103EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
EampG Quaternary Science Journal Volume 61 Number 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201
wwwquaternary-sciencenet
GEOZON SCIENCE MEDIA
ISSN 0424-7116
Late Quaternary evolution of rivers lakes and peatlands in northeast Germany reflecting past climatic and human impact ndash an overview
Knut Kaiser Sebastian Lorenz Sonja Germer Olaf Juschus Mathias Kuumlster Judy Libra Oliver Bens Reinhard F Huumlttl
How to cite KaiserKLorenzSGermerSJuschusOKuumlsterMLibraJBensOampHuumlttlRF(2012)LateQuaternaryevolutionofriverslakesandpeatlandsinnortheastGermanyreflectingpastclimaticandhumanimpactndashanoverviewndashEampGQuaternaryScienceJournal61(2)103ndash132DOI103285eg61201
Abstract KnowledgeofregionalpalaeohydrologyisessentialforunderstandingcurrentenvironmentalissuessuchasthecausesofrecenthydrologicchangesimpactsoflandusestrategiesandeffectivenessofwetlandrestorationmeasuresEventheinterpretationofmodelresultsonfutureimpactsofclimaticandland-coverchangesmaybeimprovedusing(pre-)historicanalogiesAnoverviewofpalaeohydrologicfindingsof the last c 20000years isgiven fornortheastGermanywith itsglacial landscapesofdifferentageRiverdevelopmentisexaminedwithafocusonvalley(-floor)formationanddepositionalchangesrivercourseandchannelchangesandpalaeodischarge-floodsMajorgeneticdifferencesexistamonglsquooldmorainicrsquo (ElsterianSaalian)andlsquoyoungmo-rainicrsquo(Weichselian)areasandamongtopographicallyhigh-andlow-lyingvalleysthelatterofwhicharestronglyinfluencedbywater-levelchangesintheNorthandBalticSeasLakedevelopmentwasanalysedwithrespecttolakeformationwhichwaspre-dominantlydrivenbylatePleistocenetoearlyHolocenedead-icedynamicsandwithrespecttodepositionalchangesFurthermorelake-levelchangeshavebeeninthefocusshowinghighlyvariablelocalrecordswithsomeconformityTheoverviewonpeatlanddevelopmentconcentratedonphasesofmire formationandon long-termgroundwaterdynamicsCloserelationshipsbetweenthedevelopmentofriverslakesandpeatlandsexistedparticularlyduringthelateHolocenebycomplexpaludificationprocessesinlargerivervalleysUntilthelateHoloceneregionalhydrologywaspredominantlydrivenbyclimaticgeomorphicandnon-anthropogenicbioticfactorsSincethelateMedievaltimeshumanactivitieshavestronglyinfluencedthedrainagepatternandthewatercycleforinstancebydammingofriversandlakesconstructionofchannelsanddikesandpeatlandcultivationIndeedthenaturalchangescausedbylong-termclimaticandgeomorphicprocesseshavebeenexceededbyimpactsresultingfromshort-termhumanactionsinthelastc50yearsasdischargeregulationhydromeliorationandformationofartificiallakes
Die spaumltquartaumlre Entwicklung von Fluumlssen Seen und Mooren in Nordostdeutschland als Spiegel klimatischer und anthro-pogener Einfluumlsse ndash eine Uumlbersicht
Kurzfassung DieKenntnisderregionalenPalaumlohydrologieisteinewesentlicheGrundlagefuumlrdasVerstaumlndnisaktuellerUmweltfragenwiezumBeispielnachdenGruumlndenvonhydrologischenVeraumlnderungendemEinflussvonLandnutzungsstrategienundderWirksamkeitvonRenaturierungsvorhabeninFeuchtgebietenAuchdieInterpretationvonModellierungsergebnissenzudenkuumlnftigenEinfluumls-sendesKlima-undLandnutzungswandelsaufdasGewaumlssersystemkanndurchdieEinbeziehung(prauml-)historischerAnalogienverbessertwerdenFuumlrdasglazialgepraumlgtenordostdeutscheTieflandwurdeeineUumlbersichtdervorliegendenpalaumlohydrologischenBefundefuumlrdenZeitraumderletztenetwa20000JahreerarbeitetDieEntwicklungderFluumlssewurdemitBlickaufdieTal-Auen-geneseunddasAblagerungsmilieudieVeraumlnderungdesTal-undGerinneverlaufssowiedenPalaumloabflussbzwdasPalaumlohochwass-erbetrachtetWesentlichegenetischeUnterschiedebestehenzwischenAlt-(Elster-undSaalekaltzeit)undJungmoraumlnengebieten(Weichselkaltzeit)sowiezwischenhochundtiefgelegenenTaumllernLetzteresindstarkdurchWasserspiegelveraumlnderungeninderNord-undOstseebeeinflusstwordenDieEntwicklungderSeenwurdehinsichtlichderSeebildungdieuumlberwiegendeineFolgederspaumltpleistozaumlnenbisfruumlhholozaumlnenToteistieftau-DynamikistundderVeraumlnderungenimAblagerungsmilieuanalysiertWeiterhinstandenSeespiegelveraumlnderungenimFokuswobeisichhochvariablelokaleBefundemiteinigenUumlbereinstimmungenzeigtenDerUumlberblickzurMoorentwicklungkonzentriertesichaufhydrogenetischeMoorentwicklungsphasenundaufdielangfristigeEntwick-lungdesGrundwasserspiegelsEngeBeziehungenzwischenderEntwicklungderFluumlsseSeenundMoorebestandeninsbesondereim Spaumltholozaumln durch komplexeVermoorungsprozesse in den groszligen Flusstaumllern Bis in das Spaumltholozaumln wurde die regionaleHydrologieuumlberwiegenddurchklimatischegeomorphologischeundnicht-anthropogenebiologischeFaktorengesteuertSeitdemSpaumltmittelalterwurdeinderRegiondasGewaumlssernetzundderWasserkreislaufimstarkenMaszligdurchanthropogeneInterventionenbeeinflusst(zBAufstauvonFluumlssenundSeenBauvonKanaumllenundDeichenMoorkultivierung)Indenletztenetwa50JahrenhabendannsogardiekurzfristigenanthropogenenEingriffezBinFormvonAbflussregulierungHydromeliorationundkuumlnstli-cherSeebildungdieWirksamkeitlangfristigerklimatischerundgeomorphologischerProzesseuumlbertroffen
Keywords palaeohydrology valley formation depositional change lake- and groundwater-level fluctuation mire late Pleistocene Holocene
Addresses of authorsKKaiserOBensRFHuumlttlGFZGermanResearchCentreforGeosciencesTelegrafenbergD-14473PotsdamE-Mailkaiserkgfz-potsdamdeSLorenzMKuumlsterUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofGeographyandGeologyFriedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straszlige16D-17487GreifswaldSGermerJLibraLeibniz-InstituteforAgriculturalEngineeringPotsdam-BornimMax-Eyth-Allee100D-14469PotsdamOJuschusUniversityofAppliedSciencesEberswaldeFacultyofLandscapeManagementandNatureConser-vationAlfred-Moumlller-Straszlige1D-16225Eberswaldecorresponding author
104 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Globalclimatechangecausesregionaland localvariationsin the terrestrialwater balance (egTaoet al 2003 IPCC2007 Bates et al 2008 Gerten et al 2008 Kundzewiczetal2008Huangetal2010) influencing thehydrologicgeomorphic and ecologic properties of the regional drain-agesystemcomprisedofflowing(riversstreams)andstag-nantwaters(lakesponds)aswellaspeatlandsofvaryingdi-mensionAnaridificationtrendforexamplewillinevitablycauseareduction(1)inthedischargeofriversbydiminish-ingsupply(2)inthesizeoflakesbylevelloweringand(3)intheextensionofpeatlandsbygroundwaterlowering
As hydrologic and climatic research in Europe showstherearecurrentlydistinctchangesinwaterbalanceswithregionally differing trends (eg Lehner et al 2006 BACCAuthorTeam2008EEA2009Merzetal2012)Innorth-eastGermanywidelyalsquodryingrsquotrendprevailsresultingindecreasinggroundwaterandlakelevelsaswellasriverdis-charges (egGerstengarbeetal2003Kaiseretal20102012aGermeretal2011)Ifthistrendcontinuesanegativeinfluenceonecosystemservicessuchastheprovisionofwa-terforhumanuseandwetlandconservationistobefeared
Undoubtedlytheknowledgeofbothhistorichydrologic(lastc1000years)andpalaeohydrologicdevelopmentscanhelp us to understand the hydrologic system dynamics at
present and even in the future (eg Branson et al 1996GregoryampBenito2003Braacutezdiletal2006Gregoryetal 2006Czymzik et al 2010) In particular the frequencyandmagnitudeofshort-termeventssuchasriverfloodsanddroughtsaswellaslong-termprocessessuchaslake-levelfluctuations changes in the rivers mean annual dischargeanditshydromorphologicstatuscanbedetectedretrospec-tively (egPettset al 1989Berglundet al 1996aHar-risonetal1998Brown2002Starkel2005Baker2008Battarbee 2010) Insights gained through such historicanalogiescanbeusedtoimprovetheinterpretationofmod-elledfutureimpactsofclimaticandland-coverchangesandhence to develop and optimise adaptation strategies Fur-thermoreinformationonthepre-modernecologicstatusofaquaticlandscapesisapreconditionfordevelopingrestora-tionmeasuresinaccordancewiththeEuropeanUnionWa-terFrameworkDirective(CEC2000BennionampBattarbee2007ZerbeampWiegleb2009)
Intheorypalaeohydrologyisconcernedwithallcompo-nentsofthehydrologiccycleButinpracticemostresearchfocusesonspecificcompartmentssuchasriverchannelsanddischargelake-andgroundwater-levelfluctuationsisotopechemistryoronproxyindicatorsofpastprecipitationchar-acteristics (Anthony amp Wohl 1998 Gregory amp Benito2003)Suchknowledgeonthepalaeohydrologyoftemperateregions in theworld iswell-establishedParticularlywest-ernand centralEuropehavea long-standing research tra-dition (egStarkeletal1991Gregory1995Hagedorn1995Vandenberghe 1995a Starkel 2003 Macklin et al2006Hoffmannetal2008)Howeverstrongerintegrationbetweentheregionalfindingsaswellaswithrelateddisci-plinesisnecessary
This overview offers access on the results of regionalpalaeohydrologicresearchoverthelastctwodecadesTheconsolidationoffindingsintoonepaperwillhopefullyfosterthe consideration of (pre-)historic hydrologic changes intothe respective discussions increasing the interpretationalpowerformodellingresultsThispaperprimarilyfocusesontheevolutionofdrainagesystemsduring the lastc20000years spanning the late Pleistocene and the Holocene ep-ochsThelong-termandpartlyinterdependentdevelopmentoftheregionrsquosmainaquaticinlandenvironmentsndashriverslakesandpeatlandsndashwillbeoutlinedForseveralspecificissues (eg river valley formation palaeodischarge charac-teristics dead-ice dynamics lake- and groundwater-levelchangespeatlandformation)thestate-of-the-artwillbere-ported
105EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
24
21
15
6
13
2728
2930
18
20
2
194
8
22
26
25
5
11
10
914
12
1
7
23
17
16
3
Havel
Saa
le
Ple
isse
Weis
se
Els
ter
Muld
e
Oder
Elbe
Oder
Elbe
Elbe
Oder
Havel
Peene
Neis
se
Spre
e
Mulde
Havel
Spree
Innerste
B a l t i c
S e a
Berlin
Magdeburg
Rostock
Leipzig
Dresden
Hamburg
Cottbus
Halle
Szczecin
Hannover
Braun-schweig
FrankfurtO
Luumlbeck
Kiel
18
Weichselian
Saalian
Elsterian
Maximal extent of Pleistocene ice sheetsLakeRiver Channel
Studyareasite
0 20 40 80 100 km60
F
GB
B
NorthSea
PL
D
N
S
NL
CHA
LT
LV
SK
RO
BY
CZ
DK
H
EST
FIN
L
RU
S
UA
BalticSea
0 250 500 km
Fig 1 Hydrography main glacial structures and study areassites with palaeohydrologic findings in northeast Germany (map after BMUNR 2003 adapt-ed) The numbers refer to the study areassites presented (see Tab 1)
Abb 1 Hydrografie glaziale Hauptstrukturen (Marginalzonen) und Arbeitsgebiete-orte mit palaumlohydrologischen Befunden in Nordostdeutschland (Karte nach BMUNR 2003 veraumlndert) Die Zahlen beziehen sich auf die vorgestellten Arbeitsgebiete-orte (siehe Tab 1)
106 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
No Study area site Research field1 References
1 Lake Ploumlner See LB LL NT GA PL PE Sirocko et al 2002 Doumlrfler 20092 Lower Spree River FM PD PE Schulz amp Strahl 1997 Schulz 2000 SchoumlnfelDer amp Steinberg 2004 hilt
et al 20083 Leipzig-Halle area LB LL GA PL FM PE
GG HIhiller et al 1991 Mania et al 1993 Wolf et al 1994 Mol 1995 boumlttger et al 1998 fuhrMann 1999 tinapp et al 2000 2008 eiSSMann 2002 Wennrich et al 2005 czegka et al 2008
4 Lower Spree River lower Spreewald area and Dahme River
FM LB PE GG boumlttner 1999 JuSchuS 2002 2003
5 Darss peninsula Barthe River and Endinger Bruch basin
LB LL GA PL FM PT CE PE
kaiSer 2001 2004a De klerk 2002 kaiSer et al 2000 2006 2007 laMpe 2002 lane et al 2012
6 Elbe River N of Magdeburg FM HI roMMel 19987 Lower Havel River Elb-Havel-Winkel
9 Lake Muumlritz LL PL PE HI kaiSer 1998 kaiSer et al 2002 ruchhoumlft 2002 laMpe et al 200910 Lake Plauer See LL GA HI ruchhoumlft 2002 bleile et al 2006 bleile 2008 11 NossentinerSchwinzer Heide area LB LL PE PL FM HI SchMiDtchen et al 2003 lorenz 2003 rother 2003 Huumlbener amp Doumlrfler
2004 lorenz amp Schult 2004 kaiSer et al 2007 lorenz 2007 2008 lorenz et al 2010
12 Low-lying river valleys of Vorpommern (eg Recknitz Peene and Uecker River)
FM LB LL GW PE GG CE PT GA HI
kaiSer amp Janke 1998 helbig 1999 kaiSer et al 2000 2003 MichaeliS 2000 Schatz 2000 helbig amp De klerk 2002 Janke 2002 2004 De klerk 2004 kaiSer 2004b berg 2005 krienke et al 2006 MichaeliS amp JooSten 2010 Jantzen et al 2011 kuumlSter et al 2011
13 Upper Spreewald and Cottbus areas FM GA GG PE PT HI kuumlhner et al 1999 neubauer-Saurer 1999 rollanD amp arnolD 2002 Woithe 2003 poppSchoumltz amp Strahl 2004 branDe et al 2007
14 Headwaters of Havel River LB LL PE PL FM HI kaiSer amp ziMMerMann 1994 kuumlSter 2009 kuumlSter amp kaiSer 2010 kuumlSter et al 2012
15 Lower Elbe River at Lenzen FM HI GA SchWartz 1999 Schatz 201116 Lower Oder River Oderbruch area
Dobracka 1983 broSe 1994 1998 Schlaak et al 2003 boroacuteWka et al 2005 carlS 2005 DalchoW amp kieSel 2005 Schlaak 2005 lutze et al 2006 boumlrner 2007
17 Potsdam area Havel and Nuthe Rivers
LB GW PL FM PE GG PT HI
roWinSky 1995 WeiSSe et al 2001 WolterS 2002 2005 hickiSch 2004 hickiSch amp paumlzolt 2005 luumlDer et al 2006 kiriloVa et al 2009 enterS et al 2010
18 Biesenthal Basin upper Finow Stream
LB PE GG chrobok amp nitz 1987 1995 nitz et al 1995
19 Schlaube Stream PL LB PE SchoumlnfelDer et al 1999 broSe 2000 gieSecke 200020 Kersdorfer Rinne (tunnel valley) LB GG PE Schulz amp broSe 2000 Schulz amp Strahl 200121 Wische area (lower Elbe River) FM caSperS 200022 Lake Arendsee PL PE HI Scharf 1998 Scharf et al 200923 Lake Stechlinsee Upper Rhin River LB FM PL PE gaumlrtner 2007 branDe 2003 kaiSer et al 200724 Ruumlgen Island and adjacent coastal
