Lantana Further Information

8/8/2019 Lantana Further Information

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lantana-further-information 1/34

M i c k R i c h a r d s

Don Lynch with "The Enemy", Army Promotion Training Centre, Kokoda Barracks, Canungra, Qld.



Further information

Legal and safety requirements 58

From the survey 59

Declarations in each state and territory 61

For more information 63

Appendix 1 64Table of active constituents registered for use on lantana 64

Appendix 2 67Lantana biocontrol sheets 67

Appendix 3 84Quick reference table for lantana control methods 84

References 86



p a g e

58

Legal and safety requirements

Legal requirementsVarious laws in Queensland and New South Wales havereference to the control of lantana in certain areas, and must

be observed. They are important where there is a possibilityof disturbance to native vegetation, including grasses, or

waterways.

Contact the relevant state government agency for advicebefore carrying out control for weeds in these circumstances,

especially by mechanical methods.

Please note also that the names of government departmentsand active legislation may change.

Queensland Vegetation Management Act 1999 (Qld)

Water Act 2000 (Qld)

Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy,Queensland

Ph: (07) 3896 3111

Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld)Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland

Ph: (07) 3227 0700

New South Wales Native Vegetation Conservation Act 1997 (NSW)

Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW)Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural

Resources, New South WalesPh: (02) 9762 8044

Also contact your local government authority, as there maybe local laws (in Queensland) or Local Environment Planrestrictions (in New South Wales) that are relevant to weed

control activities in natural ecosystems or near waterways.

Refer to ‘Declarations in each state and territory’ (p61) forinformation regarding the declared status of lantana in

various states.

Safety requirementsAll methods of controlling lantana require consideration of personal safety. Regulations exist in relation to the safe use of

herbicides and machinery. Eye and ear protection, andprotective clothing and respiratory equipment must be worn

whenever necessary. The use of some equipment andmachinery requires proper training.

General information about safety is available from the

National Occupation Health and Safety Commission, at<www.nohsc.gov.au>.



p a g e

59

From the survey

From the surveyA national survey completed by 1021 landholders and land

managers between February and June 2003 has revealed agreat deal of information about current practice in the control

of lantana.

Constraints and limitations The results of the survey show that the factors most likely to

limit the carrying out of lantana control are time and cost,followed by difficult access and steep terrain. Of concern is

the finding that some landholders do not consider lantanaworthy of any effort to control it.

The survey results indicate that the cost of control showseconomy of scale associated with property size. On smaller

properties (<100 ha), the average annual cost of lantanacontrol per hectare is 30 times that of larger properties

(>10 000 ha). This is likely to be due to the availability of machinery, cheaper costs of bulk herbicide, and, possibly, the

effective use of fire as part of an integrated control strategy onlarger properties.

More research is needed to establish which methods are most

cost-effective for different land-use situations.

(*These values are calculated from landholders’ estimated total cost of

lantana control for the past year and not from the actual cost of

materials, machinery and contractors.)

Follow-up and monitoring

The survey indicates that the majority of respondents carryout continual follow-up and monitoring. The initial controlefforts of those respondents who never follow up are

unfortunately likely to be futile.

Factors limiting the adoption of control methods(Lantana survey 2003)

Lantana not considered a problem

time

cost

safety

accessibility/terrain

knowledge of management options

Average costs of control (Lantana survey 2003)

Property size Average annual lantana controlcost per hectare of property size

<100 ha101–500 ha

501–1000 ha1001–5000 ha

5001–10 000 ha>10 000 ha

$31.70$21.00

$ 8.40$ 3.80

$ 2.90$ 0.86

Levels of monitoring and follow-up(Lantana survey 2003)

never follow up

follow up once after treatment

ongoing follow up at intervals



p a g e

60

Control methods and integration The survey shows that in all land-use situations using a singlecontrol method is more common than combining them. This

may be a call for landholders and land managers to trialmore integrated approaches to their control of lantana.

Integration of methods is most frequent in pastures andgrazing lands and natural ecosystems; steep slopes receive

the least integrated control and the most ‘no control’.From the survey:

Manual, mechanical and chemical methods of control arefavoured in all of the land-use situations. Of concern is thefinding that fire, and trampling and grazing are being used for

control near watercourses, where they are not recommended(see ‘Watercourses’ in section 1).

Relative proportions of landholders using acombination of control methods, a singlecontrol method, or no control in different

land-use situations(Lantana survey 2003)

combination of controls single control no control

disused/vacantwatercourses

forest edgespastures/grazing

natural ecosystemssteep slopes

Relative proportions of control types used indifferent land use situations (Lantana survey 2003)

manual or mechanical herbicide fire trampling/grazing

bio control no control

steep areas

disused/vacanteasements

watercoursesforest edges

natural ecosystemspastures/grazing







For more informationInformation about lantana, including the national lantana

strategy, lantana biocontrol fact sheets, the national lantanasurvey, the Weeds of National Significance project and

associated extension materials, is available at<www.nrm.qld.gov.au/pests/wons>.

For general information about weeds, refer to the NationalWeeds Strategy web site, available at <www.weeds.org.au>.

p a g e

63



For moreinformation



p a g e

64

Active constituents registered for use on lantana in variousland-use situations.

Product examples* and states and territories whereregistered**.

