muslim), so Muslimah
speaks by formal style language to sir Harfan as a headmaster and sir Harfan speaks by
consultative style language to Muslimah a teacher in the school.
5. In the room class at morning, the characters are sir Harfan, parents and students
Pak Harfan : assalamualaikumwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh (Greeting)
Orangtua&murid : wa’laikumsalamwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh (Greeting)
In this conversation happen between a headmaster (sir Harfan), parents and students in a
morning in class room.SirHarfan and parents, Childrens has different status of the ontext. Sir
Harfan is higher and parents, childrens is lower than sir Harfan. But the context is still
formal.The language of this context influenced by religious (Muslim). Before sir Harfan open
the formal meeting, sir Harfan greet them by frozen style language style and then parent,
students greet by frozen style language. This context influenced by language traditional or
Muslim.
Data II
The second data is transcription of HabibiedanAinunmovie. The data are as follows:
1. In the roomclass,the characters are teacher andAinun
18
Guru : kenapa langit warnanyabiru? (Why the sky is blue?)
Ainun : kemarenkan sudah dijelaskan pak(It’s already explained
yesterday sir)
In this conversation happen between a teacher and a student (Ainun) in class room. The
teacher and Ainunhas different status of the context. The teacher ishigherandAinun is lower
status. The context is not too formal because the teacher look fun for the student, so teacher
speaks consultative style language to the Ainun who’s a student and Ainunspeakconsultative
style language to the teacher.
2. At office, the characters are officer and Habibie, he get a call from Indonesia
C service : permisi pak Habibie, ada telepon untuk anda,mereka bilang Ibnu
Sutowo (Excuse me sir Habibie, a call for you from IbnuSutowo)
Habibie : Ibnu Sutowo?(Just ask)
In this conversation happen between customer service and boss (Habibie) in the office.
Habibie and customer service has different status of the context.So officer speaks by formal
style language and Habibie speaks casual style language. Habibie speaks casual because it’s a
hurrid moment.
3. At home, the characters are Habibie and Ainun
Ainun : akucintakamupah (I love you dad)
Habibie : akujugacintakamumah(I love you too mom)
In this conversation happen between a husband (Habibie) and a wife (Ainun) at
home,Habibie and Ainun has the same status of the context is a couple.They can speak what
style they want use and Ainunspeaksbycasual style language to her belove husband and
Habibie speaks by casual style language to his belove wife
4. In the president palace, the characters are Soeharto and Indonesians
Soeharto : sayamemutuskanuntukmenyatakanberhentidarijabatan
Presiden RI terhitungsejaksayabacakenpernyataaninipada
Hariini, 21 Mei, 1998 (I decided to resign from my position as
Presidentof Republic Indonesia as from since I read this
Statement, May 21 1998)
In this statement there is one character is only president and this is a very formal context.
Thepresidentof Indonesia read a very formal speech in front of Indonesians and televions, the
speech can not change though a word, Soeharto must read what was written, so Soeharto read
it by frozen style language in front of publics
5. At president palace, the characters are Habibie and Ainun
Ainun : jadi bagaimana?(So, How?)
Habibie : ah baik baik saja(It’s fine)
19
In this conversation happen between a husband (Habibie) and a wife (Ainun) in president
palace. Habibie and Aiunun has the same status is a couple. The time is when they’re sitting
on the sofa in lobby, they can speak what style want use because the time is relax time, so
Ainun speaks by casual style language to Habibie as her belove husband and Habibie speaks
bycasual style language to Ainun as his beloved wife
4.3 The Data Findings
The writer analyzed five Indonesian movies and the writer found many differences
dominant of language style of five Indonesian movies as follows:
1.”Laskar pelangi” movie
Laskar Pelangi (the rainbow troops) movie is an Indonesian film adapted from story
of Andrea Hirata. The movie follows a group of 10 students as they their two struggles with
poverty and develop hopes for the future in Gantong village on the farming and tin mining
island of Belitung off east coast of Sumatera. This movie was released in September 25,
2008. The movie set in the 170s, opens on the first day of the year at a Muhammadyah
elementary school on Belitung. The school needs 10 students but is one short until near the
end of the day, when a straggles fills out the ranks for their teachers, Muslimah and Harfan.
Muslimah dubs the children “The Rainbow Troops’’.
The writer find there are 2 Frozen style (2,6%), 11 Formal style (14%), 19
Consultative style (25%), 42 casual style (56%) and 1 intimate style (1,3%). So, casual style
is often used inLaskarPelangi movie conversation
2.”Habibie danAinun” movie
Habibie&Ainunmovie is an Indonesian drama film which released on 20 December
2012. The movie based on the written by Habibie, An Indonesia President about his wife,
HasriAinunHabibie, in his book, Habibie&Ainun. This story about finding one’s soul mate.A
story about finding one’s first love and last love.A story about Indonesia’s third president and
his wife.A story about Habibie and Ainun. Rudy Habibieis a genius in air planes and he had a
big dreams. He devoted his life to Indonesia by building an airplane in uniting Indonesia.
The writer find there are 2 Frozen style (3,0 %), 7 Formal style (10,0%), 18
Consultative style (15,1 %), 39 Casual style (59,0%) and no Intimate style. So, casual style is
often used in HabibiedanAinun movie conversation.
3. “Sang Pencerah” movie
Sang Pencerah movie is Indonesian movie directed by HanungBramantyo. This movie
released in September 8, 2010. This movie tell about the different views of Islam. However,
it has also been interpreted as critique of the current Muhammadyah leadership. It was seen
in theatres by over 1 million people, the only Indonesian film people 2010 to do so.
20
The writer find9 Frozen style (16,9%), 25 Formal style (47,1%), 18 Consultative
style (33,9%), 12 Casual style (1,8 %) and no intimate style. So, Formal style is often used in
Sang Pencerah movie conversation.