and land areas LB GW NT GA PL PE GG PE GG CE PT
klieWe 1989 Strahl amp keDing 1996 helbig 1999 De klerk et al 2001 krienke 2003 VerSe 2003 hoffMann amp barnaSch 2005 hoffMann et al 2005 De klerk et al 2008a 2008b koSSler amp Strahl 2011
25 Weisser Schoumlps River (Reichwalde area)
FM PT GW GA PE frieDrich et al 2001 Van Der kroft et al 2002
26 Upper Spree River (NochtenScheibe area)
FM GG Mol 1997 Mol et al 2000 hiller et al 2004
27 Usedom Island LB NT PL PE GG CE helbig 1999 hoffMann et al 200528 Poel Island and adjacent coastal and
land areasCE NT PE GA CE laMpe et al 2005 2010
29 Jeetzel River FM PE GA turner 201230 Schorfheide area LB PE PT Schlaak 1997 StegMann 2005 Van Der linDen et al 2008
1LB = Lake-basin formation LL = Lake level GW = Groundwater level NT = Neotectonic GA = Geoarchaeology PL = Palaeolimnology FM = Fluvial geomorphology valley formation PD = Palaeodischarge PE = Palaeoecology GG = Glacial geomorphology geology CE = Coastal evolution PT = Peatland evolution HI = Human impact on inland waters
Tab 1 Study areas and sites with palaeohydrologic findings in northeast Germany (see Fig 1)
Tab 1 Arbeitsgebiete und -orte mit palaumlohydrologischen Befunden in Nordostdeutschland (siehe Abb 1)
107EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
2 Regional settings
TheregionnortheastGermanyispartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainwhichisboundedbythecoastsoftheNorthSeaandBalticSeatothenorthandtheGermanCentralUplandstothesouthThesurfacerelief(lt200masl)variesfromflattoundulatingSeveralQuaternaryglaciationsofScandinavianice sheets subsequent periglacial shaping and interglacialprocesseshaveformedthisareaAmultitudeof icetermi-nalzonesoftheSaalianandWeichselianglaciationstraversetheregionandreflecttheglaciationdeglaciation(Fig1)Thecomplexglacialandinterglacialprocessesproducedamosa-icofglacialfluviallacustrinecolluvialmarineandaeolianlandformsandsediments
TheWeichselianglacialbelt(lsquoyoungmorainicarearsquo)cov-ersthenorthernareaandcompriseslandscapeswithanim-matureriversystemthatdevelopedfollowingthelastdegla-ciation (c 24000ndash17000 cal yrs BP Boumlse 2005 LuumlthgensampBoumlse2011)Rivervalleysinthatbeltarecharacterisedbyfrequently alternating degradational (erosion) and aggra-dational (accumulation) river stretches by frequent shiftsindirectionbythecommonpresenceoflakebasins(partlywithin the valley floors) and by frequent areas with inte-riordrainageBycontrasttheriversystemoftheElsterian(cgt330kyrs)andSaalianbelts(cgt125kyrslsquooldmorainicareasrsquo)ismaturatedMajorriversintheregionaretheElbeandOderwhichdrainnortheastGermanyintotheNorthSeaandtheBalticSearespectivelyTheseriversarecharacter-
Chronology Phases of river valley genesis Phases of (lake-) basin genesis
(Marcinek amp broSe 1972) (nitz 1984)
Late Holocene Holocene phase influenced by man Colluvial phase(0-4 kyrs BP) (lsquoAnthropogen beeinflusste holozaumlne
Phasersquo) (lsquoKolluviumsphasersquo)
not strong human influence on the drainage
system by channels weirs hydro amelioration and agriculture
not man-induced filling up of smaller depressions by colluvial sediments (hillwash)
Mid-Holocene Natural Holocene phase Aggradation phase (4-8 kyrs BP) (lsquoNatuumlrlich holozaumlne Phasersquo) (lsquoVerlandungsphasersquo) not weak fluvial erosion and accumulation not filling up of lake basins by sedimentation of gyttja and peat Early HoloceneLateglacial
not reversals of flow direction not melting of stagnant ice formation of (lake) not partly formation of interior drainage basins not melting of stagnant ice lake formation not decay of permafrost not decay of permafrost Late Pleniglacial Fluvial periglacial phase Conservation phase (20-13 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioperiglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoKonservierungsphasersquo) not formation of a hierarchic river system on not conservation of stagnant ice by permafrost permafrost not sedimentation of periglacial lacustrine fluvial and aeolian deposits Late Pleniglacial Fluvioglacial Phase Ice-melting phase (gt20-14 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoNiedertauphasersquo) not initial ice-marginal drainage later ice- not inclusion burial of stagnant ice by sediments radial drainage not outwash plain formation Formation phase (lsquoAnlagephasersquo) not formation of depressions by ice exaration and glaciofluvial erosion
Tab 2 Conceptual models of late Quater-nary river valley and lake basin development in northeast Germany Adapted and modi-fied from Marcinek amp Brose (1972) and Nitz (1984)
Tab 2 Konzeptionelle Modelle der spaumltquar-taumlren Flusstal- und Seebeckenentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland (nach Marcinek amp Brose 1972 und Brose 1984 veraumlndert)
108 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
isedbypresent-daymeanannualdischarges in a rangeof500ndash700m3s-1SeveraltributariesexistthemostimportantaretheSaaleHavelMuldeSpreeandPeene(20ndash120m3s-1BMUNR2003)Amainlyeast-west-orientednetworkofca-nalsusedforinlandnavigationconnectstherivers
TheWeichselian belt is characterised by the occurrenceofnumerouslakesofdifferentsizeandofdifferentgenetichydrologicandecologictypeAccordingtoestimationsfromtheadjacentPolishyoungmorainicareaonlyone-thirdtohalf of the former lakes from the latePleistocene to earlyHolocenehaveremainedduetoaggradationcausedbynatu-ralandanthropogenicprocesses(Starkel2003)BycontrastonlyafewnaturallakesintheSaalianbeltoccurbutseveralartificial lakesoriginating fromriverdammingand ligniteopencastminingexistInnortheastGermanythetotalareaofnatural lakesamountstoc1300km2(Korczynskietal2005) In general the regionrsquos natural lakes largely repre-sentlsquohollowsrsquo located in thefirstunconfinedaquiferThusgroundwaterandlakehydrologyarecloselyconnected
inrivervalleysandlargebasinsintheFederalStatesofMeck-lenburg-Vorpommern (2930 km2) and BrandenburgBerlin(2220km2Fig2A)Smallerareasaredistributedinthelow-landpartsofSachsen-Anhalt(580km2)andSachsen(70km2)Groundwater-fedpeatlandsdominatewithc99versusonly1rain-fedpeatlands(CouwenbergampJoosten2001)
The present-day climate of the region (Hendl 1994) isclassifiedastemperatehumidwithmeanannualairtemper-aturesaround8ndash9degCandmeanannualprecipitationrang-ing from 773 mm a-1 (Hamburg) to 565 mm a-1 (Cottbus)Adistinctthermoclimaticgradientexistsfromnorthwesttosoutheastdividingtheregionintomaritimesub-maritimeandsub-continentalpartswithdecreasingprecipitation(Fig2B)Thedriest sitesare locatedat theSaale (HalleS)andOderRivers(FrankfurtO)withameanannualprecipitationofabout450mma-1
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
The main disciplines providing regional palaeohydrologicknowledge (Fig 1Tab1)aregeomorphologyQuaternarygeology palaeobotany and historical sciences The prin-
Fig 2 Distribution of large peatlands and large river floodplains (A) as well of thermoclimatic zones (B) in northeast Germany (after BGR 2007 IfL 2008 adapted)
Abb 2 Verbreitung groszliger Moorgebiete und groszliger Flussauen (A) sowie thermoklimatischer Zonen (B) in Nordostdeutschland (nach BGR 2007 IfL 2008 veraumlndert)
109EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Zone Facies area Example (river) Selected genetic properties Comparing conclusions(cross-zonal)
I periglacial valley bottoms in the German Uplands
Saale Mulde (middle reaches)
state of equilibrium between erosion and aggradation in the early Holocene
deposition of gravel during Atlantic frequently burying oak stems
late Holocene deposition of flood loams andor erosion
as most river valleys (facies zones) are only initially investigated comparing conclu-sions are partly of preliminary status
after the retreat of the Weichselian ice sheet an erosional phase took place (Lateglacial) affecting the large river valleys up to the uplands
erosion aggradation in northern valleys is mainly controlled by water-level changes in the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins whereas southern valleys are controlled by climatic and (in the late Holocene) by human impact
widespread deposition of organic sediments (peat gyttja) and soil formation characte-rises the Atlantic and Subboreal
areal deposition of human-induced flood loams is a characteristic of the late Holocene except in low-lying valleys of zone IVb
II valley bottoms in the loess belt
Elster Unstrut erosional phase in the early Holocene with subsequent deposition of gravel sand and topping overbank fines
mid-Holocene hiatus (soil formation) late Holocene deposition mainly of
flood loams IIIa valley bottoms in the old
morainic area between Weichselian maximum and loess belt
Spree Neiszlige (middle reaches)
similar depositional history as in zone II
IIIb valley bottoms in the young morainic area between Weichselian maximum and Pomeranian stage
Havel Dosse Spree (lower reaches)
frequent occurrence of fluvial connections of basins (river-lake-structures)
erosion aggradation depending from river bed changes of Elbe and Oder (zone IVa)
IVa valley bottoms of large transzonal rivers occupying several facies areas
Elbe Oder erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashlling (lower Oder) and early Holocene (Elbe)
early to mid-Holocene deposition of gravels and sands (Elbe) and mainly of peat (lower Oder)
late Holocene deposition of overbank fines
IVb valley bottoms of tributaries of the Baltic Sea north of the Weichselian Pomeranian stage
Peene Warnow erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashl-ling Preboreal and late Boreal
flattening of the river bed gradient by organic sedimentation in the AtlanticSubboreal caused by marine influence (Littorina transgression)
dominating deposition of peat and gyttja instead of overbank fines in the late Holocene
cipleresearchquestionsndashsomeofwhichhavebeenposedperiodicallyformorethan100years(egWoldstedt1956Marcinek1987Kaiser2002)ndashconcern(1)thestructureandformationofthenaturaldrainagesystem(2)itsanthropo-genicuseandhistoricreshapingand(3)the(palaeo-)eco-logicstatusandchangeMorespecificresearchquestionsinrelation to the single aquatic environments investigated ndashrivers lakes andpeatlandsndasharegiven inchapters 41 42and43
Corresponding todifferent thematicapproaches the re-searchconceptsusedcomefromdifferentdisciplinesBothgeosciences and palaeoecology use climatologic- and bio-stratigraphicconceptsandunitsTheyaredefinedfordivid-ingandexplainingstagesofdepositionreliefformationandbiotic changes respectively More specifically the generalmodelfortheregionallateQuaternaryreliefformationwithemphasisonfluvialgeomorphologyproposedbyMarcinekamp Brose (1972) and extended to incorporate the develop-mentoflakebasins(Nitz1984)hasbeenadaptedforuseinthisoverview(Tab2)Additionally theconceptualisedre-gionalfaciesareasofHoloceneriverdevelopmentbyBrose
ampPraumlger(1983)willbeoutlined(Tab3)Thesemodelsandschemesprovided the thematic framework formostof thelatergeomorphicandpalaeohydrologic researchHowevertheybaseonrelativelyfewlocalfieldstudiesonlyandgen-erallylacksufficientnumericagecontrol
Archaeologyasadisciplineofthehistoricscienceshasconcentrated on the settlement and human use of aquat-ic landscapes in pre-Medieval (ie lsquopre-Germanrsquo) timesthought to be a period with little human impact on theaquaticenvironment(egBleile2012)Historyandhistoricgeographyhavedealtwithstronghumanimpactonthere-gional drainage system since Medieval times (eg Schich1994Driescher2003Blackbourn2006)
Correspondingtothedisciplinesinvolvedtheresultspre-sentedarebaseduponabroadrangeofgeoscientific(includ-inggeochronology)biological(palaeoecology)andhistoricmethodsThebasicgeoscientificmethodsused include theanalysisofthousandsofsedimentaryprofilesfromcoringsaswellasopensectionsgeomorphicmappingoffluvialandlacustrinestructuressedimentologicanalysesandgeophys-ics Geochronology provides absolute chronologic control
Tab 3 Facies areas of Holocene river valley development in northeast Germany considering geographic location river valley dimension and valley history (Brose amp Praumlger 1983 adapted)
Tab 3 Faziesgebiete der holozaumlnen Flusstalentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland unter Beruumlcksichtigung der Lage der Flusstaldimension und der Talge-schichte (nach Brose amp Praumlger 1983 veraumlndert)
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
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anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
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erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
104 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Globalclimatechangecausesregionaland localvariationsin the terrestrialwater balance (egTaoet al 2003 IPCC2007 Bates et al 2008 Gerten et al 2008 Kundzewiczetal2008Huangetal2010) influencing thehydrologicgeomorphic and ecologic properties of the regional drain-agesystemcomprisedofflowing(riversstreams)andstag-nantwaters(lakesponds)aswellaspeatlandsofvaryingdi-mensionAnaridificationtrendforexamplewillinevitablycauseareduction(1)inthedischargeofriversbydiminish-ingsupply(2)inthesizeoflakesbylevelloweringand(3)intheextensionofpeatlandsbygroundwaterlowering