Pastures

2,4-D as dea/tea 500g/L

2,4-D as dea/dma 625g/L2,4-D as ipa 300g/L

2,4-D as dma 625g/L2,4-D as dma 800g/L2,4-D as dea 500g/L2,4-D as dma 500g/L

2,4-D as ipa 225g/L2,4-D as Na salt 700g/kg2,4-D as nbe 800g/L

2,4-D as ipa300g/L + picloram as ipa 75g/Lfluroxypyr as mhe 200g/Lglyphosate as ipa 360g/L

glyphosate as ipa 363g/Lglyphosate as ipa 450g/L

glyphosate as ipa/mas 360g/Lglyphosate as ipa/mas 540g/Lglyphosate as mas 680g/kgglyphosate as mas 180g/kg + metsulfuron-methyl 2.25g/kgglyphosate as mas 835g/kg + metsulfuron-methyl 10g/kgmetsulfuron-methyl 63.2g/kg + glyphosate as mas 760.5g/kgmetsulfuron-methyl 600g/Kg

tebuthiuron 200g/kgtriclopyr 240g/L + picloram 120g/Ltriclopyr 300g/L + picloram 100g/L

triclopyr 600g/L

Pastures, native

metsulfuron-methyl 600g/L

Agricultural land, non crop

dichlorprop 600g/Lfluroxypyr as mhe 200g/Lglyphosate as ipa 360g/L


glyphosate as ipa/mas 360g/L

glyphosate as ipa/mas 540g/Lglyphosate as mas 680g/kgglyphosate as mea 510g/Ltriclopyr 240g/L + picloram 120g/Ltriclopyr 600g/L

Amicide Lo-500A (Qld, NSW, SA, Tas.)Low Odour 2,4-D Amine 500 (Qld, NSW, SA, Tas.)

Amicide 625 (Qld, NSW, SA)Smash 300 (Qld, NSW, SA)Surpass 300 (Qld, NSW, SA)

Amine 625 (Qld, NSW, SA)Baton (Qld, NSW, SA)Smash 500 Low Odour (Qld, NSW, SA)

2,4-D Amine 500 (Qld, NT, NSW, SA, Tas., ACT)Rodamine 500 (Qld, NSW, SA, Tas.)Zulu (Qld, NSW, SA)

Tornado DF (all states)AF Rubber Vine Spray (Qld)Rubber Vine Spray (Qld)

Tordon 75-D (Qld, NSW, Vic., WA, SA)Starane 200 (Qld, NSW)Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)

APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)Wipe-Out 360 (Qld, NSW)Clearup 360 (all states)

Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)Cleanup 450 (all states)

Weedmaster Duo Herbicide (all states)Credit Broadhectare (all states)Roundup Dry (Qld, NSW)

Mini-Pak Brushweed (all states)Trounce Brush-pack (all states)Cut-Out (Qld, NSW)

Lynx 600 (Qld, NSW, WA)Bushwacker (Qld, NSW)Brush-off (Qld, NSW)

Ken-Met 600 (all states)

Metsulfuron 600 WG (all states)Graslan (Qld, NSW)

Access (all states)Tri-pick Herbicide (all states)Trichloram (all states)

Grazon DS (all states)Garlon 600 (all states)

Brushkiller 600 (Qld, NSW)Brush-Off (Qld, NSW)

Sum-Met DF (all states)Brush King 600 (Qld, NSW)

Ken-Met 600 (all states)

Lantana DP600 (Qld, NSW, NT)Starane 200 (Qld, NSW)Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)

Clearup 360 (all states)Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)Cleanup 450 (all states)

Weedmaster Duo Herbicide (all states)Razor (all states)Credit Broadhectare (all states)

Roundup Dry (Qld, NSW)Eradicator 510 (all states)Access (all states)

Safari 600 EC (all states)

Appendix 1Table of active constituents registered for use on lantana (Infopest, July 2003; APVMA, 2003)



p a g e

65



Dams

glyphosate as ipa 360g/L


Fences

glyphosate as mas 680g/kg

glyphosate as ipa (10g/kg)Irrigation channels, banks


glyphosate as mas 680g/kgglyphosate as mea 510g/Lglyphosate as ipa 450g/L

Aquatic areas


glyphosate as ipa 450g/Lglyphosate as ipa 7.2g/Lglyphosate as ipa/mas (360g/L)

Forests, eucalyptus

dichlorprop as K salt (600g/L)2,4-D as amine 500g/LForests, pine–Pinus spp.Dichlorprop as K salt (600g/L)2,4-D as amine 500g/LForests, pine–Araucaria spp.dichlorprop as K salt (600g/L)2,4-D as amine 500g/LForests, nativeglyphosate as ipa 360g/LBushlandglyphosate as ipa 360g/LForests, timber productionfluroxypyr as mhe 200g/Lglyphosate as ipa 360g/L



glyphosate as ipa/mas 510g/Lglyphosate as mea 510g/Lglyphosate as ipa/mas 540g/Lglyphosate as mas (680g/kg)glyphosate as mas 835g/kg + metsulfuron-methyl 10g/kgglyphosate as mea 510g/Lmetsulfuron-methyl 600g/L

triclopyr 240g/L + picloram 120 g/L

triclopyr 300g/L + picloram 100g/L

triclopyr 600g/LRights of way2,4-D as dea/tea 500g/L2,4-D as dma 500g/L

2,4-D as ipa 225g/L2,4-D as dea/dma 625g/L2,4-D as ipa 300g/L

2,4-D as dma 625g/L2,4-D as dma 800g/L2,4-D as dea 500g/L

2,4-D as tipa300g/L + picloram as tipa 75g/Ldichlorprop 600g/L

Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)

Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)

Leader Weeder (all states)

Zero Weedspray Aerosol (all states)

Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)Roundup Dry (Qld, NSW)Eradicator 510 (all states)Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)