4. “Skandal” movie
Skandal movie is Indonesian drama directed by Jose Purnomo. This movie released
in March 24, 2011. Skandal movie tell about a wife (UliAliani) saturated with home life, and
a husband (Mike Lucock) always busy with his job, Aron even forget the obligation to
provide for the inner life. The flurry husband makes Mischa bad though Aron with his
secretary. Mischa and her family, her happiness almost lost.
The writer find 1 Formal style (1,3%), 11 Consultative style (14,8%) , 51 Casual
style (68,9%), 11 intimate style (14,8%) and no Frozen style. So, Casual style is often used in
Skandal movie conversation.
5.”Ada ApaDenganCinta” movie
Ada apadengancinta is Indonesian film directed by Rudy Soedjarwo. The Indonesian
title is a play on words, as Cinta (Indonesian for Love) is also the main character. This movie
also tells about 7 girls who’sclosefriend when study in senior high school student.Cinta is a
popular teenage girl living a comfortable lifestyle. She is gifted and accomplished,
surrounded by a group of faithful friends, and has caring and supportive parents.
The writer find 4 Consultative style (5,0%), 73 Casual Style (91,2%), 3 Intmate style
(3,7%), no Frozen and No frozen style. So, Casual style is often used in Ada Apa dengan
Cinta movie.
Table 4.3.1 The Data Percentage of Style found in “LaskarPelangi” Movie
No Language Style Total Style Perentage
01 Frozen Style 2 2.6%
02 Formal Style 11 14.6%
03 Consltative Style 19 25%
04 Casual Style 42 56%
05 Intimate Style 1 1.3%
Table 4.3.2 The Data Percentage of Style found in “Habibie dan Ainun” Movie
No Language Style Total Style Percentage
01 Frozen Style 2 3,03%
21
02 Formal Style 7 10%
03 Consultative Style 18 15,1%
04 Casual Style 39 59%
05 Intimate Style - -
Table 4.3.3 The Data Percentage of “Sang Pencerah” Movie
No Language Style Total Style Percentage
01 Frozen Style 9 16,9%
02 Formal Style 25 47,1%
03 Consultative Style 18 33,9%
04 Casual Style 1 1,8%
05 Intimate Style - -
Table 4.3.4 The Data Percentage of “Skandal” Movie
No Language Style Total Style Percentage
01 Frozen Style - -
02 Formal Style 1 1,3%
03 Consultative Style 11 14,8%
04 Casual Style 51 68,9%
05 Intimate Style 11 14,8%
Table 4.3.5 The Data Percentage of Ada Apa Dengan Cinta Movie
No Language Style Total Style Percentage
01 Frozen style - -
02 Formal Style - -
03 Consultative Style 4 5%
22
04 Casual Style 73 91,2%
05 Intimate Style 3 3,7%
Table 4.3.6The Recapitulation of Data
No Movie Frozen
Style
Formal
Style
Consultative
Style
Casual
Style
Intimate
Style
01 LaskarPelangi 2,6% 14,0% 25,0% 56,0% 1,3%
02 HabibiedanAiunun 3,0% 10,0% 15,1% 59,0% -
03 SangPencerah 16,9% 47,1% 33,9% 1,8% -
04 Skandal - 1,3% 14,8% 68,9% 14,8%
05 Ada
ApaDenganCinta
- - 5,0% 91,2% 3,7%
22,5% 72,4% 93,8% 276,9% 19,8%
From the five Indonesian movies, LaskarPelangi, HabibiedanAinun, Sang Pencerah,
Skandal and Ada ApaDenganCinta, the writer found that casual style often use in Indonesian
movies.
4. Conclusions
Through considering the analysis and determining the types of Language Style from
five Indonesian movies, LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops), HabibiedanAinun (Habibie and
Ainun), Sang Pencerah (The enlightener), Skandal(The Scandal) and Ada ApaDenganCinta
(What’s up with Love), the conclusions are presented as follows:
23
1. Language style is defined as the choice of words used by specific group of people
when speak in a place and in one condition. Language style is very important for
people to express their ideas, and people use language style with whom they speak
and where they speaking.
2. Having count of data percentage of five movies. Laskar Pelangi (The rainbow
troops) movie is often use casual style in the movie dialogue because the movie is tell
about ten students and good teachers. Habibie dan Ainun (Habibie and Ainun) movie
is often use casual style in the movie dialogue because the movie tell about a
president biography. Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener) movie is often use formal
style in the movie dialogue because the movie tell about story of religion. Skandal
(The Skandal) movie is often use casual style in th emovie dialgue because the movie
tell about a family. Ada Apa Dengan Cinta (What’s Up With Love) movie is often
use casual style in the movie dialogue because the movie tell about seven beautiful
schoolgirls.
3. Having analyzed the five language styles from five Indonesian movies, the writer
found the result from “LaskarPelangi (The rainbow troops)” ,”HabibiedanAinun
(Habibie and Aiunun)”, “Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener)”, “Skandal (The scandal)”
and “Ada ApaDenganCinta (What’s up with love)”. There are Frozen style 22,5%,
Formal style 72,5%, Consultative style 93.8%, Casual style 276.6% and Intimate
style 19,8%
4. Based on the percentage, Casual style is often used in Indonesian movies
At the end of the analysis, the writer would like to put forward some suggestions:
1. For students of English Department,English teacher and lecturers, to improve their
knowledge of language styles
2. For scriptwriter , to improve the Indonesian movies to be well known by language
style that I have analyzed from five Indonesian movies that casual style make the
movies to be more interesting
3. For people who watches Indonesian movies to know what style used most
interesting in the movies dialogues
24
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