As hydrologic and climatic research in Europe showstherearecurrentlydistinctchangesinwaterbalanceswithregionally differing trends (eg Lehner et al 2006 BACCAuthorTeam2008EEA2009Merzetal2012)Innorth-eastGermanywidelyalsquodryingrsquotrendprevailsresultingindecreasinggroundwaterandlakelevelsaswellasriverdis-charges (egGerstengarbeetal2003Kaiseretal20102012aGermeretal2011)Ifthistrendcontinuesanegativeinfluenceonecosystemservicessuchastheprovisionofwa-terforhumanuseandwetlandconservationistobefeared
Undoubtedlytheknowledgeofbothhistorichydrologic(lastc1000years)andpalaeohydrologicdevelopmentscanhelp us to understand the hydrologic system dynamics at
present and even in the future (eg Branson et al 1996GregoryampBenito2003Braacutezdiletal2006Gregoryetal 2006Czymzik et al 2010) In particular the frequencyandmagnitudeofshort-termeventssuchasriverfloodsanddroughtsaswellaslong-termprocessessuchaslake-levelfluctuations changes in the rivers mean annual dischargeanditshydromorphologicstatuscanbedetectedretrospec-tively (egPettset al 1989Berglundet al 1996aHar-risonetal1998Brown2002Starkel2005Baker2008Battarbee 2010) Insights gained through such historicanalogiescanbeusedtoimprovetheinterpretationofmod-elledfutureimpactsofclimaticandland-coverchangesandhence to develop and optimise adaptation strategies Fur-thermoreinformationonthepre-modernecologicstatusofaquaticlandscapesisapreconditionfordevelopingrestora-tionmeasuresinaccordancewiththeEuropeanUnionWa-terFrameworkDirective(CEC2000BennionampBattarbee2007ZerbeampWiegleb2009)
Intheorypalaeohydrologyisconcernedwithallcompo-nentsofthehydrologiccycleButinpracticemostresearchfocusesonspecificcompartmentssuchasriverchannelsanddischargelake-andgroundwater-levelfluctuationsisotopechemistryoronproxyindicatorsofpastprecipitationchar-acteristics (Anthony amp Wohl 1998 Gregory amp Benito2003)Suchknowledgeonthepalaeohydrologyoftemperateregions in theworld iswell-establishedParticularlywest-ernand centralEuropehavea long-standing research tra-dition (egStarkeletal1991Gregory1995Hagedorn1995Vandenberghe 1995a Starkel 2003 Macklin et al2006Hoffmannetal2008)Howeverstrongerintegrationbetweentheregionalfindingsaswellaswithrelateddisci-plinesisnecessary
This overview offers access on the results of regionalpalaeohydrologicresearchoverthelastctwodecadesTheconsolidationoffindingsintoonepaperwillhopefullyfosterthe consideration of (pre-)historic hydrologic changes intothe respective discussions increasing the interpretationalpowerformodellingresultsThispaperprimarilyfocusesontheevolutionofdrainagesystemsduring the lastc20000years spanning the late Pleistocene and the Holocene ep-ochsThelong-termandpartlyinterdependentdevelopmentoftheregionrsquosmainaquaticinlandenvironmentsndashriverslakesandpeatlandsndashwillbeoutlinedForseveralspecificissues (eg river valley formation palaeodischarge charac-teristics dead-ice dynamics lake- and groundwater-levelchangespeatlandformation)thestate-of-the-artwillbere-ported
105EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
24
21
15
6
13
2728
2930
18
20
2
194
8
22
26
25
5
11
10
914
12
1
7
23
17
16
3
Havel
Saa
le
Ple
isse
Weis
se
Els
ter
Muld
e
Oder
Elbe
Oder
Elbe
Elbe
Oder
Havel
Peene
Neis
se
Spre
e
Mulde
Havel
Spree
Innerste
B a l t i c
S e a
Berlin
Magdeburg
Rostock
Leipzig
Dresden
Hamburg
Cottbus
Halle
Szczecin
Hannover
Braun-schweig
FrankfurtO
Luumlbeck
Kiel
18
Weichselian
Saalian
Elsterian
Maximal extent of Pleistocene ice sheetsLakeRiver Channel
Studyareasite
0 20 40 80 100 km60
F
GB
B
NorthSea
PL
D
N
S
NL
CHA
LT
LV
SK
RO
BY
CZ
DK
H
EST
FIN
L
RU
S
UA
BalticSea
0 250 500 km
Fig 1 Hydrography main glacial structures and study areassites with palaeohydrologic findings in northeast Germany (map after BMUNR 2003 adapt-ed) The numbers refer to the study areassites presented (see Tab 1)
Abb 1 Hydrografie glaziale Hauptstrukturen (Marginalzonen) und Arbeitsgebiete-orte mit palaumlohydrologischen Befunden in Nordostdeutschland (Karte nach BMUNR 2003 veraumlndert) Die Zahlen beziehen sich auf die vorgestellten Arbeitsgebiete-orte (siehe Tab 1)
106 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
No Study area site Research field1 References
1 Lake Ploumlner See LB LL NT GA PL PE Sirocko et al 2002 Doumlrfler 20092 Lower Spree River FM PD PE Schulz amp Strahl 1997 Schulz 2000 SchoumlnfelDer amp Steinberg 2004 hilt
et al 20083 Leipzig-Halle area LB LL GA PL FM PE
GG HIhiller et al 1991 Mania et al 1993 Wolf et al 1994 Mol 1995 boumlttger et al 1998 fuhrMann 1999 tinapp et al 2000 2008 eiSSMann 2002 Wennrich et al 2005 czegka et al 2008
4 Lower Spree River lower Spreewald area and Dahme River
FM LB PE GG boumlttner 1999 JuSchuS 2002 2003
5 Darss peninsula Barthe River and Endinger Bruch basin
LB LL GA PL FM PT CE PE
kaiSer 2001 2004a De klerk 2002 kaiSer et al 2000 2006 2007 laMpe 2002 lane et al 2012
6 Elbe River N of Magdeburg FM HI roMMel 19987 Lower Havel River Elb-Havel-Winkel
9 Lake Muumlritz LL PL PE HI kaiSer 1998 kaiSer et al 2002 ruchhoumlft 2002 laMpe et al 200910 Lake Plauer See LL GA HI ruchhoumlft 2002 bleile et al 2006 bleile 2008 11 NossentinerSchwinzer Heide area LB LL PE PL FM HI SchMiDtchen et al 2003 lorenz 2003 rother 2003 Huumlbener amp Doumlrfler
2004 lorenz amp Schult 2004 kaiSer et al 2007 lorenz 2007 2008 lorenz et al 2010
12 Low-lying river valleys of Vorpommern (eg Recknitz Peene and Uecker River)
FM LB LL GW PE GG CE PT GA HI
kaiSer amp Janke 1998 helbig 1999 kaiSer et al 2000 2003 MichaeliS 2000 Schatz 2000 helbig amp De klerk 2002 Janke 2002 2004 De klerk 2004 kaiSer 2004b berg 2005 krienke et al 2006 MichaeliS amp JooSten 2010 Jantzen et al 2011 kuumlSter et al 2011
13 Upper Spreewald and Cottbus areas FM GA GG PE PT HI kuumlhner et al 1999 neubauer-Saurer 1999 rollanD amp arnolD 2002 Woithe 2003 poppSchoumltz amp Strahl 2004 branDe et al 2007
14 Headwaters of Havel River LB LL PE PL FM HI kaiSer amp ziMMerMann 1994 kuumlSter 2009 kuumlSter amp kaiSer 2010 kuumlSter et al 2012
15 Lower Elbe River at Lenzen FM HI GA SchWartz 1999 Schatz 201116 Lower Oder River Oderbruch area
Dobracka 1983 broSe 1994 1998 Schlaak et al 2003 boroacuteWka et al 2005 carlS 2005 DalchoW amp kieSel 2005 Schlaak 2005 lutze et al 2006 boumlrner 2007
17 Potsdam area Havel and Nuthe Rivers
LB GW PL FM PE GG PT HI
roWinSky 1995 WeiSSe et al 2001 WolterS 2002 2005 hickiSch 2004 hickiSch amp paumlzolt 2005 luumlDer et al 2006 kiriloVa et al 2009 enterS et al 2010
18 Biesenthal Basin upper Finow Stream
LB PE GG chrobok amp nitz 1987 1995 nitz et al 1995
19 Schlaube Stream PL LB PE SchoumlnfelDer et al 1999 broSe 2000 gieSecke 200020 Kersdorfer Rinne (tunnel valley) LB GG PE Schulz amp broSe 2000 Schulz amp Strahl 200121 Wische area (lower Elbe River) FM caSperS 200022 Lake Arendsee PL PE HI Scharf 1998 Scharf et al 200923 Lake Stechlinsee Upper Rhin River LB FM PL PE gaumlrtner 2007 branDe 2003 kaiSer et al 200724 Ruumlgen Island and adjacent coastal
and land areas LB GW NT GA PL PE GG PE GG CE PT
klieWe 1989 Strahl amp keDing 1996 helbig 1999 De klerk et al 2001 krienke 2003 VerSe 2003 hoffMann amp barnaSch 2005 hoffMann et al 2005 De klerk et al 2008a 2008b koSSler amp Strahl 2011
25 Weisser Schoumlps River (Reichwalde area)
FM PT GW GA PE frieDrich et al 2001 Van Der kroft et al 2002
26 Upper Spree River (NochtenScheibe area)
FM GG Mol 1997 Mol et al 2000 hiller et al 2004
27 Usedom Island LB NT PL PE GG CE helbig 1999 hoffMann et al 200528 Poel Island and adjacent coastal and
land areasCE NT PE GA CE laMpe et al 2005 2010
29 Jeetzel River FM PE GA turner 201230 Schorfheide area LB PE PT Schlaak 1997 StegMann 2005 Van Der linDen et al 2008
1LB = Lake-basin formation LL = Lake level GW = Groundwater level NT = Neotectonic GA = Geoarchaeology PL = Palaeolimnology FM = Fluvial geomorphology valley formation PD = Palaeodischarge PE = Palaeoecology GG = Glacial geomorphology geology CE = Coastal evolution PT = Peatland evolution HI = Human impact on inland waters
Tab 1 Study areas and sites with palaeohydrologic findings in northeast Germany (see Fig 1)
Tab 1 Arbeitsgebiete und -orte mit palaumlohydrologischen Befunden in Nordostdeutschland (siehe Abb 1)
107EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
2 Regional settings
TheregionnortheastGermanyispartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainwhichisboundedbythecoastsoftheNorthSeaandBalticSeatothenorthandtheGermanCentralUplandstothesouthThesurfacerelief(lt200masl)variesfromflattoundulatingSeveralQuaternaryglaciationsofScandinavianice sheets subsequent periglacial shaping and interglacialprocesseshaveformedthisareaAmultitudeof icetermi-nalzonesoftheSaalianandWeichselianglaciationstraversetheregionandreflecttheglaciationdeglaciation(Fig1)Thecomplexglacialandinterglacialprocessesproducedamosa-icofglacialfluviallacustrinecolluvialmarineandaeolianlandformsandsediments
TheWeichselianglacialbelt(lsquoyoungmorainicarearsquo)cov-ersthenorthernareaandcompriseslandscapeswithanim-matureriversystemthatdevelopedfollowingthelastdegla-ciation (c 24000ndash17000 cal yrs BP Boumlse 2005 LuumlthgensampBoumlse2011)Rivervalleysinthatbeltarecharacterisedbyfrequently alternating degradational (erosion) and aggra-dational (accumulation) river stretches by frequent shiftsindirectionbythecommonpresenceoflakebasins(partlywithin the valley floors) and by frequent areas with inte-riordrainageBycontrasttheriversystemoftheElsterian(cgt330kyrs)andSaalianbelts(cgt125kyrslsquooldmorainicareasrsquo)ismaturatedMajorriversintheregionaretheElbeandOderwhichdrainnortheastGermanyintotheNorthSeaandtheBalticSearespectivelyTheseriversarecharacter-
Chronology Phases of river valley genesis Phases of (lake-) basin genesis
(Marcinek amp broSe 1972) (nitz 1984)
Late Holocene Holocene phase influenced by man Colluvial phase(0-4 kyrs BP) (lsquoAnthropogen beeinflusste holozaumlne
Phasersquo) (lsquoKolluviumsphasersquo)
not strong human influence on the drainage
system by channels weirs hydro amelioration and agriculture
not man-induced filling up of smaller depressions by colluvial sediments (hillwash)
Mid-Holocene Natural Holocene phase Aggradation phase (4-8 kyrs BP) (lsquoNatuumlrlich holozaumlne Phasersquo) (lsquoVerlandungsphasersquo) not weak fluvial erosion and accumulation not filling up of lake basins by sedimentation of gyttja and peat Early HoloceneLateglacial
not reversals of flow direction not melting of stagnant ice formation of (lake) not partly formation of interior drainage basins not melting of stagnant ice lake formation not decay of permafrost not decay of permafrost Late Pleniglacial Fluvial periglacial phase Conservation phase (20-13 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioperiglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoKonservierungsphasersquo) not formation of a hierarchic river system on not conservation of stagnant ice by permafrost permafrost not sedimentation of periglacial lacustrine fluvial and aeolian deposits Late Pleniglacial Fluvioglacial Phase Ice-melting phase (gt20-14 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoNiedertauphasersquo) not initial ice-marginal drainage later ice- not inclusion burial of stagnant ice by sediments radial drainage not outwash plain formation Formation phase (lsquoAnlagephasersquo) not formation of depressions by ice exaration and glaciofluvial erosion
Tab 2 Conceptual models of late Quater-nary river valley and lake basin development in northeast Germany Adapted and modi-fied from Marcinek amp Brose (1972) and Nitz (1984)
Tab 2 Konzeptionelle Modelle der spaumltquar-taumlren Flusstal- und Seebeckenentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland (nach Marcinek amp Brose 1972 und Brose 1984 veraumlndert)
108 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
isedbypresent-daymeanannualdischarges in a rangeof500ndash700m3s-1SeveraltributariesexistthemostimportantaretheSaaleHavelMuldeSpreeandPeene(20ndash120m3s-1BMUNR2003)Amainlyeast-west-orientednetworkofca-nalsusedforinlandnavigationconnectstherivers
TheWeichselian belt is characterised by the occurrenceofnumerouslakesofdifferentsizeandofdifferentgenetichydrologicandecologictypeAccordingtoestimationsfromtheadjacentPolishyoungmorainicareaonlyone-thirdtohalf of the former lakes from the latePleistocene to earlyHolocenehaveremainedduetoaggradationcausedbynatu-ralandanthropogenicprocesses(Starkel2003)BycontrastonlyafewnaturallakesintheSaalianbeltoccurbutseveralartificial lakesoriginating fromriverdammingand ligniteopencastminingexistInnortheastGermanythetotalareaofnatural lakesamountstoc1300km2(Korczynskietal2005) In general the regionrsquos natural lakes largely repre-sentlsquohollowsrsquo located in thefirstunconfinedaquiferThusgroundwaterandlakehydrologyarecloselyconnected
inrivervalleysandlargebasinsintheFederalStatesofMeck-lenburg-Vorpommern (2930 km2) and BrandenburgBerlin(2220km2Fig2A)Smallerareasaredistributedinthelow-landpartsofSachsen-Anhalt(580km2)andSachsen(70km2)Groundwater-fedpeatlandsdominatewithc99versusonly1rain-fedpeatlands(CouwenbergampJoosten2001)
The present-day climate of the region (Hendl 1994) isclassifiedastemperatehumidwithmeanannualairtemper-aturesaround8ndash9degCandmeanannualprecipitationrang-ing from 773 mm a-1 (Hamburg) to 565 mm a-1 (Cottbus)Adistinctthermoclimaticgradientexistsfromnorthwesttosoutheastdividingtheregionintomaritimesub-maritimeandsub-continentalpartswithdecreasingprecipitation(Fig2B)Thedriest sitesare locatedat theSaale (HalleS)andOderRivers(FrankfurtO)withameanannualprecipitationofabout450mma-1