Concentrate Roundup Biactive (all states)APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)Ready to Use Weed Killer (all states)

Eraze (all states)

Permit 4848 Dichlorprop (Qld)Permit 4847 2,4-D Amine (Qld)



Wipe-out 360 (Qld, NSW)

Wipe-out 360 (Qld, NSW)

Starane 200 (Qld, NSW)Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)

APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)Clearup 360 (all states)Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)Cleanup 450 (all states)Weedmaster Duo Herbicide (all states)

Razor (all states)Credit Duo (all states)Eradicator 510 (all states)Credit Broadhectare (all states)Roundup Dry (Qld, NSW)

Trounce Brush-pack (all states)Roundup Max (all states)Lynx 600 (all states)Bushwacker (Qld, NSW, NT, Vic., WA, SA, Tas.)Woody Weed Spray (all states except ACT)

Access (all states)Tri-pick Herbicide (all states)Trichloram (all states)Grazon DS (all states)Garlon 600 (all states)

Amicide Lo-500A (Qld, NSW, SA, Tas.)2,4-D Amine 500 (Qld, NT, NSW, SA, Tas., ACT)Rodamine 500 (Qld, NSW, SA, Tas.)Zulu (Qld, NSW, SA)

Amicide 625 (Qld, NSW, SA)Smash 300 (Qld, NSW, SA)Surpass 300 (Qld, NSW, SA)Amine 625 (Qld, NSW, SA)Baton (Qld, NSW, SA)

Smash 500 Low Odour (Qld, NSW, SA)

Tordon 75-D (Qld, NSW, Vic., WA, SA)Lantana DP600 (Qld, NSW, NT)

Table of active constituents registered for use on lantana (Infopest, July 2003; APVMA, 2003)



p a g e

66



fluroxypyr as mhe 200g/Lglyphosate as ipa 3.6g/Lglyphosate as ipa 360/L

glyphosate as ipa 363g/Lglyphosate as ipa 450g/Lglyphosate as ipa 490g/Lglyphosate as ipa 7.2g/Lglyphosate as ipa/mas 360g/Lglyphosate as ipa/mas 540g/Lglyphosate as mas 180g/kg + metsulfuron-methylglyphosate as mas 680g/kg

glyphosate as mas 835g/kg + metsulfuronmetsulfuron-methyl 63.2g/kg + glyphosatemetsulfuron-methyl 600g/L

triclopyr 240g/L + picloram 120g/Ltriclopyr 300g/L + picloram 100g/LRights of way: firebreaksglyphosate as ipa 3.6g/L

glyphosate as ipa 7.2g/LGardens: public parksglyphosate as ipa 360g/LGardens: homeglyphosate as ipa 3.6g/Lglyphosate as ipa 10g/Lglyphosate as ipa 360g/L

glyphosate as ipa 363g/Lglyphosate as ipa/mas 360g/Lglyphosate as ipa 450g/Lglyphosate as ipa/mas 540g/Ltriclopyr as butotyl 50g/L

glyphosate as mas 680g/kg

Land, recreationalglyphosate as ipa 360/L

glyphosate as mas 680g/kgAlmonds, avocados, bananas, citrus, cotton, grapes, guavas,kiwifruit, lychees, macadamias, mangoes, nuts, olives,papaws, peanuts, pecans, pistachios, pome fruit, soy beans,stone fruit, sugarcane, walnuts.glyphosate as ipa (360g/L)

Land, non-agricultural2,4-D as dea/tea 500g/L2,4-D as dma 500g/L2,4-D as nbe 800g/Lglyphosate as ipa 360g/L



glyphosate as ipa/mas 540g/Lglyphosate as mas 680g/kgtriclopyr 300g/L + picloram 100g/Ldichlorprop as Ksalt 600g/L

*Various other products containing these active constituents are registered for use on lantana in various situations.Refer to Infopest. Ph: (07) 3239 3967 or visit the web site, at <www.dpi.qld.gov.au/infopest>.The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority has an up-to-date lis t of all herbicide products registered for use on lantana.

Ph: (02) 6272 5852 or visit the web site, at <www.apvma.gov.au>.

Always read the label carefully before use and only use a herbicide in accordance with label directions.

Starane 200 (Qld, NSW)Weed Killer Ready to Use (Qld, NSW)Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)

APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)Clearup 360 (all states)Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)Concentrate Roundup Xtra (all states)Ready to Use Weedspray (all states)

Eraze (all states)Credit Broadhectare (all states)Mini-Pak Brushweed (all states)Roundup Dry (Qld, NSW)Leader Weeder (all states)

Trounce Brush-pack (all states)Cut-Out (Qld, NSW)Brushkiller 600 (Qld, NSW)Brush-Off (Qld, NSW)Ken-Met 600 (all states)

Access (all states)Grazon DS (all states)

Weed Killer Ready to Use (Qld, NSW)

Weed Spray (Qld, NSW)

Concentrate Roundup Biactive (all states)

Weed Killer RTU (Qld, NSW)

Zero Weedspray Aerosol (all states)Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)Clearup 360 (all states)Weedmaster Duo Weedkiller (all states)

Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)Credit Broadhectare (all states)Blackberry and Tree Killer (all states)Treekil (all states)Leader Weeder (all states)

Glyphosate 360 David Grays (Qld, NSW)Growguard 360 (all states)Leader Weeder (all states)

Glycel 360 (Qld, NSW)Glyphosate 360 David Grays (Qld, NSW)

Amicide Lo-500A (Qld, NSW, SA, Tas.)2,4-D Amine 500 (Qld, NT, NSW, SA, Tas., ACT)Rubber Vine Spray (Qld)Roundup (Qld, NSW, NT)

