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LAN/WAN Networking:An Overview
Chapter 1
Learning ObjectivesDefine and identify the different types of networks
Describe the history of LANs and WANs
Discuss LAN and WAN integration, including the basic functions of bridges, routers, gateways, and switches
Describe network protocol integration methods
Explain the preparatory steps of network design
Computer NetworkSystem of computers, print devices, and computer software linked by communications cabling or radio waves
Typically classified according to:Reach and complexity
Protocols and topologies
Network Communication
Network Types DefinedLocal area networks
Metropolitan area networks
Wide area networks
Local Area Network (LAN)Series of interconnected computers, printing devices, and other computer equipment that share hardware and software resources
Service area usually limited to a given office area, floor, or building
Example of a LAN
Metropolitan Area NetworkLinks multiple LANs in a large city or metropolitan region
Typically uses fiber-optic connections
Example of a MAN
Wide Area Network (WAN)Far-reaching system of networks that usually extends over 30 miles and often reaches across states and continents
Network ClassificationEnterprise network
Combination of LANs, MANs, or WANs that provides users with an array of computer and network resources to complete different tasks
Enterprise Network
Identifying a Network TypeCommunications medium
Wire cable, fiber-optic cable, radio waves, microwaves
ProtocolHow networked data is formatted into discrete unitsHow each unit is transmitted and interpreted
TopologyPhysical layout of cable and logical path
Network typePrivate versus public
Events that Led up to LANs and WANs
1800sOersted
Morse
Undersea cable
Pony Express
Bell
1900sTranscontinental and transatlantic callsVoice digitizationElectronic digital computersTransistorsSputnikCommunications satellitesASCIIMass-produced minicomputers
LAN/WAN History: 1960sFirst WAN
Hypertext
Use of fiber optics for phone signals
Beginning of ARPANET
Packets and packet switching
UNIX
Telecommunications equipment
First IMP prototype
LAN/WAN History: 1970sEthernet
ARPANET - 15 sites
Terminal emulation
International connections to ARPANET
Telecommunications conversion from analog to digital
X.25
First wireless gateway
Internet Protocol
LSI and VLSI chips
ICCB
LAN/WAN History: 1980sBITNETIBM’s PCDial-up modem technologyTCP and IP adopted as protocol suite for ARPANETFirst PC LANArrival of Internet
Internetwork hosts5,000 in 1986100,000 in 1989
“Cyberspace”T-carrier servicesNFSNETDesktop authoring and multimediaSNMP
LAN/WAN History: 1990sARPANET retired
SS7 technology
NSFNET opened to commercial use
First cyberbank
Internet service providers
Over 16 million Internet hosts
LAN/WAN History: 2000sIPv6 used for Internet2 backbone communications
Video and radio capability
Prices of 1-Gbps devices fall as competition increases
LAN/WAN Integration1960s-1980s
Direct connection to host mainframe using Systems Network Architecture (SNA) communications protocol
NetworksAllow connections to many devices
Enable distributed client/server computing
Using SNA to Directly Connect without a Network
LAN/WAN IntegrationBecoming more advanced through networking devices
Bridges
Routers
Gateways
Switches
BridgesConnect different LANs or LAN segments using the same access method
RoutersConnect networks having the same or different access methods and media
Forward packets and frames to networks by using a decision-making process based on:
Routing table data
Discovery of most efficient routes
Preprogrammed information from network administrator
Routers
GatewaysEnable communications between two different types of networked systems
Gateways
SwitchesLink network segments
Forward and filter frames between segments
Integrating Data Between LANs and WANs
Translation
Encapsulation
LAN emulation (LANE)
Network Design IntroductionHow networks work in terms of protocols, access methods, and topologies
Physical equipment used in LANs and WANs
Basic network design principlesUsing structured wiring and structured networking techniques
Designing for multimedia and client/server applications
Taking advantage of LAN and WAN device characteristics
continued…
Network Design IntroductionAssess characteristics of the organization that affect network design
Types and locations of computers
Software applications and resources required
Business patterns
High and low network use periods
Designing to facilitate troubleshooting
Type of security required
Anticipated growth
Chapter SummaryBasic networking terms and concepts
History and evolution of local and wide area networking technologies
Different methods of integrating short and long distance information networks
How to prepare for designing networks