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
The main disciplines providing regional palaeohydrologicknowledge (Fig 1Tab1)aregeomorphologyQuaternarygeology palaeobotany and historical sciences The prin-
Fig 2 Distribution of large peatlands and large river floodplains (A) as well of thermoclimatic zones (B) in northeast Germany (after BGR 2007 IfL 2008 adapted)
Abb 2 Verbreitung groszliger Moorgebiete und groszliger Flussauen (A) sowie thermoklimatischer Zonen (B) in Nordostdeutschland (nach BGR 2007 IfL 2008 veraumlndert)
109EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Zone Facies area Example (river) Selected genetic properties Comparing conclusions(cross-zonal)
I periglacial valley bottoms in the German Uplands
Saale Mulde (middle reaches)
state of equilibrium between erosion and aggradation in the early Holocene
deposition of gravel during Atlantic frequently burying oak stems
late Holocene deposition of flood loams andor erosion
as most river valleys (facies zones) are only initially investigated comparing conclu-sions are partly of preliminary status
after the retreat of the Weichselian ice sheet an erosional phase took place (Lateglacial) affecting the large river valleys up to the uplands
erosion aggradation in northern valleys is mainly controlled by water-level changes in the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins whereas southern valleys are controlled by climatic and (in the late Holocene) by human impact
widespread deposition of organic sediments (peat gyttja) and soil formation characte-rises the Atlantic and Subboreal
areal deposition of human-induced flood loams is a characteristic of the late Holocene except in low-lying valleys of zone IVb
II valley bottoms in the loess belt
Elster Unstrut erosional phase in the early Holocene with subsequent deposition of gravel sand and topping overbank fines
mid-Holocene hiatus (soil formation) late Holocene deposition mainly of
flood loams IIIa valley bottoms in the old
morainic area between Weichselian maximum and loess belt
Spree Neiszlige (middle reaches)
similar depositional history as in zone II
IIIb valley bottoms in the young morainic area between Weichselian maximum and Pomeranian stage
Havel Dosse Spree (lower reaches)
frequent occurrence of fluvial connections of basins (river-lake-structures)
erosion aggradation depending from river bed changes of Elbe and Oder (zone IVa)
IVa valley bottoms of large transzonal rivers occupying several facies areas
Elbe Oder erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashlling (lower Oder) and early Holocene (Elbe)
early to mid-Holocene deposition of gravels and sands (Elbe) and mainly of peat (lower Oder)
late Holocene deposition of overbank fines
IVb valley bottoms of tributaries of the Baltic Sea north of the Weichselian Pomeranian stage
Peene Warnow erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashl-ling Preboreal and late Boreal
flattening of the river bed gradient by organic sedimentation in the AtlanticSubboreal caused by marine influence (Littorina transgression)
dominating deposition of peat and gyttja instead of overbank fines in the late Holocene
cipleresearchquestionsndashsomeofwhichhavebeenposedperiodicallyformorethan100years(egWoldstedt1956Marcinek1987Kaiser2002)ndashconcern(1)thestructureandformationofthenaturaldrainagesystem(2)itsanthropo-genicuseandhistoricreshapingand(3)the(palaeo-)eco-logicstatusandchangeMorespecificresearchquestionsinrelation to the single aquatic environments investigated ndashrivers lakes andpeatlandsndasharegiven inchapters 41 42and43
Corresponding todifferent thematicapproaches the re-searchconceptsusedcomefromdifferentdisciplinesBothgeosciences and palaeoecology use climatologic- and bio-stratigraphicconceptsandunitsTheyaredefinedfordivid-ingandexplainingstagesofdepositionreliefformationandbiotic changes respectively More specifically the generalmodelfortheregionallateQuaternaryreliefformationwithemphasisonfluvialgeomorphologyproposedbyMarcinekamp Brose (1972) and extended to incorporate the develop-mentoflakebasins(Nitz1984)hasbeenadaptedforuseinthisoverview(Tab2)Additionally theconceptualisedre-gionalfaciesareasofHoloceneriverdevelopmentbyBrose
ampPraumlger(1983)willbeoutlined(Tab3)Thesemodelsandschemesprovided the thematic framework formostof thelatergeomorphicandpalaeohydrologic researchHowevertheybaseonrelativelyfewlocalfieldstudiesonlyandgen-erallylacksufficientnumericagecontrol
Archaeologyasadisciplineofthehistoricscienceshasconcentrated on the settlement and human use of aquat-ic landscapes in pre-Medieval (ie lsquopre-Germanrsquo) timesthought to be a period with little human impact on theaquaticenvironment(egBleile2012)Historyandhistoricgeographyhavedealtwithstronghumanimpactonthere-gional drainage system since Medieval times (eg Schich1994Driescher2003Blackbourn2006)
Correspondingtothedisciplinesinvolvedtheresultspre-sentedarebaseduponabroadrangeofgeoscientific(includ-inggeochronology)biological(palaeoecology)andhistoricmethodsThebasicgeoscientificmethodsused include theanalysisofthousandsofsedimentaryprofilesfromcoringsaswellasopensectionsgeomorphicmappingoffluvialandlacustrinestructuressedimentologicanalysesandgeophys-ics Geochronology provides absolute chronologic control
Tab 3 Facies areas of Holocene river valley development in northeast Germany considering geographic location river valley dimension and valley history (Brose amp Praumlger 1983 adapted)
Tab 3 Faziesgebiete der holozaumlnen Flusstalentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland unter Beruumlcksichtigung der Lage der Flusstaldimension und der Talge-schichte (nach Brose amp Praumlger 1983 veraumlndert)
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
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anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
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erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
105EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
24
21
15
6
13
2728
2930
18
20
2
194
8
22
26
25
5
11
10
914
12
1
7
23
17
16
3
Havel
Saa
le
Ple
isse
Weis
se
Els
ter
Muld
e
Oder
Elbe
Oder
Elbe
Elbe
Oder
Havel
Peene
Neis
se
Spre
e
Mulde
Havel
Spree
Innerste
B a l t i c
S e a
Berlin
Magdeburg
Rostock
Leipzig
Dresden
Hamburg
Cottbus
Halle
Szczecin
Hannover
Braun-schweig
FrankfurtO
Luumlbeck
Kiel
18
Weichselian
Saalian
Elsterian
Maximal extent of Pleistocene ice sheetsLakeRiver Channel
Studyareasite
0 20 40 80 100 km60
F
GB
B
NorthSea
PL
D
N
S
NL
CHA
LT
LV
SK
RO
BY
CZ
DK
H
EST
FIN
L
RU
S
UA
BalticSea
0 250 500 km
Fig 1 Hydrography main glacial structures and study areassites with palaeohydrologic findings in northeast Germany (map after BMUNR 2003 adapt-ed) The numbers refer to the study areassites presented (see Tab 1)
Abb 1 Hydrografie glaziale Hauptstrukturen (Marginalzonen) und Arbeitsgebiete-orte mit palaumlohydrologischen Befunden in Nordostdeutschland (Karte nach BMUNR 2003 veraumlndert) Die Zahlen beziehen sich auf die vorgestellten Arbeitsgebiete-orte (siehe Tab 1)
106 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
No Study area site Research field1 References
1 Lake Ploumlner See LB LL NT GA PL PE Sirocko et al 2002 Doumlrfler 20092 Lower Spree River FM PD PE Schulz amp Strahl 1997 Schulz 2000 SchoumlnfelDer amp Steinberg 2004 hilt
et al 20083 Leipzig-Halle area LB LL GA PL FM PE
GG HIhiller et al 1991 Mania et al 1993 Wolf et al 1994 Mol 1995 boumlttger et al 1998 fuhrMann 1999 tinapp et al 2000 2008 eiSSMann 2002 Wennrich et al 2005 czegka et al 2008
4 Lower Spree River lower Spreewald area and Dahme River
FM LB PE GG boumlttner 1999 JuSchuS 2002 2003
5 Darss peninsula Barthe River and Endinger Bruch basin
LB LL GA PL FM PT CE PE
kaiSer 2001 2004a De klerk 2002 kaiSer et al 2000 2006 2007 laMpe 2002 lane et al 2012
6 Elbe River N of Magdeburg FM HI roMMel 19987 Lower Havel River Elb-Havel-Winkel
9 Lake Muumlritz LL PL PE HI kaiSer 1998 kaiSer et al 2002 ruchhoumlft 2002 laMpe et al 200910 Lake Plauer See LL GA HI ruchhoumlft 2002 bleile et al 2006 bleile 2008 11 NossentinerSchwinzer Heide area LB LL PE PL FM HI SchMiDtchen et al 2003 lorenz 2003 rother 2003 Huumlbener amp Doumlrfler
2004 lorenz amp Schult 2004 kaiSer et al 2007 lorenz 2007 2008 lorenz et al 2010
12 Low-lying river valleys of Vorpommern (eg Recknitz Peene and Uecker River)
FM LB LL GW PE GG CE PT GA HI
kaiSer amp Janke 1998 helbig 1999 kaiSer et al 2000 2003 MichaeliS 2000 Schatz 2000 helbig amp De klerk 2002 Janke 2002 2004 De klerk 2004 kaiSer 2004b berg 2005 krienke et al 2006 MichaeliS amp JooSten 2010 Jantzen et al 2011 kuumlSter et al 2011
13 Upper Spreewald and Cottbus areas FM GA GG PE PT HI kuumlhner et al 1999 neubauer-Saurer 1999 rollanD amp arnolD 2002 Woithe 2003 poppSchoumltz amp Strahl 2004 branDe et al 2007
14 Headwaters of Havel River LB LL PE PL FM HI kaiSer amp ziMMerMann 1994 kuumlSter 2009 kuumlSter amp kaiSer 2010 kuumlSter et al 2012
15 Lower Elbe River at Lenzen FM HI GA SchWartz 1999 Schatz 201116 Lower Oder River Oderbruch area
Dobracka 1983 broSe 1994 1998 Schlaak et al 2003 boroacuteWka et al 2005 carlS 2005 DalchoW amp kieSel 2005 Schlaak 2005 lutze et al 2006 boumlrner 2007
17 Potsdam area Havel and Nuthe Rivers
LB GW PL FM PE GG PT HI
roWinSky 1995 WeiSSe et al 2001 WolterS 2002 2005 hickiSch 2004 hickiSch amp paumlzolt 2005 luumlDer et al 2006 kiriloVa et al 2009 enterS et al 2010
18 Biesenthal Basin upper Finow Stream
LB PE GG chrobok amp nitz 1987 1995 nitz et al 1995
19 Schlaube Stream PL LB PE SchoumlnfelDer et al 1999 broSe 2000 gieSecke 200020 Kersdorfer Rinne (tunnel valley) LB GG PE Schulz amp broSe 2000 Schulz amp Strahl 200121 Wische area (lower Elbe River) FM caSperS 200022 Lake Arendsee PL PE HI Scharf 1998 Scharf et al 200923 Lake Stechlinsee Upper Rhin River LB FM PL PE gaumlrtner 2007 branDe 2003 kaiSer et al 200724 Ruumlgen Island and adjacent coastal
and land areas LB GW NT GA PL PE GG PE GG CE PT
klieWe 1989 Strahl amp keDing 1996 helbig 1999 De klerk et al 2001 krienke 2003 VerSe 2003 hoffMann amp barnaSch 2005 hoffMann et al 2005 De klerk et al 2008a 2008b koSSler amp Strahl 2011
25 Weisser Schoumlps River (Reichwalde area)
FM PT GW GA PE frieDrich et al 2001 Van Der kroft et al 2002
26 Upper Spree River (NochtenScheibe area)
FM GG Mol 1997 Mol et al 2000 hiller et al 2004
27 Usedom Island LB NT PL PE GG CE helbig 1999 hoffMann et al 200528 Poel Island and adjacent coastal and
land areasCE NT PE GA CE laMpe et al 2005 2010
29 Jeetzel River FM PE GA turner 201230 Schorfheide area LB PE PT Schlaak 1997 StegMann 2005 Van Der linDen et al 2008
1LB = Lake-basin formation LL = Lake level GW = Groundwater level NT = Neotectonic GA = Geoarchaeology PL = Palaeolimnology FM = Fluvial geomorphology valley formation PD = Palaeodischarge PE = Palaeoecology GG = Glacial geomorphology geology CE = Coastal evolution PT = Peatland evolution HI = Human impact on inland waters
Tab 1 Study areas and sites with palaeohydrologic findings in northeast Germany (see Fig 1)
Tab 1 Arbeitsgebiete und -orte mit palaumlohydrologischen Befunden in Nordostdeutschland (siehe Abb 1)
107EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
2 Regional settings
TheregionnortheastGermanyispartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainwhichisboundedbythecoastsoftheNorthSeaandBalticSeatothenorthandtheGermanCentralUplandstothesouthThesurfacerelief(lt200masl)variesfromflattoundulatingSeveralQuaternaryglaciationsofScandinavianice sheets subsequent periglacial shaping and interglacialprocesseshaveformedthisareaAmultitudeof icetermi-nalzonesoftheSaalianandWeichselianglaciationstraversetheregionandreflecttheglaciationdeglaciation(Fig1)Thecomplexglacialandinterglacialprocessesproducedamosa-icofglacialfluviallacustrinecolluvialmarineandaeolianlandformsandsediments
TheWeichselianglacialbelt(lsquoyoungmorainicarearsquo)cov-ersthenorthernareaandcompriseslandscapeswithanim-matureriversystemthatdevelopedfollowingthelastdegla-ciation (c 24000ndash17000 cal yrs BP Boumlse 2005 LuumlthgensampBoumlse2011)Rivervalleysinthatbeltarecharacterisedbyfrequently alternating degradational (erosion) and aggra-dational (accumulation) river stretches by frequent shiftsindirectionbythecommonpresenceoflakebasins(partlywithin the valley floors) and by frequent areas with inte-riordrainageBycontrasttheriversystemoftheElsterian(cgt330kyrs)andSaalianbelts(cgt125kyrslsquooldmorainicareasrsquo)ismaturatedMajorriversintheregionaretheElbeandOderwhichdrainnortheastGermanyintotheNorthSeaandtheBalticSearespectivelyTheseriversarecharacter-
Chronology Phases of river valley genesis Phases of (lake-) basin genesis
(Marcinek amp broSe 1972) (nitz 1984)
Late Holocene Holocene phase influenced by man Colluvial phase(0-4 kyrs BP) (lsquoAnthropogen beeinflusste holozaumlne
Phasersquo) (lsquoKolluviumsphasersquo)
not strong human influence on the drainage
system by channels weirs hydro amelioration and agriculture
not man-induced filling up of smaller depressions by colluvial sediments (hillwash)
Mid-Holocene Natural Holocene phase Aggradation phase (4-8 kyrs BP) (lsquoNatuumlrlich holozaumlne Phasersquo) (lsquoVerlandungsphasersquo) not weak fluvial erosion and accumulation not filling up of lake basins by sedimentation of gyttja and peat Early HoloceneLateglacial