APL Glyphosate 360 (all states)Clearup 360 (all states)Gladiator (Qld, NSW, NT, ACT)Cleanup 450 (all states)Weedmaster Duo Weedkiller (all states)

Razor (all states)Credit Broadhectare (all states)Roundup Dry (Qld, NSW)Grazon DS (all states)Lantana DP600 (Qld, NSW, NT)

Table of active constituents registered for use on lantana (Infopest, July 2003; APVMA, 2003)



p a g e

67

biocontrollantana

LB1© The State of Queensland (Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 2003

Produced by: Alan Fletcher Research Station

QNRM03108

May 2004

Teleonemia scrupulosa

Teleonemia scrupulosa, a leaf-sucking bug, is one of the most widespread andseasonally damaging biocontrol agents for lantana.

ORIGIN

• T. scrupulosa occurs naturally in Mexico, Central America and South America.

• Laboratory cultures of T. scrupulosa originate from Mexico.

• The insect was first released in Australia in 1936.

BIOLOGY

• Adults and nymphs suck the cell contents from the undersides of leaves, causing them to brown and

wither.

• Damaged plants may become severely defoliated and stunted, with fewer flowers and seeds produced.

• Development time from egg to adult is about four weeks.

• Adults live for about three months.

AUSTRALIAN DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT ON LANTANA

• T. scrupulosa is found from Cairns to Wollongong.

• The bug is most abundant and damaging in warm,dry areas such as central and southern Queensland

and central New South Wales.

• Populations can increase quickly over the warmer months.

• The bug causes the greatest damage from late summer to

autumn, when plants can become defoliated.

• T. scrupulosa is found in greater numbers on the white, red,

and pink-edged red-flowering varieties of Lantana camara

than on the common pink-flowering variety.

#16521 03/03

Appendix 2Lantana biocontrol information sheets



p a g e

68

biocontrollantana



QNRM03109

May 2004

Uroplata girardi

Uroplata girardi , a leaf-mining beetle, is widespread and seasonally damaging.

ORIGIN

• U. girardi occurs naturally in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.

• Laboratory cultures of U. girardi originate from Brazil.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on the upper surfaces of leaves, leaving small scarification marks.

• Feeding can cause leaf tips to curl, providing shelter for the adults.

• Eggs are laid at the edge of adult feeding scars.

• Larvae feed through middle leaf layers, forming mines—usually two per leaf, each containing a

single larva.

• Pupation occurs in the leaves.

• Damaged leaves can be shed, causing the plant to become stunted.

• Development from egg to adult takes 31–52 days.

• Adults live for 6–9 months, but may enter a period of inactivity during winter when conditions are

unfavourable.


• U. girardi is found from Cape Tribulation to Sydney, and

also around Darwin.

• The beetle is most abundant in warm, humid areas of the tropics,

and subcoastal regions of southern and central Queensland.

• The beetle causes the greatest damage in late summer and


• U. girardi is found on all varieties of Lantana camara, and is

often present with Octotoma scabripennis (see LB3).

#16521 08/03



p a g e

69

biocontrollantana

LB3

© The State of Queensland (Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 2003


QNRM03110

May 2004

Octotoma scabripennis

Octotoma scabripennis, a leaf-mining beetle, is one of the most widely distributed andseasonally damaging lantana insects.

ORIGIN

• O. scabripennis occurs naturally from Mexico to Nicaragua.

• Laboratory cultures of O. scabripennis originate from Mexico.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on the upper surfaces of leaves, leaving small scarification marks.

• Eggs are laid on the edge of adult feeding scars.

• Larvae feed in middle leaf layers, causing dark blotches.

• Pupation occurs in the leaves.

• Damaged leaves can be shed, causing plants to become stunted and produce fewer flowers and seeds.

• Development from egg to adult takes 34–45 days.

• Adults live for 6–9 months, but may enter a period of inactivity during winter when conditions are

unfavourable.


• O. scabripennis is found from Atherton toWollongong, and also around Darwin.

• The beetle is most abundant in subtropical, shady, wet, coastal

areas—such as the region from Kempsey in New South Wales

to Bundaberg in Queensland.

• The beetle causes the greatest damage in late summer and


• O. scabripennis is found on all varieties of Lantana camara,

and is often present with Uroplata girardi (see LB2).

#16521 03/03



p a g e

70

biocontrollantana

LB4



QNRM03111

May 2004

Ophiomyia lantanae

Ophiomyia lantanae, a seed-mining fly, is the most widely distributed biocontrol agentfor lantana.

ORIGIN

• O. lantanae occurs naturally from southern USA to Brazil.

• Laboratory cultures of O. lantanae originate from Mexico.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on flowers and lay eggs in immature green fruits—one egg per fruit.

• Larvae feed on the fleshy pulp of the seed, but leave the embryo undamaged.

• Damaged fruits are unattractive to birds (the main seed dispersers), so seed dispersal is reduced.

• Development from egg to adult takes about 24 days.

• Adults live for about 12 days.


• O. lantanae is found from Cape Tribulation to Eden

in New South Wales, and also around Darwin and Perth.• The fly is common in the moist, warm areas where lantana

flowers readily.

• The fly causes the greatest damage in late summer and autumn,

when up to 80 per cent of fruit can be infested.

• O. lantanae is found on all varieties of Lantana camara.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

71

biocontrollantana



QNRM03112

May 2004

Leptobyrsa decora

Leptobyrsa decora, a sap-sucking bug is a damaging agent found only in high altitudetropical areas.

