Language Variations based on different parameters

Kartika Ajeng AnggraeniNIM. 130221810442

1. Geographical Location

SouthernVirginia (eastern), North Carolina (eastern)South Carolina, Georgia-Florida, Mississippi-Gulf (including Alabama, Louisiana, eastern Texas, western Tennessee, western Kentucky), West Texas

•find,mind•/ai/•due,Tuesday•/u:/

South midlandAppalachia (western Virginia, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee), Arkansas-Oklahoma

• find,mind• /æ:/• due,Tuesday• /yu:/

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/dialectsofenglish.html

Soft drink

• tonicBoston

• sodaNorthern and North Midland, east of the

Susquehanna

• popNorthern and North Midland, west of the

Susquehanna

• cold drinkSouth and South Midland

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/dialectsofenglish.html

2. Different Social Domains

Family

School

Workplace

Language at work• Eddie: What are the chances of getting a raise

this year?• Janice: Chances are slim!• Eddie: Wow! You haven't gotten a raise for how

many years now?• Janice: (Heave a sigh). It's been three years! The

company keeps losing money and they can't afford to give anyone a raise.

• Eddie: That's too bad. Did you ever think of working somewhere else?

• Janice: Yeah. In fact, I have an interview next Monday.

• Eddie: Good luck!

http://www.focusenglish.com/dialogues/work/workindex.html

Language at school• Gopal : May I come in, sir?• The man : Yes, of course. What do you

want?• Gopal : Sir, May I get an application form

for scholarship?• The man : We have not yet received them

from the office. You may come after a week.

• Gopal : But my parents are leaving for Vacation in two days.

• The man : In that case you might try to get it from the office.• Gopal : Thank you, sir.

http://englishconversationsite.com/tag/conversation-in-school/

Language at home

• Rahul : Good morning! Mom.• Sarika : Good morning! Go and brush your teeth.• Rahul : I will be in few minutes.• Sarika : Where is Harini?• Rahul : I am brushing my teeth.• Sarika : That's good. Let me prepare coffee. • Kamal : Have you done your home work? • Rahul : I have to do my chemistry record.• Kamal : Do it immediately. • Rahul : I will finish it with it 15minutes.

http://www.english-for-students.com/Live-English-Conversations-2.html

3. Range of Speakers Competence

Code switching/mixingIn Assyrian-English

switching one could say, "Ani wideili. What

happened?" ("Those, I did them. What

happened?").

In Swahili-English, people can say:

“Ulikuwa ukiongea a lot of nonsense.”

( "You were talking a lot of nonsense." )

In Bahasa Indonesia, we often heard people

say:Masalah ini hanya bisa di handle oleh orang-orang yang menguasai

bidangnya.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching

4. Social Segregation

Non-standard English

• I done it yesterday.

• He ain’t got it

Standard English

• I did it yesterday

• He hasn’t got it.

5. L1 Background Diversity• Examples of the Hawaiian

Pidgin "Inside dirt and cover and blanket, finish“ it means "They put the body in the ground and covered it with a blanket and that's all."

Pidgin

• Examples of the Hawaiian Creole "Da firs Japani came ran away from japan come.“ it means 'The first Japanese who arrived ran away from Japan to here.'

Creolehttp://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~swinters/371/Hawaiian.html

6. GenderMen’s talk

• swear more, don't talk about emotions, talk about sport more, talk about women and machines in the same way, insult each other frequently, are competitive in conversation, dominate conversation, speak with more authority, give more commands. Use non-standard language e.g. they don’t say nothing

Women’s talk• talk more than men,

talk too much, are more polite, are indecisive/hesitant, complain and nag, ask more questions, support each other, are more cooperative. Use hedges e.g. It’s sort of hot; I’d kind of like to go

Gender language•Gender-specific language: fireman, stewardess, chairman

•Gender-neutral language: firefighter, flight attendant and chairperson

http://www.ucc.ie/publications/heeu/womenstf/3_conrick.htm

7. Academic DisciplinesRegister

• I should be grateful if you would make less noise.

•Please be quiet.•Shut up!

•(Jean Aitchison, Teach

Yourself Linguistics. Hodder, 2003)

Jargon

• Get our ducks in a row = Order and organize everything efficiently and effectively

• Boil the ocean = To attempt to do something that is impossible

Jargon

• Hard copy - A physical print-out of a document rather than an electronic copy

• No call, no show - An individual who neither shows up for the day nor calls in with a reason

• Hammer it out - To type something up

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-jargon-in-the-workplace.html

8. Accessibility to Speakers

• ASAP means as soon as possibleOpen Codes

• Pig Latin • Argot Secret

Codes

Pig latin(Languages) a secret language used by children in which any consonants at the beginning of a word are placed at the end,

followed by -ay;

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/argot

Argot(English pronunciation: /ˈɑrɡoʊ/; from French argot [aʁˈɡo] ‘slang’) is a secret language used by various groups — e.g. schoolmates, outlaws, colleagues, among many others — to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/argot