not reversals of flow direction not melting of stagnant ice formation of (lake) not partly formation of interior drainage basins not melting of stagnant ice lake formation not decay of permafrost not decay of permafrost Late Pleniglacial Fluvial periglacial phase Conservation phase (20-13 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioperiglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoKonservierungsphasersquo) not formation of a hierarchic river system on not conservation of stagnant ice by permafrost permafrost not sedimentation of periglacial lacustrine fluvial and aeolian deposits Late Pleniglacial Fluvioglacial Phase Ice-melting phase (gt20-14 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoNiedertauphasersquo) not initial ice-marginal drainage later ice- not inclusion burial of stagnant ice by sediments radial drainage not outwash plain formation Formation phase (lsquoAnlagephasersquo) not formation of depressions by ice exaration and glaciofluvial erosion
Tab 2 Conceptual models of late Quater-nary river valley and lake basin development in northeast Germany Adapted and modi-fied from Marcinek amp Brose (1972) and Nitz (1984)
Tab 2 Konzeptionelle Modelle der spaumltquar-taumlren Flusstal- und Seebeckenentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland (nach Marcinek amp Brose 1972 und Brose 1984 veraumlndert)
108 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
isedbypresent-daymeanannualdischarges in a rangeof500ndash700m3s-1SeveraltributariesexistthemostimportantaretheSaaleHavelMuldeSpreeandPeene(20ndash120m3s-1BMUNR2003)Amainlyeast-west-orientednetworkofca-nalsusedforinlandnavigationconnectstherivers
TheWeichselian belt is characterised by the occurrenceofnumerouslakesofdifferentsizeandofdifferentgenetichydrologicandecologictypeAccordingtoestimationsfromtheadjacentPolishyoungmorainicareaonlyone-thirdtohalf of the former lakes from the latePleistocene to earlyHolocenehaveremainedduetoaggradationcausedbynatu-ralandanthropogenicprocesses(Starkel2003)BycontrastonlyafewnaturallakesintheSaalianbeltoccurbutseveralartificial lakesoriginating fromriverdammingand ligniteopencastminingexistInnortheastGermanythetotalareaofnatural lakesamountstoc1300km2(Korczynskietal2005) In general the regionrsquos natural lakes largely repre-sentlsquohollowsrsquo located in thefirstunconfinedaquiferThusgroundwaterandlakehydrologyarecloselyconnected
inrivervalleysandlargebasinsintheFederalStatesofMeck-lenburg-Vorpommern (2930 km2) and BrandenburgBerlin(2220km2Fig2A)Smallerareasaredistributedinthelow-landpartsofSachsen-Anhalt(580km2)andSachsen(70km2)Groundwater-fedpeatlandsdominatewithc99versusonly1rain-fedpeatlands(CouwenbergampJoosten2001)
The present-day climate of the region (Hendl 1994) isclassifiedastemperatehumidwithmeanannualairtemper-aturesaround8ndash9degCandmeanannualprecipitationrang-ing from 773 mm a-1 (Hamburg) to 565 mm a-1 (Cottbus)Adistinctthermoclimaticgradientexistsfromnorthwesttosoutheastdividingtheregionintomaritimesub-maritimeandsub-continentalpartswithdecreasingprecipitation(Fig2B)Thedriest sitesare locatedat theSaale (HalleS)andOderRivers(FrankfurtO)withameanannualprecipitationofabout450mma-1
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
The main disciplines providing regional palaeohydrologicknowledge (Fig 1Tab1)aregeomorphologyQuaternarygeology palaeobotany and historical sciences The prin-
Fig 2 Distribution of large peatlands and large river floodplains (A) as well of thermoclimatic zones (B) in northeast Germany (after BGR 2007 IfL 2008 adapted)
Abb 2 Verbreitung groszliger Moorgebiete und groszliger Flussauen (A) sowie thermoklimatischer Zonen (B) in Nordostdeutschland (nach BGR 2007 IfL 2008 veraumlndert)
109EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Zone Facies area Example (river) Selected genetic properties Comparing conclusions(cross-zonal)
I periglacial valley bottoms in the German Uplands
Saale Mulde (middle reaches)
state of equilibrium between erosion and aggradation in the early Holocene
deposition of gravel during Atlantic frequently burying oak stems
late Holocene deposition of flood loams andor erosion
as most river valleys (facies zones) are only initially investigated comparing conclu-sions are partly of preliminary status
after the retreat of the Weichselian ice sheet an erosional phase took place (Lateglacial) affecting the large river valleys up to the uplands
erosion aggradation in northern valleys is mainly controlled by water-level changes in the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins whereas southern valleys are controlled by climatic and (in the late Holocene) by human impact
widespread deposition of organic sediments (peat gyttja) and soil formation characte-rises the Atlantic and Subboreal
areal deposition of human-induced flood loams is a characteristic of the late Holocene except in low-lying valleys of zone IVb
II valley bottoms in the loess belt
Elster Unstrut erosional phase in the early Holocene with subsequent deposition of gravel sand and topping overbank fines
mid-Holocene hiatus (soil formation) late Holocene deposition mainly of
flood loams IIIa valley bottoms in the old
morainic area between Weichselian maximum and loess belt
Spree Neiszlige (middle reaches)
similar depositional history as in zone II
IIIb valley bottoms in the young morainic area between Weichselian maximum and Pomeranian stage
Havel Dosse Spree (lower reaches)
frequent occurrence of fluvial connections of basins (river-lake-structures)
erosion aggradation depending from river bed changes of Elbe and Oder (zone IVa)
IVa valley bottoms of large transzonal rivers occupying several facies areas
Elbe Oder erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashlling (lower Oder) and early Holocene (Elbe)
early to mid-Holocene deposition of gravels and sands (Elbe) and mainly of peat (lower Oder)
late Holocene deposition of overbank fines
IVb valley bottoms of tributaries of the Baltic Sea north of the Weichselian Pomeranian stage
Peene Warnow erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashl-ling Preboreal and late Boreal
flattening of the river bed gradient by organic sedimentation in the AtlanticSubboreal caused by marine influence (Littorina transgression)
dominating deposition of peat and gyttja instead of overbank fines in the late Holocene
cipleresearchquestionsndashsomeofwhichhavebeenposedperiodicallyformorethan100years(egWoldstedt1956Marcinek1987Kaiser2002)ndashconcern(1)thestructureandformationofthenaturaldrainagesystem(2)itsanthropo-genicuseandhistoricreshapingand(3)the(palaeo-)eco-logicstatusandchangeMorespecificresearchquestionsinrelation to the single aquatic environments investigated ndashrivers lakes andpeatlandsndasharegiven inchapters 41 42and43
Corresponding todifferent thematicapproaches the re-searchconceptsusedcomefromdifferentdisciplinesBothgeosciences and palaeoecology use climatologic- and bio-stratigraphicconceptsandunitsTheyaredefinedfordivid-ingandexplainingstagesofdepositionreliefformationandbiotic changes respectively More specifically the generalmodelfortheregionallateQuaternaryreliefformationwithemphasisonfluvialgeomorphologyproposedbyMarcinekamp Brose (1972) and extended to incorporate the develop-mentoflakebasins(Nitz1984)hasbeenadaptedforuseinthisoverview(Tab2)Additionally theconceptualisedre-gionalfaciesareasofHoloceneriverdevelopmentbyBrose
ampPraumlger(1983)willbeoutlined(Tab3)Thesemodelsandschemesprovided the thematic framework formostof thelatergeomorphicandpalaeohydrologic researchHowevertheybaseonrelativelyfewlocalfieldstudiesonlyandgen-erallylacksufficientnumericagecontrol
Archaeologyasadisciplineofthehistoricscienceshasconcentrated on the settlement and human use of aquat-ic landscapes in pre-Medieval (ie lsquopre-Germanrsquo) timesthought to be a period with little human impact on theaquaticenvironment(egBleile2012)Historyandhistoricgeographyhavedealtwithstronghumanimpactonthere-gional drainage system since Medieval times (eg Schich1994Driescher2003Blackbourn2006)
Correspondingtothedisciplinesinvolvedtheresultspre-sentedarebaseduponabroadrangeofgeoscientific(includ-inggeochronology)biological(palaeoecology)andhistoricmethodsThebasicgeoscientificmethodsused include theanalysisofthousandsofsedimentaryprofilesfromcoringsaswellasopensectionsgeomorphicmappingoffluvialandlacustrinestructuressedimentologicanalysesandgeophys-ics Geochronology provides absolute chronologic control
Tab 3 Facies areas of Holocene river valley development in northeast Germany considering geographic location river valley dimension and valley history (Brose amp Praumlger 1983 adapted)
Tab 3 Faziesgebiete der holozaumlnen Flusstalentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland unter Beruumlcksichtigung der Lage der Flusstaldimension und der Talge-schichte (nach Brose amp Praumlger 1983 veraumlndert)
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
113EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
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BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
106 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
No Study area site Research field1 References
1 Lake Ploumlner See LB LL NT GA PL PE Sirocko et al 2002 Doumlrfler 20092 Lower Spree River FM PD PE Schulz amp Strahl 1997 Schulz 2000 SchoumlnfelDer amp Steinberg 2004 hilt
et al 20083 Leipzig-Halle area LB LL GA PL FM PE
GG HIhiller et al 1991 Mania et al 1993 Wolf et al 1994 Mol 1995 boumlttger et al 1998 fuhrMann 1999 tinapp et al 2000 2008 eiSSMann 2002 Wennrich et al 2005 czegka et al 2008
4 Lower Spree River lower Spreewald area and Dahme River
FM LB PE GG boumlttner 1999 JuSchuS 2002 2003
5 Darss peninsula Barthe River and Endinger Bruch basin
LB LL GA PL FM PT CE PE
kaiSer 2001 2004a De klerk 2002 kaiSer et al 2000 2006 2007 laMpe 2002 lane et al 2012
6 Elbe River N of Magdeburg FM HI roMMel 19987 Lower Havel River Elb-Havel-Winkel
9 Lake Muumlritz LL PL PE HI kaiSer 1998 kaiSer et al 2002 ruchhoumlft 2002 laMpe et al 200910 Lake Plauer See LL GA HI ruchhoumlft 2002 bleile et al 2006 bleile 2008 11 NossentinerSchwinzer Heide area LB LL PE PL FM HI SchMiDtchen et al 2003 lorenz 2003 rother 2003 Huumlbener amp Doumlrfler
2004 lorenz amp Schult 2004 kaiSer et al 2007 lorenz 2007 2008 lorenz et al 2010
12 Low-lying river valleys of Vorpommern (eg Recknitz Peene and Uecker River)
FM LB LL GW PE GG CE PT GA HI
kaiSer amp Janke 1998 helbig 1999 kaiSer et al 2000 2003 MichaeliS 2000 Schatz 2000 helbig amp De klerk 2002 Janke 2002 2004 De klerk 2004 kaiSer 2004b berg 2005 krienke et al 2006 MichaeliS amp JooSten 2010 Jantzen et al 2011 kuumlSter et al 2011
13 Upper Spreewald and Cottbus areas FM GA GG PE PT HI kuumlhner et al 1999 neubauer-Saurer 1999 rollanD amp arnolD 2002 Woithe 2003 poppSchoumltz amp Strahl 2004 branDe et al 2007
14 Headwaters of Havel River LB LL PE PL FM HI kaiSer amp ziMMerMann 1994 kuumlSter 2009 kuumlSter amp kaiSer 2010 kuumlSter et al 2012
15 Lower Elbe River at Lenzen FM HI GA SchWartz 1999 Schatz 201116 Lower Oder River Oderbruch area
Dobracka 1983 broSe 1994 1998 Schlaak et al 2003 boroacuteWka et al 2005 carlS 2005 DalchoW amp kieSel 2005 Schlaak 2005 lutze et al 2006 boumlrner 2007
17 Potsdam area Havel and Nuthe Rivers
LB GW PL FM PE GG PT HI
roWinSky 1995 WeiSSe et al 2001 WolterS 2002 2005 hickiSch 2004 hickiSch amp paumlzolt 2005 luumlDer et al 2006 kiriloVa et al 2009 enterS et al 2010
18 Biesenthal Basin upper Finow Stream
LB PE GG chrobok amp nitz 1987 1995 nitz et al 1995
19 Schlaube Stream PL LB PE SchoumlnfelDer et al 1999 broSe 2000 gieSecke 200020 Kersdorfer Rinne (tunnel valley) LB GG PE Schulz amp broSe 2000 Schulz amp Strahl 200121 Wische area (lower Elbe River) FM caSperS 200022 Lake Arendsee PL PE HI Scharf 1998 Scharf et al 200923 Lake Stechlinsee Upper Rhin River LB FM PL PE gaumlrtner 2007 branDe 2003 kaiSer et al 200724 Ruumlgen Island and adjacent coastal
and land areas LB GW NT GA PL PE GG PE GG CE PT
klieWe 1989 Strahl amp keDing 1996 helbig 1999 De klerk et al 2001 krienke 2003 VerSe 2003 hoffMann amp barnaSch 2005 hoffMann et al 2005 De klerk et al 2008a 2008b koSSler amp Strahl 2011
25 Weisser Schoumlps River (Reichwalde area)
FM PT GW GA PE frieDrich et al 2001 Van Der kroft et al 2002
26 Upper Spree River (NochtenScheibe area)
FM GG Mol 1997 Mol et al 2000 hiller et al 2004
27 Usedom Island LB NT PL PE GG CE helbig 1999 hoffMann et al 200528 Poel Island and adjacent coastal and
land areasCE NT PE GA CE laMpe et al 2005 2010
29 Jeetzel River FM PE GA turner 201230 Schorfheide area LB PE PT Schlaak 1997 StegMann 2005 Van Der linDen et al 2008
1LB = Lake-basin formation LL = Lake level GW = Groundwater level NT = Neotectonic GA = Geoarchaeology PL = Palaeolimnology FM = Fluvial geomorphology valley formation PD = Palaeodischarge PE = Palaeoecology GG = Glacial geomorphology geology CE = Coastal evolution PT = Peatland evolution HI = Human impact on inland waters
Tab 1 Study areas and sites with palaeohydrologic findings in northeast Germany (see Fig 1)
Tab 1 Arbeitsgebiete und -orte mit palaumlohydrologischen Befunden in Nordostdeutschland (siehe Abb 1)
107EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