ORIGIN

• L. decora occurs naturally in Peru, Columbia and Ecuador.

• Laboratory cultures of L. decora originate from Peru.


BIOLOGY

• Adults and nymphs form colonies on the undersides of leaves where they suck out cell contents, causing

light spots to appear on the upper leaf surface.

• Damaged leaves can be shed, causing plants to become stunted and produce flowers and seeds.

• Development from egg to adult takes 31 days (summer) to 44 days (winter).

• Adults can live for 2–3 months.


• L. decora i s found only in the drier regions of the

Atherton Tablelands, north Queensland.• The bug causes the greatest damage in late summer and

autumn in sunny, open areas. Heavy infestations

of L. decora can result in severe defoliation.

• L. decora is found both on pink and pink-edged red-flowering

varieties of Lantana camara.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

72

biocontrollantana

LB6



QNRM0313

May 2004

Hypena laceratalis

Hypena laceratalis, a leaf-feeding moth, causes seasonal damage to lantana in Australia.An introduced African–Hawaiian strain shows no further impact.

ORIGIN

• H. laceratalis is native to, or naturalised in, Africa, Asia and Australia.

• Laboratory cultures of H. laceratalis originate from Kenya.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on flowers, and lay eggs on the undersides of leaves.

• Larvae feed on the undersides of leaves, forming clear windows and skeletonising the leaves.

• Pupation occurs in the soil.


• Adults live for about two weeks.


• H. laceratalis is found from Cape Tribulation to Kempsey in

New South Wales.• The moth is more common in tropical and subtropical

regions of Queensland during late summer.

• Moth numbers are greatest in late summer. Together with

other agents, H. laceratalis can cause seasonal defoliation.

• H. laceratalis occurs on most varieties of Lantana camara,

although it has not been found on the orange-flowering variety.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

73

biocontrollantana

LB7



QNRM03114

May 2004

Salbia haemorrhoidalis

Salbia haemorrhoidalis, a leaf-feeding moth, is most abundant in tropical areas.

ORIGIN

• S. haemorrhoidalis occurs naturally in the Caribbean, Florida (USA) and Central America.

• Laboratory cultures of S. haemorrhoidalis originate from Cuba and USA.

• The insect was first released into Australia in 1958.

BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on flowers and lay eggs on the undersides of leaves.

• Larvae feed within folded leaves, which they fasten together with silk.

• Pupation occurs in cocoons spun in leaf litter under the plant.

• Development from egg to adult takes 5–6 weeks.



• S. haemorrhoidalis is found from Cape tribulation to

Coffs Harbour.

• The moth is most abundant in the warm, moist regions of thetropics. It is not found in the drier subcoastal regions of

southern and central Queensland.

• The moth causes the greatest damage in late summer

and autumn.

• S. haemorrhoidalis is found on most varieties of

Lantana camara.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

74

biocontrollantana

LB8



QNRM03115

May 2004

Neogalea sunia

Neogalea sunia, a leaf-feeding moth, is common and widespread in Queensland andnorthern NSW.

ORIGIN

• N. sunia occurs naturally from southern USA to Argentina.

• Laboratory cultures of N. sunia originate from USA.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on flowers and lay eggs on the undersides of leaves.

• Larvae feed on the undersides of leaves.

• Pupation occurs in cocoons on stems.


• Adults live for about 12 days.


• N. sunia is found from Mareeba to Eden.

• The moth is most abundant in northern New South Walesand subcoastal regions of southern Queensland.

• The damage caused by N. sunia is greatest in late

summer and autumn. Together with other

biocontrol agents, it can cause seasonal defoliation.

• N. sunia is found on most varieties of Lantana camara.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

75

biocontrollantana

LB9



QNRM03116

May 2004

Calycomyza lantanae

Calycomyza lantanae, a leaf-mining fly, contributes to reducing the spread of lantana intropical regions.

ORIGIN

• C. lantanae occurs naturally in USA, Central America and South America.

• Laboratory cultures of C. lantanae originate from Trinidad.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on flowers, and lay eggs on leaves.

• Larvae form blotch mines in leaves, with each mine containing 1–3 larvae.

• Pupation occurs in leaves or leaf litter.

• Development time from egg to adult is approximately 25 days.



• C. lantanae is found from Torres Strait to Sydney, and

also around Darwin.• The fly is more common in tropical Queensland because

it prefers warm, moist areas.

• Populations of C. lantanae are greatest in late summer

and autumn.

• The fly attacks growing shoots, resulting in stunted plants

and reduced flowering and seed production.

• The fly is found on all varieties of Lantana camara and

on Lantana montevidensis.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

76

biocontrollantana

LB10



QNRM03117

May 2004

Lantanophaga pusillidactyla

Lantanophaga pusillidactyla, a flower-feeding moth, is widespread and common, but haslimited impact on the control of lantana.

ORIGIN

• L. pusillidactyla is found naturally throughout Mexico and the Caribbean.

• The insect was probably first introduced into Australia accidentally in 1936, on imported lantana plants.

BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on flowers, and lay eggs in flower heads.

• Larvae feed inside flowers or tunnel around the base of the flower.

• Larvae feed for 7–10 days and pupate in the flower clusters.

• Development time from egg to adult is about 14 days.


• L. pusillidactyla is found from Cape Tribulation to Merimbula.

• The moth tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions, but is

more common in warmer coastal regions.

• Populations of L. pusillidactyla are the greatest in late

summer, when over 50 per cent of flower heads can

be damaged, resulting in fewer seeds being produced.

