Large Hadron Collider (by- Ashish)

8/8/2019 Large Hadron Collider (by- Ashish)

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The Large Hadron Collider

Made by-

Ashish Patwal

B.Tech(EEE)

3rd year


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The first thought that comes in Mind

What is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)?

How the Large Hadron Collider works?

What are the experiments which are to be performed in

LHC?

etc etc etc


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With its 27-km circumference, the world's largest andhighest-energy particle accelerator.

Particle physicists are using it to collide protons at

very high energies(7 trillion electronvolts).Operates at about 3000C,& Speeds particles to

almost the speed of light.

Involves 4 big experiments.

What is the LHC?


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Mont Blanc, 4810 m

Downtown Geneva

Where is the LHC?

Downtown Geneva,

Switzerland

Mont Blanc 4810 m

175 m beneath Franco-Swiss border


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The Big Questions..

Truthness of Higgs mechanism for generatingelementary particle masses via electroweak symmetry

breaking.

Are there extra dimensions, as predicted by variousmodels inspired by string theory??

The CP Violation between Matter & Antimatter.

What was the nature of the quark-gluon plasma in the

early universe?? (Gravity redefined)

Dark Matter exists or not?

The mass ofMatter defined in accordance with Higgs

Boson particles..


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Six experiments planned:

ATLAS-A Toroidal LHC Apparatus

CM

S-CompactM

uon SolenoidLHCb-LHC-beauty

ALICE-A Large Ion Collider Experiment

TOTEM-Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction

DissociationLHCf-LHC-forward


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ATLAS-A Toroidal LHC Apparatus

Investigation of Higgs mechanism, which includes collision ofprotons resulting in production of elementary particles of

different masses & giving rise to the differences between the

weak force & electromagnetism by giving the W and Z bosons

masses while leaving the photon massless.

The asymmetry between the behavior of matter and antimatter,

known as CP violation.


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(ATLAS) Continued..

It consists of a series of large concentric

cylinders around the interaction point.

Four Major Parts-the Inner Detector

the calorimetersthe muon spectrometer

the magnet systems

Pixel Detector

Semi-Conductor Tracker

Transition radiation tracker

inner e.m calorimeter

outer hadronic calorimeter


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CMS-Compact Muon SolenoidMain goals are:

to explore physics at the TeV scale

to discover the Higgs boson

to look for evidence of physics beyond the standard model,

such as supersymmetry, or extra dimensions to study aspects of heavy ion collisions


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(CMS) Continued..

Layer 1(T

heT

racker) Layer 2(The Electromagnetic Calorimeter)

Layer 3(The Hadronic Calorimeter)

Layer 4(The Magnet)

Layer 5(T

he muon detectors and return yoke)-T

o identifymuons & measure their momenta, CMS uses three types ofdetector:

Drift tubes(DT),

Cathode Strip Chambers(CSC)

Resistive Plate Chambers(RPC).


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ALICE-A Large Ion Collider Exp.

In search of answers offollowing Questions:-

What happens to matterwhen it is heated to

100,000 times thetemperature at the centreof the Sun ?

Why do protons andneutrons weigh 100 timesmore than the quarksthey are made of ?

Can the quarks inside theprotons and neutrons be

freed ?


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(ALICE)Continued..

The Inner Tracking System

Time Projection Chamber

Transition Radiation Detector

Time ofFlight

Photon Spectrometer

High Momentum Particle Identification Detector

Muon spectrometer

Forward Multiplicity Detectors

Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter


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LHCf-LHC forward

Designed to study the particles generated in the "forward"region of collisions, those almost directly in line with thecolliding proton beams.

Intended to measure the energy and numbers of neutral pions

() produced by the collider which will hopefully explain theorigin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays.


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TOTEM-Total Cross Section, Elastic

Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation

Shares intersection point IP5 with the CMS.

Dedicated to precise measurement of the

proton-proton interaction cross section, as wellas the in-depth study

of the proton structure.

Require sophisticateddetectors.


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LHCb-LHC beauty An experiment set up to explore what happened

after the Big Bang that allowed matter to

survive and build the Universe we inhabit today.

Technically speaking, an exp. particularly aimed

at measuring parameters of CP violation in theinteractions of b-hadrons (bottom quark).


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The LHC will produce around

15 Petabytesof data every year!

Thats about 20 million CDs each year!

Where will we store all of thesedata?

Data, data, data!!


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Answer is CERN Computer CentreA functioning grid is Installed to help the LHC exp. collect and analyse

data coming from the detectors. High-throughput computing based on reliable commodity

technology.

More than 5000 PCs with around 20,000 processor cores.

More than 8 petabytes (8 million Gigabytes) of disk storage and 18petabytes of magnetic tape storage.


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Possibilities ofA Black Hole in LHC

Black holes at the LHC has a very small comparable

energy.Black holes, would have no time to start consuming

matter and to cause macroscopic effects.


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Few main events & Dates..

The first beam events of ATLAS is carried on

10 September 2008.

The very first collisions at 0.9 TeV total energyhave been observed in ATLAS on 23 November

2009.

Geneva, 30 March 2010. Beams collided at 7

TeV in the LHC at 13:06 CEST, marking the

start of the LHC research programme.


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For more than a decade, building the LHC had been a dream for

many who have worked hard to bring this masterpiece to

completion.


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Actual snap of Higgs Mechanism


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References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://press.web.cern.ch/press/

http://www.lhc.ac.uk/ http://www.google.com/images/


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Thank You!!!!

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Large Hadron Collider (by- Ashish)

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