2 Regional settings
TheregionnortheastGermanyispartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainwhichisboundedbythecoastsoftheNorthSeaandBalticSeatothenorthandtheGermanCentralUplandstothesouthThesurfacerelief(lt200masl)variesfromflattoundulatingSeveralQuaternaryglaciationsofScandinavianice sheets subsequent periglacial shaping and interglacialprocesseshaveformedthisareaAmultitudeof icetermi-nalzonesoftheSaalianandWeichselianglaciationstraversetheregionandreflecttheglaciationdeglaciation(Fig1)Thecomplexglacialandinterglacialprocessesproducedamosa-icofglacialfluviallacustrinecolluvialmarineandaeolianlandformsandsediments
TheWeichselianglacialbelt(lsquoyoungmorainicarearsquo)cov-ersthenorthernareaandcompriseslandscapeswithanim-matureriversystemthatdevelopedfollowingthelastdegla-ciation (c 24000ndash17000 cal yrs BP Boumlse 2005 LuumlthgensampBoumlse2011)Rivervalleysinthatbeltarecharacterisedbyfrequently alternating degradational (erosion) and aggra-dational (accumulation) river stretches by frequent shiftsindirectionbythecommonpresenceoflakebasins(partlywithin the valley floors) and by frequent areas with inte-riordrainageBycontrasttheriversystemoftheElsterian(cgt330kyrs)andSaalianbelts(cgt125kyrslsquooldmorainicareasrsquo)ismaturatedMajorriversintheregionaretheElbeandOderwhichdrainnortheastGermanyintotheNorthSeaandtheBalticSearespectivelyTheseriversarecharacter-
Chronology Phases of river valley genesis Phases of (lake-) basin genesis
(Marcinek amp broSe 1972) (nitz 1984)
Late Holocene Holocene phase influenced by man Colluvial phase(0-4 kyrs BP) (lsquoAnthropogen beeinflusste holozaumlne
Phasersquo) (lsquoKolluviumsphasersquo)
not strong human influence on the drainage
system by channels weirs hydro amelioration and agriculture
not man-induced filling up of smaller depressions by colluvial sediments (hillwash)
Mid-Holocene Natural Holocene phase Aggradation phase (4-8 kyrs BP) (lsquoNatuumlrlich holozaumlne Phasersquo) (lsquoVerlandungsphasersquo) not weak fluvial erosion and accumulation not filling up of lake basins by sedimentation of gyttja and peat Early HoloceneLateglacial
not reversals of flow direction not melting of stagnant ice formation of (lake) not partly formation of interior drainage basins not melting of stagnant ice lake formation not decay of permafrost not decay of permafrost Late Pleniglacial Fluvial periglacial phase Conservation phase (20-13 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioperiglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoKonservierungsphasersquo) not formation of a hierarchic river system on not conservation of stagnant ice by permafrost permafrost not sedimentation of periglacial lacustrine fluvial and aeolian deposits Late Pleniglacial Fluvioglacial Phase Ice-melting phase (gt20-14 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoNiedertauphasersquo) not initial ice-marginal drainage later ice- not inclusion burial of stagnant ice by sediments radial drainage not outwash plain formation Formation phase (lsquoAnlagephasersquo) not formation of depressions by ice exaration and glaciofluvial erosion
Tab 2 Conceptual models of late Quater-nary river valley and lake basin development in northeast Germany Adapted and modi-fied from Marcinek amp Brose (1972) and Nitz (1984)
Tab 2 Konzeptionelle Modelle der spaumltquar-taumlren Flusstal- und Seebeckenentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland (nach Marcinek amp Brose 1972 und Brose 1984 veraumlndert)
108 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
isedbypresent-daymeanannualdischarges in a rangeof500ndash700m3s-1SeveraltributariesexistthemostimportantaretheSaaleHavelMuldeSpreeandPeene(20ndash120m3s-1BMUNR2003)Amainlyeast-west-orientednetworkofca-nalsusedforinlandnavigationconnectstherivers
TheWeichselian belt is characterised by the occurrenceofnumerouslakesofdifferentsizeandofdifferentgenetichydrologicandecologictypeAccordingtoestimationsfromtheadjacentPolishyoungmorainicareaonlyone-thirdtohalf of the former lakes from the latePleistocene to earlyHolocenehaveremainedduetoaggradationcausedbynatu-ralandanthropogenicprocesses(Starkel2003)BycontrastonlyafewnaturallakesintheSaalianbeltoccurbutseveralartificial lakesoriginating fromriverdammingand ligniteopencastminingexistInnortheastGermanythetotalareaofnatural lakesamountstoc1300km2(Korczynskietal2005) In general the regionrsquos natural lakes largely repre-sentlsquohollowsrsquo located in thefirstunconfinedaquiferThusgroundwaterandlakehydrologyarecloselyconnected
inrivervalleysandlargebasinsintheFederalStatesofMeck-lenburg-Vorpommern (2930 km2) and BrandenburgBerlin(2220km2Fig2A)Smallerareasaredistributedinthelow-landpartsofSachsen-Anhalt(580km2)andSachsen(70km2)Groundwater-fedpeatlandsdominatewithc99versusonly1rain-fedpeatlands(CouwenbergampJoosten2001)
The present-day climate of the region (Hendl 1994) isclassifiedastemperatehumidwithmeanannualairtemper-aturesaround8ndash9degCandmeanannualprecipitationrang-ing from 773 mm a-1 (Hamburg) to 565 mm a-1 (Cottbus)Adistinctthermoclimaticgradientexistsfromnorthwesttosoutheastdividingtheregionintomaritimesub-maritimeandsub-continentalpartswithdecreasingprecipitation(Fig2B)Thedriest sitesare locatedat theSaale (HalleS)andOderRivers(FrankfurtO)withameanannualprecipitationofabout450mma-1
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
The main disciplines providing regional palaeohydrologicknowledge (Fig 1Tab1)aregeomorphologyQuaternarygeology palaeobotany and historical sciences The prin-
Fig 2 Distribution of large peatlands and large river floodplains (A) as well of thermoclimatic zones (B) in northeast Germany (after BGR 2007 IfL 2008 adapted)
Abb 2 Verbreitung groszliger Moorgebiete und groszliger Flussauen (A) sowie thermoklimatischer Zonen (B) in Nordostdeutschland (nach BGR 2007 IfL 2008 veraumlndert)
109EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Zone Facies area Example (river) Selected genetic properties Comparing conclusions(cross-zonal)
I periglacial valley bottoms in the German Uplands
Saale Mulde (middle reaches)
state of equilibrium between erosion and aggradation in the early Holocene
deposition of gravel during Atlantic frequently burying oak stems
late Holocene deposition of flood loams andor erosion
as most river valleys (facies zones) are only initially investigated comparing conclu-sions are partly of preliminary status
after the retreat of the Weichselian ice sheet an erosional phase took place (Lateglacial) affecting the large river valleys up to the uplands
erosion aggradation in northern valleys is mainly controlled by water-level changes in the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins whereas southern valleys are controlled by climatic and (in the late Holocene) by human impact
widespread deposition of organic sediments (peat gyttja) and soil formation characte-rises the Atlantic and Subboreal
areal deposition of human-induced flood loams is a characteristic of the late Holocene except in low-lying valleys of zone IVb
II valley bottoms in the loess belt
Elster Unstrut erosional phase in the early Holocene with subsequent deposition of gravel sand and topping overbank fines
mid-Holocene hiatus (soil formation) late Holocene deposition mainly of
flood loams IIIa valley bottoms in the old
morainic area between Weichselian maximum and loess belt
Spree Neiszlige (middle reaches)
similar depositional history as in zone II
IIIb valley bottoms in the young morainic area between Weichselian maximum and Pomeranian stage
Havel Dosse Spree (lower reaches)
frequent occurrence of fluvial connections of basins (river-lake-structures)
erosion aggradation depending from river bed changes of Elbe and Oder (zone IVa)
IVa valley bottoms of large transzonal rivers occupying several facies areas
Elbe Oder erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashlling (lower Oder) and early Holocene (Elbe)
early to mid-Holocene deposition of gravels and sands (Elbe) and mainly of peat (lower Oder)
late Holocene deposition of overbank fines
IVb valley bottoms of tributaries of the Baltic Sea north of the Weichselian Pomeranian stage
Peene Warnow erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashl-ling Preboreal and late Boreal
flattening of the river bed gradient by organic sedimentation in the AtlanticSubboreal caused by marine influence (Littorina transgression)
dominating deposition of peat and gyttja instead of overbank fines in the late Holocene
cipleresearchquestionsndashsomeofwhichhavebeenposedperiodicallyformorethan100years(egWoldstedt1956Marcinek1987Kaiser2002)ndashconcern(1)thestructureandformationofthenaturaldrainagesystem(2)itsanthropo-genicuseandhistoricreshapingand(3)the(palaeo-)eco-logicstatusandchangeMorespecificresearchquestionsinrelation to the single aquatic environments investigated ndashrivers lakes andpeatlandsndasharegiven inchapters 41 42and43
Corresponding todifferent thematicapproaches the re-searchconceptsusedcomefromdifferentdisciplinesBothgeosciences and palaeoecology use climatologic- and bio-stratigraphicconceptsandunitsTheyaredefinedfordivid-ingandexplainingstagesofdepositionreliefformationandbiotic changes respectively More specifically the generalmodelfortheregionallateQuaternaryreliefformationwithemphasisonfluvialgeomorphologyproposedbyMarcinekamp Brose (1972) and extended to incorporate the develop-mentoflakebasins(Nitz1984)hasbeenadaptedforuseinthisoverview(Tab2)Additionally theconceptualisedre-gionalfaciesareasofHoloceneriverdevelopmentbyBrose
ampPraumlger(1983)willbeoutlined(Tab3)Thesemodelsandschemesprovided the thematic framework formostof thelatergeomorphicandpalaeohydrologic researchHowevertheybaseonrelativelyfewlocalfieldstudiesonlyandgen-erallylacksufficientnumericagecontrol
Archaeologyasadisciplineofthehistoricscienceshasconcentrated on the settlement and human use of aquat-ic landscapes in pre-Medieval (ie lsquopre-Germanrsquo) timesthought to be a period with little human impact on theaquaticenvironment(egBleile2012)Historyandhistoricgeographyhavedealtwithstronghumanimpactonthere-gional drainage system since Medieval times (eg Schich1994Driescher2003Blackbourn2006)
Correspondingtothedisciplinesinvolvedtheresultspre-sentedarebaseduponabroadrangeofgeoscientific(includ-inggeochronology)biological(palaeoecology)andhistoricmethodsThebasicgeoscientificmethodsused include theanalysisofthousandsofsedimentaryprofilesfromcoringsaswellasopensectionsgeomorphicmappingoffluvialandlacustrinestructuressedimentologicanalysesandgeophys-ics Geochronology provides absolute chronologic control
Tab 3 Facies areas of Holocene river valley development in northeast Germany considering geographic location river valley dimension and valley history (Brose amp Praumlger 1983 adapted)
Tab 3 Faziesgebiete der holozaumlnen Flusstalentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland unter Beruumlcksichtigung der Lage der Flusstaldimension und der Talge-schichte (nach Brose amp Praumlger 1983 veraumlndert)
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
113EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
107EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
2 Regional settings
TheregionnortheastGermanyispartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainwhichisboundedbythecoastsoftheNorthSeaandBalticSeatothenorthandtheGermanCentralUplandstothesouthThesurfacerelief(lt200masl)variesfromflattoundulatingSeveralQuaternaryglaciationsofScandinavianice sheets subsequent periglacial shaping and interglacialprocesseshaveformedthisareaAmultitudeof icetermi-nalzonesoftheSaalianandWeichselianglaciationstraversetheregionandreflecttheglaciationdeglaciation(Fig1)Thecomplexglacialandinterglacialprocessesproducedamosa-icofglacialfluviallacustrinecolluvialmarineandaeolianlandformsandsediments
TheWeichselianglacialbelt(lsquoyoungmorainicarearsquo)cov-ersthenorthernareaandcompriseslandscapeswithanim-matureriversystemthatdevelopedfollowingthelastdegla-ciation (c 24000ndash17000 cal yrs BP Boumlse 2005 LuumlthgensampBoumlse2011)Rivervalleysinthatbeltarecharacterisedbyfrequently alternating degradational (erosion) and aggra-dational (accumulation) river stretches by frequent shiftsindirectionbythecommonpresenceoflakebasins(partlywithin the valley floors) and by frequent areas with inte-riordrainageBycontrasttheriversystemoftheElsterian(cgt330kyrs)andSaalianbelts(cgt125kyrslsquooldmorainicareasrsquo)ismaturatedMajorriversintheregionaretheElbeandOderwhichdrainnortheastGermanyintotheNorthSeaandtheBalticSearespectivelyTheseriversarecharacter-
Chronology Phases of river valley genesis Phases of (lake-) basin genesis
(Marcinek amp broSe 1972) (nitz 1984)
Late Holocene Holocene phase influenced by man Colluvial phase(0-4 kyrs BP) (lsquoAnthropogen beeinflusste holozaumlne
Phasersquo) (lsquoKolluviumsphasersquo)
not strong human influence on the drainage
system by channels weirs hydro amelioration and agriculture
not man-induced filling up of smaller depressions by colluvial sediments (hillwash)
Mid-Holocene Natural Holocene phase Aggradation phase (4-8 kyrs BP) (lsquoNatuumlrlich holozaumlne Phasersquo) (lsquoVerlandungsphasersquo) not weak fluvial erosion and accumulation not filling up of lake basins by sedimentation of gyttja and peat Early HoloceneLateglacial