• The moth is found on all varieties of Lantana camara

and on Lantana montevidensis.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

77

biocontrollantana



QNRM03118

May 2004

Epinotia lantana

Epinotia lantana, a flower- and bud-feeding moth, has a wide distribution, but only alimited impact on lantana.

ORIGIN

• E. lantana occurs naturally in Mexico.

• Laboratory cultures of E. lantana originate from Mexico.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on and lay eggs in the flowers.

• Larvae feed on flowers and/or bore into shoot tips or flower heads.

• Pupation occurs in the flower heads.




• E. lantana is found from Cape Tribulation to Ulladulla.

• The moth is more abundant in warmer coastal areas,

where flowering is more prolific.

• Damage caused by the moth is greatest in late summer

or autumn, when plants produce fewer seeds.

• E. lantana is found on all varieties of Lantana camara.

#16521 08/03

LB11



p a g e

78

biocontrollantana



QNRM03119

May 2004

Octotoma championi

Octotoma championi, a leaf-mining beetle, has only a limited distribution.

ORIGIN

• O. championi occurs naturally in Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala and USA.

• Laboratory cultures of O. championi originate from Costa Rica.


BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on upper leaf surfaces, and lay individual eggs through the upper leaf surface at the edge of

adult-feeding scars.

• Larvae feed between the upper and lower epidermis, forming mines.


• Adults live for several months and may become inactive during winter when conditions are unfavourable.


• O. championi is found only at a few sites in Australia,mainly on the Atherton Tableland and from Terrigal to Merimbula.

• The beetle is more abundant in cool, shady conditions.

• The beetle causes the greatest damage in late

summer or autumn.

• O. championi has been found only on the pink and

pink-edged red-flowering varieties of Lantana camara.

#16521 08/03

LB12



p a g e

79

biocontrollantana



QNRM03120

May 2004

Uroplata fulvopustulata

Uroplata fulvopustulata, a leaf-mining beetle, has established only in far northQueensland.

ORIGIN

• U. fulvopustulata occurs naturally from Colombia to Mexico, and in Costa Rica.

• Laboratory cultures of U. fulvopustulata originate from Costa Rica.


BIOLOGY

• Adults prefer to feed on, and lay eggs in, young leaves.

• Larvae feed in the leaves forming mines, with up to four developing in a large leaf.


• Adults live for several months and may become inactive during winter when conditions are unfavourable.


• U. fulvopustulata is found only in north Queensland.

• Damage caused by U. fulvopustulata is greatest in late

summer and autumn when leaves can be shed prematurely.

• The beetle is found on the pink and pink-edged red-flowering

varieties of Lantana camara.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

80

biocontrollantana



QNRM03121

May 2004

Phenacoccus parvus

Phenacoccus parvus, a mealy bug, was introduced accidentally as a contaminant onimported plants. As it feeds on many different plants, it is not recommended as abiocontrol agent.

ORIGIN

• P. parvus occurs naturally in Mexico and Central America.

• The insect was introduced into Australia accidentally in 1988.

BIOLOGY

• Adults feed on the undersides of leaves and on green stems.

• Eggs are laid on the undersides of fully expanded, mature leaves.

• Crawlers prefer the undersides of mature leaves, and cluster along leaf veins.


• Adults live for about three months.


• P. parvus is found in isolated populations from Innisfail

to Kempsey, and around Perth.• The bug is common in the drier regions of northern

New South Wales and southern Queensland.

• Population numbers of P. parvus increase during dry periods.

• The bug can cause immense damage to lantana, which

become leafless and devoid of flowers and fruits.

• As economically important plants, such as tomato and

eggplant, have been attacked, redistribution of the

insect is not recommended.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

81

biocontrollantana

LB15



QNRM03122

May 2004

Aconophora compressa

Aconophora compressa, a stem-sucking bug, has a limited distribution, preferring dry,cool areas.

ORIGIN

• A. compressa occurs naturally from Mexico to Columbia.

• Laboratory cultures of A. compressa originate from Mexico and Guatemala.


BIOLOGY

• Adults and nymphs suck the sap of woody stems.

• Eggs are laid along woody stems.

• Females show maternal behaviour, tending the nymphs until they reach adulthood.


• Adults live for about six months.


• A. compressa is found in north Queensland, Caboolture

to Ballina, and central New South Wales.

• In Queensland, the bug prefers open, cooler, drier conditions,

while in New South Wales, it prefers semi-shaded areas.• Populations of A. compressa build up in winter, subsiding

during summer when temperatures are high.

• The bug can cause branches to die back, causing plants to

become stunted and produce fewer flowers and seeds.

• A. compressa is found on several flowering varieties of

Lantana camara and has damaged some non-target species.

For a full list of species refer to NRM fact PA27 ‘Aconophora on fiddlewood trees’.

(www.nrm.qld.gov.au/pests/aconophora.html)

#16521 08/03



p a g e

82

biocontrollantana

LB16



QNRM03253

May 2004

Falconia intermedia

Falconia intermedia, a leaf-sucking bug that has been recently approved for release inAustralia.

ORIGIN

• F. intermedia occurs naturally in Mexico, Florida and the Caribbean.

• Laboratory cultures of F. intermedia originate from Jamaica.


BIOLOGY

• Adults and nymphs suck the cell contents from the undersides of leaves, causing them to

brown and wither.

• Damaged plants may become severely defoliated and stunted, with fewer flowers and seeds produced.

• Development time from egg to adult is about three weeks.

• Adults live for about two months.


• F. intermedia has been found at sites in northern Queensland.