not reversals of flow direction not melting of stagnant ice formation of (lake) not partly formation of interior drainage basins not melting of stagnant ice lake formation not decay of permafrost not decay of permafrost Late Pleniglacial Fluvial periglacial phase Conservation phase (20-13 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioperiglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoKonservierungsphasersquo) not formation of a hierarchic river system on not conservation of stagnant ice by permafrost permafrost not sedimentation of periglacial lacustrine fluvial and aeolian deposits Late Pleniglacial Fluvioglacial Phase Ice-melting phase (gt20-14 kyrs BP) (lsquoFluvioglaziaumlre Phasersquo) (lsquoNiedertauphasersquo) not initial ice-marginal drainage later ice- not inclusion burial of stagnant ice by sediments radial drainage not outwash plain formation Formation phase (lsquoAnlagephasersquo) not formation of depressions by ice exaration and glaciofluvial erosion
Tab 2 Conceptual models of late Quater-nary river valley and lake basin development in northeast Germany Adapted and modi-fied from Marcinek amp Brose (1972) and Nitz (1984)
Tab 2 Konzeptionelle Modelle der spaumltquar-taumlren Flusstal- und Seebeckenentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland (nach Marcinek amp Brose 1972 und Brose 1984 veraumlndert)
108 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
isedbypresent-daymeanannualdischarges in a rangeof500ndash700m3s-1SeveraltributariesexistthemostimportantaretheSaaleHavelMuldeSpreeandPeene(20ndash120m3s-1BMUNR2003)Amainlyeast-west-orientednetworkofca-nalsusedforinlandnavigationconnectstherivers
TheWeichselian belt is characterised by the occurrenceofnumerouslakesofdifferentsizeandofdifferentgenetichydrologicandecologictypeAccordingtoestimationsfromtheadjacentPolishyoungmorainicareaonlyone-thirdtohalf of the former lakes from the latePleistocene to earlyHolocenehaveremainedduetoaggradationcausedbynatu-ralandanthropogenicprocesses(Starkel2003)BycontrastonlyafewnaturallakesintheSaalianbeltoccurbutseveralartificial lakesoriginating fromriverdammingand ligniteopencastminingexistInnortheastGermanythetotalareaofnatural lakesamountstoc1300km2(Korczynskietal2005) In general the regionrsquos natural lakes largely repre-sentlsquohollowsrsquo located in thefirstunconfinedaquiferThusgroundwaterandlakehydrologyarecloselyconnected
inrivervalleysandlargebasinsintheFederalStatesofMeck-lenburg-Vorpommern (2930 km2) and BrandenburgBerlin(2220km2Fig2A)Smallerareasaredistributedinthelow-landpartsofSachsen-Anhalt(580km2)andSachsen(70km2)Groundwater-fedpeatlandsdominatewithc99versusonly1rain-fedpeatlands(CouwenbergampJoosten2001)
The present-day climate of the region (Hendl 1994) isclassifiedastemperatehumidwithmeanannualairtemper-aturesaround8ndash9degCandmeanannualprecipitationrang-ing from 773 mm a-1 (Hamburg) to 565 mm a-1 (Cottbus)Adistinctthermoclimaticgradientexistsfromnorthwesttosoutheastdividingtheregionintomaritimesub-maritimeandsub-continentalpartswithdecreasingprecipitation(Fig2B)Thedriest sitesare locatedat theSaale (HalleS)andOderRivers(FrankfurtO)withameanannualprecipitationofabout450mma-1
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
The main disciplines providing regional palaeohydrologicknowledge (Fig 1Tab1)aregeomorphologyQuaternarygeology palaeobotany and historical sciences The prin-
Fig 2 Distribution of large peatlands and large river floodplains (A) as well of thermoclimatic zones (B) in northeast Germany (after BGR 2007 IfL 2008 adapted)
Abb 2 Verbreitung groszliger Moorgebiete und groszliger Flussauen (A) sowie thermoklimatischer Zonen (B) in Nordostdeutschland (nach BGR 2007 IfL 2008 veraumlndert)
109EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Zone Facies area Example (river) Selected genetic properties Comparing conclusions(cross-zonal)
I periglacial valley bottoms in the German Uplands
Saale Mulde (middle reaches)
state of equilibrium between erosion and aggradation in the early Holocene
deposition of gravel during Atlantic frequently burying oak stems
late Holocene deposition of flood loams andor erosion
as most river valleys (facies zones) are only initially investigated comparing conclu-sions are partly of preliminary status
after the retreat of the Weichselian ice sheet an erosional phase took place (Lateglacial) affecting the large river valleys up to the uplands
erosion aggradation in northern valleys is mainly controlled by water-level changes in the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins whereas southern valleys are controlled by climatic and (in the late Holocene) by human impact
widespread deposition of organic sediments (peat gyttja) and soil formation characte-rises the Atlantic and Subboreal
areal deposition of human-induced flood loams is a characteristic of the late Holocene except in low-lying valleys of zone IVb
II valley bottoms in the loess belt
Elster Unstrut erosional phase in the early Holocene with subsequent deposition of gravel sand and topping overbank fines
mid-Holocene hiatus (soil formation) late Holocene deposition mainly of
flood loams IIIa valley bottoms in the old
morainic area between Weichselian maximum and loess belt
Spree Neiszlige (middle reaches)
similar depositional history as in zone II
IIIb valley bottoms in the young morainic area between Weichselian maximum and Pomeranian stage
Havel Dosse Spree (lower reaches)
frequent occurrence of fluvial connections of basins (river-lake-structures)
erosion aggradation depending from river bed changes of Elbe and Oder (zone IVa)
IVa valley bottoms of large transzonal rivers occupying several facies areas
Elbe Oder erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashlling (lower Oder) and early Holocene (Elbe)
early to mid-Holocene deposition of gravels and sands (Elbe) and mainly of peat (lower Oder)
late Holocene deposition of overbank fines
IVb valley bottoms of tributaries of the Baltic Sea north of the Weichselian Pomeranian stage
Peene Warnow erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashl-ling Preboreal and late Boreal
flattening of the river bed gradient by organic sedimentation in the AtlanticSubboreal caused by marine influence (Littorina transgression)
dominating deposition of peat and gyttja instead of overbank fines in the late Holocene
cipleresearchquestionsndashsomeofwhichhavebeenposedperiodicallyformorethan100years(egWoldstedt1956Marcinek1987Kaiser2002)ndashconcern(1)thestructureandformationofthenaturaldrainagesystem(2)itsanthropo-genicuseandhistoricreshapingand(3)the(palaeo-)eco-logicstatusandchangeMorespecificresearchquestionsinrelation to the single aquatic environments investigated ndashrivers lakes andpeatlandsndasharegiven inchapters 41 42and43
Corresponding todifferent thematicapproaches the re-searchconceptsusedcomefromdifferentdisciplinesBothgeosciences and palaeoecology use climatologic- and bio-stratigraphicconceptsandunitsTheyaredefinedfordivid-ingandexplainingstagesofdepositionreliefformationandbiotic changes respectively More specifically the generalmodelfortheregionallateQuaternaryreliefformationwithemphasisonfluvialgeomorphologyproposedbyMarcinekamp Brose (1972) and extended to incorporate the develop-mentoflakebasins(Nitz1984)hasbeenadaptedforuseinthisoverview(Tab2)Additionally theconceptualisedre-gionalfaciesareasofHoloceneriverdevelopmentbyBrose
ampPraumlger(1983)willbeoutlined(Tab3)Thesemodelsandschemesprovided the thematic framework formostof thelatergeomorphicandpalaeohydrologic researchHowevertheybaseonrelativelyfewlocalfieldstudiesonlyandgen-erallylacksufficientnumericagecontrol
Archaeologyasadisciplineofthehistoricscienceshasconcentrated on the settlement and human use of aquat-ic landscapes in pre-Medieval (ie lsquopre-Germanrsquo) timesthought to be a period with little human impact on theaquaticenvironment(egBleile2012)Historyandhistoricgeographyhavedealtwithstronghumanimpactonthere-gional drainage system since Medieval times (eg Schich1994Driescher2003Blackbourn2006)
Correspondingtothedisciplinesinvolvedtheresultspre-sentedarebaseduponabroadrangeofgeoscientific(includ-inggeochronology)biological(palaeoecology)andhistoricmethodsThebasicgeoscientificmethodsused include theanalysisofthousandsofsedimentaryprofilesfromcoringsaswellasopensectionsgeomorphicmappingoffluvialandlacustrinestructuressedimentologicanalysesandgeophys-ics Geochronology provides absolute chronologic control
Tab 3 Facies areas of Holocene river valley development in northeast Germany considering geographic location river valley dimension and valley history (Brose amp Praumlger 1983 adapted)
Tab 3 Faziesgebiete der holozaumlnen Flusstalentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland unter Beruumlcksichtigung der Lage der Flusstaldimension und der Talge-schichte (nach Brose amp Praumlger 1983 veraumlndert)
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
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anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
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forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
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erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
108 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
isedbypresent-daymeanannualdischarges in a rangeof500ndash700m3s-1SeveraltributariesexistthemostimportantaretheSaaleHavelMuldeSpreeandPeene(20ndash120m3s-1BMUNR2003)Amainlyeast-west-orientednetworkofca-nalsusedforinlandnavigationconnectstherivers
TheWeichselian belt is characterised by the occurrenceofnumerouslakesofdifferentsizeandofdifferentgenetichydrologicandecologictypeAccordingtoestimationsfromtheadjacentPolishyoungmorainicareaonlyone-thirdtohalf of the former lakes from the latePleistocene to earlyHolocenehaveremainedduetoaggradationcausedbynatu-ralandanthropogenicprocesses(Starkel2003)BycontrastonlyafewnaturallakesintheSaalianbeltoccurbutseveralartificial lakesoriginating fromriverdammingand ligniteopencastminingexistInnortheastGermanythetotalareaofnatural lakesamountstoc1300km2(Korczynskietal2005) In general the regionrsquos natural lakes largely repre-sentlsquohollowsrsquo located in thefirstunconfinedaquiferThusgroundwaterandlakehydrologyarecloselyconnected
inrivervalleysandlargebasinsintheFederalStatesofMeck-lenburg-Vorpommern (2930 km2) and BrandenburgBerlin(2220km2Fig2A)Smallerareasaredistributedinthelow-landpartsofSachsen-Anhalt(580km2)andSachsen(70km2)Groundwater-fedpeatlandsdominatewithc99versusonly1rain-fedpeatlands(CouwenbergampJoosten2001)
The present-day climate of the region (Hendl 1994) isclassifiedastemperatehumidwithmeanannualairtemper-aturesaround8ndash9degCandmeanannualprecipitationrang-ing from 773 mm a-1 (Hamburg) to 565 mm a-1 (Cottbus)Adistinctthermoclimaticgradientexistsfromnorthwesttosoutheastdividingtheregionintomaritimesub-maritimeandsub-continentalpartswithdecreasingprecipitation(Fig2B)Thedriest sitesare locatedat theSaale (HalleS)andOderRivers(FrankfurtO)withameanannualprecipitationofabout450mma-1
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
The main disciplines providing regional palaeohydrologicknowledge (Fig 1Tab1)aregeomorphologyQuaternarygeology palaeobotany and historical sciences The prin-
Fig 2 Distribution of large peatlands and large river floodplains (A) as well of thermoclimatic zones (B) in northeast Germany (after BGR 2007 IfL 2008 adapted)
Abb 2 Verbreitung groszliger Moorgebiete und groszliger Flussauen (A) sowie thermoklimatischer Zonen (B) in Nordostdeutschland (nach BGR 2007 IfL 2008 veraumlndert)
109EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Zone Facies area Example (river) Selected genetic properties Comparing conclusions(cross-zonal)
I periglacial valley bottoms in the German Uplands
Saale Mulde (middle reaches)
state of equilibrium between erosion and aggradation in the early Holocene
deposition of gravel during Atlantic frequently burying oak stems
late Holocene deposition of flood loams andor erosion
as most river valleys (facies zones) are only initially investigated comparing conclu-sions are partly of preliminary status
after the retreat of the Weichselian ice sheet an erosional phase took place (Lateglacial) affecting the large river valleys up to the uplands
erosion aggradation in northern valleys is mainly controlled by water-level changes in the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins whereas southern valleys are controlled by climatic and (in the late Holocene) by human impact
widespread deposition of organic sediments (peat gyttja) and soil formation characte-rises the Atlantic and Subboreal
areal deposition of human-induced flood loams is a characteristic of the late Holocene except in low-lying valleys of zone IVb
II valley bottoms in the loess belt
Elster Unstrut erosional phase in the early Holocene with subsequent deposition of gravel sand and topping overbank fines
mid-Holocene hiatus (soil formation) late Holocene deposition mainly of
flood loams IIIa valley bottoms in the old
morainic area between Weichselian maximum and loess belt
Spree Neiszlige (middle reaches)
similar depositional history as in zone II
IIIb valley bottoms in the young morainic area between Weichselian maximum and Pomeranian stage