• Heatwaves and drought in the years 2001–2003 affected many sites in New South Wales andsouthern Queensland.

• The insect prefers warm, humid areas where plants are in leaf all year round.

• Populations can increase quickly over the warmer months.

• The bug causes the greatest damage from late summer to autumn, when plants can become defoliated.

• F. intermedia performs well on all lantana varieties except the common pink-flowering variety.

• Field releases of this bug are continuing in Queensland and New South Wales.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

83

biocontrollantana

LB17



QNRM03254

May 2004

Prospodium tuberculatum

Prospodium tuberculatum, a rust, is the first pathogen to be released as a biocontrolagent on lantana in Australia.

ORIGIN

• P. tuberculatum occurs naturally in Brazil.

• Laboratory cultures of P. tuberculatum originate from Brazil.

• The rust was first released in Australia in 2001.

BIOLOGY

• The rust attacks the leaves, producing little pustules on the undersides.

• The rust performs best at temperatures of 20oC, with the leaves wet for 9–15 hours.

• P. tuberculatum completes its life cycle in three weeks in Summer.

• Severe infections cause leaf necrosis, leading to premature defoliation.


• Establishment has occurred in wetter mountain regions of southern Queensland and northern and

southern New South Wales.

• Establishment at other sites in both states has been affected by drought from 2001–2003.

• The rust prefers moist sites where there is dew or light rain, and temperatures are mild.

• Damage will be greatest in the summer months when rainfall is generally higher.

• Populations of the rust are self-sustaining, as it produces spores that can survive dry winters.

• The rust can reproduce relatively quickly and is dispersed by wind.

• P. tuberculatum affects only the common pink-flowering lantana variety.

#16521 08/03



p a g e

84

Appendix 3

Land-use situation

Pastures andgrazing lands

native pasturewoodlands

Effective whereaccess permits.

Naturalecosystems

Watercourses

Steep and

inaccessibleareas

Orchards andcrops

Commercialforestry

Disused orvacant land

Utilityeasements,

roadways andrailways

Not usuallyviable

pine plantations Not viable. Useful over small areas,on plantation edges oralong tracks.

Useful oversmall areas, onplantation

edges or alongtracks. Usefulfor follow up

control of regrowth.

Useful alongedges, tracksand roads

where vehicleaccess ispossible.

hardwoodplantations

native forestry

cabinet timberplantation

Hand grubbing is effective ascomplete removal of individual

plants is desirable.

Not usuallynecessary.

Low volume herbicide applicationsare appropriate near orchard or

cropping area.

Appropriate for edgeinfestations.Prevent overspray

onto orchard trees.

open eucalyptforests and

woodlands

wet sclerophyllforests

rainforest

dry vine scrub

coastal areas

Manual controls are useful where infestations areinaccessible to vehicles; or where chemical controls

must be avoided.

Viable over small areas or when teams of workers areavailable.

Hand grubbing is effective when complete removal of individual plants is desirable.

Hand cut to create access into thickets for furthercontrol treatments.

Hand pull seedlings.

May assist in preserving bank stability by allowingdead stumps and roots to remain in the ground.

Careful herbicide usage is important - seeWatercourses in Section 1.

Effective over small areas or with teams of workers.

Viable on foot in infestations inaccessible to vehiclesor machinery.Knapsack spot spray best for regrowth.

Not appropriate

Effective where

vehicle accesspermits.

Effective followup method fortreatingregrowth.

Viable initialtreatment insmall,scatteredinfestationswith limitedaccess forvehicles.

Prevent spraydrift ontooff-target areas.

Low volume herbicideapplications minimise

environmental risks.

Effective over small areas or withteams of workers.

Useful whenvehicular access

is possible.

Prevent spraydrift onto

off-target areas.

open pastures Only viable in small, scattered infestations, or alongfencelines.

Hand pull seedlings.

Hand cut to create access into thickets for further

control treatments.

Hand grubbing Hand pulling Hand cutting Basal barkspraying

Effective insmall, scatteredinfestations.

Useful afteraccess into

thickets hasbeen created.

Effective forsmall, scatteredinfestations,

and alongfencelines.

Effective followup method fortreating

regrowth.Viableinitial treatmentin small,

scatteredinfestations withlimited access

for vehicles ortractors.

Viable in small,denseinfestations, or

as follow uptreatment forregrowth.

Not costeffective over

large denseinfestations

Cut stumpmethod

Spot sprayingfrom knapsack

Foliar sprayingfrom hose and

hand gun

Orange = method not appropriate – do not use Blue = method generally not viable Green = method generally effective

Quick reference table for lantana control methods



p a g e

85

Not viable

Can keep infestations fromspreading. Regrowth will occur.

Arm slashers are useful for roadside

embankments.

Follow up will be necessary.

Not viable

Effective forscattered clumps.

Not

appropriate.

Viable with

equipment andexperience.

Reinfestation

will result if no revegetationis possible.

Used along edges, tracks and roads to

gain access to plantation rows and tocontrol edge infestations.Can be used after harvesting to clearinfestations prior to

replanting.Small dozers are usedbetween rows to reduce fire hazard inhoop pine plantations.

Not likely to be used. Not appropriate

for hoop pine.

Low intensity burnsusedmainly to reducefuel loads.

Notappropriate.

As appropriate

to commercialventure.

Not viable. Not appropriate. Useful to control lantana between rowsor edges.

Notappropriate.

Notappropriate.

Maintain groundcover betweenrows and in

nearby areas.

May be feasiblefor large, denseinfestationswith limitedaccess. Stillunder trial todetermine costeffectiveness.

Not appropriate. Only use when able to minimisedisturbance to riparian vegetation.

Permits may be required - seeWatercourses in Section 1.

Not appropriate where soil disturbance will result in erosionor where safe operation of machinery is not possible.

Not appropriatedue to impacts on

bed and bankstability, andvegetation.

Useful to createaccess intothickets for

further controltreatments.

Effective initialtreatment overlarge areas.

Regrowth must befollowed up with

furthercontrol.

Revegetationwith pasture ornative plants is

essential tostabilise soil andprevent

reinfestation.

Revegetationor naturalregeneration of riparianvegetation isessential.

May only be possible where access permits – edges, tracksor fencelines.

Slashing in forest edge areas can be viable. Other

mechanical control methods are inappropriate due to high

levels of disturbance to soil and vegetation.

Mechanical control methods generally inappropriate due tohigh levels of disturbance to soil and vegetation.

Disturbance to soil may cause germination of other weeds orof native seedbank.

Control by

trampling and

grazing is notappropriate in

naturalecosystems due todisturbance tosoil,

vegetation andhabitat.

Conservationvalues arereduced by

livestock.

Effective initialtreatment overlarge areas.

Regrowth must befollowed up withfurther control.

Integrate withvegetationmanagement.

Fire notappropriate for

controllinglantana in theseecosystems.

Revegetation or

natural

regeneration isessential.

Re-establishshade tolerantpasture.

May be feasible

for large, denseinfestations withlimited access.

Still under trialfor costeffectiveness.

Effective as initial treatment to reduce

height, density and vigour of large,dense infestations.

Will result in regrowth, which must befollowed up with further controltreatments.

Useful for

treatingscatteredinfestations

where removal of whole plant isdesirable.

Useful tocreate accessinto thickets forfurthercontroltreatments.

Reducesdensity, heightand vigour of thickets.

Be aware of risksof lantanapoisoning.

May reduce

density andvigour of lantana on a

seasonal basis.

Should beintegrated with

other controlmethods.

Effective initial

treatment overlarge areas.

Regrowth mustbe followed upwith furthercontrol.

Integratewith pasture

management.

Re-

establishmentof pasture is

essential

Aerial spraying Pushing or

stickraking

Slashing Mechanical

grubbing

Control bytrampling andgrazing

Biocontrol Control by fi re Revegetation



p a g e

86

ReferencesArmstrong, T and Anderson, T 2001, ‘Current control methods

for priority environmental weeds’, paper presented at theSouth-east Queensland Local Government Pest Management

Workshop, Caloundra, Queensland.

Bailey, FM 1897, ‘On some of the introduced plants of Queensland’, cited in Swarbrick, JT, Willson, BW and

Hannan-Jones, MA 1998, ‘Lantana camara L.’, FD Panetta, RHGroves and R Shepherd (eds), The biology of Australian

weeds , vol. 2, Richardson, Melbourne.

Day, M.D., Broughton, S. & Hannan-Jones, M.A. 2003.Current distribution and status of Lantana camara and its

biological control agents in Australia, with recommendationsfor further biocontrol introductions into other countries.

Biocontrol News and Information 24, pp. 63N-76N.

Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy 2004,‘Lantana’, PP34, NRM Facts , pest series, viewed 5 March

2004, <www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets>.

Fensham, RJ, Fairfax, RJ and Cannell, RJ 1994, ‘The invasionof Lantana camara in Forty Mile Scrub National Park, northQueensland’, Australian Journal of Ecology , vol. 19, pp.

297–305.

Forestry in Queensland Web Committee 1996–2001, ‘Winter:the season to burn off’, Between the Leaves , Department of

Primary Industries and Department of Natural Resources andMines, Brisbane, viewed 5 March 2004,

<www.forests.Qld.gov.au/educat/btl>.

Hunt, K 1996, ‘Fire: your questions answered’, booklet,Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane.

Lyon, RH and French, K 1991, ‘Birds and environmental

weeds in south-eastern Australia’, Plant Protection Quarterly ,vol. 6, no. 3, pp.137–149.

New South Wales Agriculture 2002, Noxious and

environmental weed control handbook , NSW Agriculture,

Sydney.

Neal, J 1999, ‘Assessing the sterility of ornamental lantanavarieties: are we exacerbating the weed problem? ’, Honours

thesis, Department of Botany, University of Queensland,Brisbane.

New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service 2003,

Weed management 2003, report, NSW NPWS, Sydney,

viewed 5 March 2004,<www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/PDFs/Summary_of_weed_management_2003.pdf>.

Nicholls, F 1999, ‘Creating an environmental weed strategy’,

Land for Wildlife and Bushcare Land for wildlife note no. 3,Land for Wildlife and Bushcare, n.p.

Novello, S and Klohs, R 1998, Fire management planning for

the national parks of the scenic rim , Queensland Parks andWildlife Service, Brisbane.

O’Donnell, C and Tyler, R (eds) n.d., The creeping lantana

handbook , Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.

Swarbrick, JT, Willson, BW and Hannan-Jones, MA 1998,

‘Lantana camara L.’, FD Panetta, RH Groves and R Shepherd(eds), The biology of Australian weeds , vol. 2, Richardson,

Melbourne.

Watson, P and Cuong, T n.d., ‘Fire in bushland conservation’,booklet, Fire and Biodiversity Consortium, Logan,

Queensland.

References



p a g e

87

Notes



p a g e

88

Notes



Date post:	10-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	exordus
View:	221 times
Download:	0 times

Lantana Further Information

Documents