Havel Dosse Spree (lower reaches)
frequent occurrence of fluvial connections of basins (river-lake-structures)
erosion aggradation depending from river bed changes of Elbe and Oder (zone IVa)
IVa valley bottoms of large transzonal rivers occupying several facies areas
Elbe Oder erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashlling (lower Oder) and early Holocene (Elbe)
early to mid-Holocene deposition of gravels and sands (Elbe) and mainly of peat (lower Oder)
late Holocene deposition of overbank fines
IVb valley bottoms of tributaries of the Baltic Sea north of the Weichselian Pomeranian stage
Peene Warnow erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashl-ling Preboreal and late Boreal
flattening of the river bed gradient by organic sedimentation in the AtlanticSubboreal caused by marine influence (Littorina transgression)
dominating deposition of peat and gyttja instead of overbank fines in the late Holocene
cipleresearchquestionsndashsomeofwhichhavebeenposedperiodicallyformorethan100years(egWoldstedt1956Marcinek1987Kaiser2002)ndashconcern(1)thestructureandformationofthenaturaldrainagesystem(2)itsanthropo-genicuseandhistoricreshapingand(3)the(palaeo-)eco-logicstatusandchangeMorespecificresearchquestionsinrelation to the single aquatic environments investigated ndashrivers lakes andpeatlandsndasharegiven inchapters 41 42and43
Corresponding todifferent thematicapproaches the re-searchconceptsusedcomefromdifferentdisciplinesBothgeosciences and palaeoecology use climatologic- and bio-stratigraphicconceptsandunitsTheyaredefinedfordivid-ingandexplainingstagesofdepositionreliefformationandbiotic changes respectively More specifically the generalmodelfortheregionallateQuaternaryreliefformationwithemphasisonfluvialgeomorphologyproposedbyMarcinekamp Brose (1972) and extended to incorporate the develop-mentoflakebasins(Nitz1984)hasbeenadaptedforuseinthisoverview(Tab2)Additionally theconceptualisedre-gionalfaciesareasofHoloceneriverdevelopmentbyBrose
ampPraumlger(1983)willbeoutlined(Tab3)Thesemodelsandschemesprovided the thematic framework formostof thelatergeomorphicandpalaeohydrologic researchHowevertheybaseonrelativelyfewlocalfieldstudiesonlyandgen-erallylacksufficientnumericagecontrol
Archaeologyasadisciplineofthehistoricscienceshasconcentrated on the settlement and human use of aquat-ic landscapes in pre-Medieval (ie lsquopre-Germanrsquo) timesthought to be a period with little human impact on theaquaticenvironment(egBleile2012)Historyandhistoricgeographyhavedealtwithstronghumanimpactonthere-gional drainage system since Medieval times (eg Schich1994Driescher2003Blackbourn2006)
Correspondingtothedisciplinesinvolvedtheresultspre-sentedarebaseduponabroadrangeofgeoscientific(includ-inggeochronology)biological(palaeoecology)andhistoricmethodsThebasicgeoscientificmethodsused include theanalysisofthousandsofsedimentaryprofilesfromcoringsaswellasopensectionsgeomorphicmappingoffluvialandlacustrinestructuressedimentologicanalysesandgeophys-ics Geochronology provides absolute chronologic control
Tab 3 Facies areas of Holocene river valley development in northeast Germany considering geographic location river valley dimension and valley history (Brose amp Praumlger 1983 adapted)
Tab 3 Faziesgebiete der holozaumlnen Flusstalentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland unter Beruumlcksichtigung der Lage der Flusstaldimension und der Talge-schichte (nach Brose amp Praumlger 1983 veraumlndert)
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
113EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
109EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Zone Facies area Example (river) Selected genetic properties Comparing conclusions(cross-zonal)
I periglacial valley bottoms in the German Uplands
Saale Mulde (middle reaches)
state of equilibrium between erosion and aggradation in the early Holocene
deposition of gravel during Atlantic frequently burying oak stems
late Holocene deposition of flood loams andor erosion
as most river valleys (facies zones) are only initially investigated comparing conclu-sions are partly of preliminary status
after the retreat of the Weichselian ice sheet an erosional phase took place (Lateglacial) affecting the large river valleys up to the uplands
erosion aggradation in northern valleys is mainly controlled by water-level changes in the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins whereas southern valleys are controlled by climatic and (in the late Holocene) by human impact
widespread deposition of organic sediments (peat gyttja) and soil formation characte-rises the Atlantic and Subboreal
areal deposition of human-induced flood loams is a characteristic of the late Holocene except in low-lying valleys of zone IVb
II valley bottoms in the loess belt
Elster Unstrut erosional phase in the early Holocene with subsequent deposition of gravel sand and topping overbank fines
mid-Holocene hiatus (soil formation) late Holocene deposition mainly of
flood loams IIIa valley bottoms in the old
morainic area between Weichselian maximum and loess belt
Spree Neiszlige (middle reaches)
similar depositional history as in zone II
IIIb valley bottoms in the young morainic area between Weichselian maximum and Pomeranian stage
Havel Dosse Spree (lower reaches)
frequent occurrence of fluvial connections of basins (river-lake-structures)
erosion aggradation depending from river bed changes of Elbe and Oder (zone IVa)
IVa valley bottoms of large transzonal rivers occupying several facies areas
Elbe Oder erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashlling (lower Oder) and early Holocene (Elbe)
early to mid-Holocene deposition of gravels and sands (Elbe) and mainly of peat (lower Oder)
late Holocene deposition of overbank fines
IVb valley bottoms of tributaries of the Baltic Sea north of the Weichselian Pomeranian stage
Peene Warnow erosional phases during (Pre-)Boslashl-ling Preboreal and late Boreal
flattening of the river bed gradient by organic sedimentation in the AtlanticSubboreal caused by marine influence (Littorina transgression)
dominating deposition of peat and gyttja instead of overbank fines in the late Holocene
cipleresearchquestionsndashsomeofwhichhavebeenposedperiodicallyformorethan100years(egWoldstedt1956Marcinek1987Kaiser2002)ndashconcern(1)thestructureandformationofthenaturaldrainagesystem(2)itsanthropo-genicuseandhistoricreshapingand(3)the(palaeo-)eco-logicstatusandchangeMorespecificresearchquestionsinrelation to the single aquatic environments investigated ndashrivers lakes andpeatlandsndasharegiven inchapters 41 42and43
Corresponding todifferent thematicapproaches the re-searchconceptsusedcomefromdifferentdisciplinesBothgeosciences and palaeoecology use climatologic- and bio-stratigraphicconceptsandunitsTheyaredefinedfordivid-ingandexplainingstagesofdepositionreliefformationandbiotic changes respectively More specifically the generalmodelfortheregionallateQuaternaryreliefformationwithemphasisonfluvialgeomorphologyproposedbyMarcinekamp Brose (1972) and extended to incorporate the develop-mentoflakebasins(Nitz1984)hasbeenadaptedforuseinthisoverview(Tab2)Additionally theconceptualisedre-gionalfaciesareasofHoloceneriverdevelopmentbyBrose
ampPraumlger(1983)willbeoutlined(Tab3)Thesemodelsandschemesprovided the thematic framework formostof thelatergeomorphicandpalaeohydrologic researchHowevertheybaseonrelativelyfewlocalfieldstudiesonlyandgen-erallylacksufficientnumericagecontrol
Archaeologyasadisciplineofthehistoricscienceshasconcentrated on the settlement and human use of aquat-ic landscapes in pre-Medieval (ie lsquopre-Germanrsquo) timesthought to be a period with little human impact on theaquaticenvironment(egBleile2012)Historyandhistoricgeographyhavedealtwithstronghumanimpactonthere-gional drainage system since Medieval times (eg Schich1994Driescher2003Blackbourn2006)
Correspondingtothedisciplinesinvolvedtheresultspre-sentedarebaseduponabroadrangeofgeoscientific(includ-inggeochronology)biological(palaeoecology)andhistoricmethodsThebasicgeoscientificmethodsused include theanalysisofthousandsofsedimentaryprofilesfromcoringsaswellasopensectionsgeomorphicmappingoffluvialandlacustrinestructuressedimentologicanalysesandgeophys-ics Geochronology provides absolute chronologic control
Tab 3 Facies areas of Holocene river valley development in northeast Germany considering geographic location river valley dimension and valley history (Brose amp Praumlger 1983 adapted)
Tab 3 Faziesgebiete der holozaumlnen Flusstalentwicklung in Nordostdeutschland unter Beruumlcksichtigung der Lage der Flusstaldimension und der Talge-schichte (nach Brose amp Praumlger 1983 veraumlndert)
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
113EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
110 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
comprisingradiocarbondatingandataprogressiveratelu-minescencedating(mostlyOSL)Normallythechronologyinthisoverviewisbasedoncalibratedradiocarbonages(calyrsBP)Butdependingonthecontextsomeotherchrono-logicsystemswerealsoused(egyrsBCyrsAD14CyrsBPvarveyrsBP)Themostimportantbiologicalmethodappliedispollenanalysisprovidingbothstratigraphic(thustoacer-taindegreeevenchronologic)informationandpalaeoecolog-icdata(egonvegetationstructuregroundwatersituationhumanimpact)Regionalknowledgeofthehistoricsciencesismainlybasedonarchaeologicalexcavationsincludingfindmatteranalysisandinterpretationofhistoricpublicrecords(documents) andmapsThe latter arenot available earlierthanthe16thcenturyAD
ingpalaeoecologicclimaticandhydraulicdataThefollow-ingoverviewonriverandvalleydevelopmentconcentrateson the aspects (1) river valley formation and depositionalchanges(2)changesintherivercoursesandchannelsand(3)palaeodischargeandpalaeofloods
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
Thebackboneoftheregionalrivernetworkhasbeenasys-temofglacial spillways (ice-marginalvalleys)Thesespill-waysworkedassoutheast-northwestorienteddrainagefol-lowingtheretreatoftheWeichselianicesheetexceptforthesouthernmostspillwayswhichoriginatedfromthepreviousSaalianglaciationThevalleyswereoperatingfromc26000to17000calyrsBPpartlyinitiatedbytheglacierblockingofnorthwards ie to theNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsflowingrivers(MarcinekampSeifert1995)Thegeneralsub-glacialandsubaerialdrainageoftheicesheettothesouthledtoconnectionsofthesespillwaysvialower-scalevalleysAfterglaciersdecayunblockingoftheterrainoftenhasiniti-atedflowreversals(egKaiseretal2007Lorenz2008)Inparallelseveralshort-livedice-dammed(proglacial)lakesofdifferentdimensiondevelopedsomeofthemofvastextent(seechapter4212)
Fig 3 Changes in the floodplain level of the lower Oder River A General development during the late Pleis-tocene and Holocene (after Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 adapted) B Detailed development during the late Holocene (after Brose 1994 adapted)
Abb 3 Veraumlnderungen des Auen-niveaus der unteren Oder A Ge-nerelle Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltpleistozaumlns und Holozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 Boumlrner 2007 veraumlndert) B Detaillierte Entwicklung waumlhrend des Spaumltholozaumlns (nach Brose 1994 veraumlndert)
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
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anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
111EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
leysrsquo(glacialchannels)containingriversandstreamsaswellaslakesandpeatlandsAdditionallyburiedtunnelvalleysofsimilardimensionoccurbothintheyoungandoldmorainicarea (Eissmann2002)Thevalleysweremainly erodedbymeltwatersupposedtohavedrainedfromsubglacial lakesTheir water was most likely released in repeated outburstfloods(so-calledlsquojoumlkulhlaupsrsquo)andflowedinrelativelysmallchannels on the floors of the tunnel valleys (Piotrowski1997JoslashrgensenampSandersen2006)
KnowledgeonlateQuaternaryriverdevelopmentisveryirregularly available in the region (Fig 1Tab 1) The re-gionrsquosmainrivertheElbehasbeenrecentlyonlymargin-allyinthe(geo-)historicfocus(egRommel1998Caspers2000Thieke2002Turner2012)infurthercontrasttooth-erlargecentralEuropeanriverssuchasVistulaandRhine(Schirmeretal2005Starkeletal2006)
Acharacteristicoflow-lyingvalleysinthenorthernpartofthestudyareacomprisingthelowersectionsoftheElbeandOderRiversaswellastheVorpommernrivers(egUeck-erPeeneTrebelRecknitzFig1)isthehydraulicdepend-encyofvalleybottomprocessesfromwater-levelchangesintheNorthSeaandBalticSeabasinsandfromisostaticmove-mentsIngeneralariseinthewaterlevelintheseabasinscausesalowerhydraulicriverbedgradientwhereasawaterlevelfallleadstotheoppositeThisstronglyinfluencessev-eralprocessesintheriveranditsfloodplain(egtransportfloodingsedimentationerosionvegetation)TheOderRiverandsomeVorpommernriverswereextensivelyinvestigatedinthisrespectIntheLateglacialandearlyHolocenemarkedvalleybottomchangeswerecausedbylake-levelchangesofice-dammedlakesintheBalticSeabasin(Fig3)Themid-tolateHolocenesea-levelrise(Lampe2005Behre2007Lampeet al 2010) triggered a large-scale formation of peatlands(mostlyofpercolationmires) temporallyeven thedrown-ing of lower valley sections (eg Brose 1994 Janke 2002Boumlrner2007MichaelisampJoosten2010)Thusincontrasttorivervalleysofthehigher-lyingglaciallandscapeandtheGerman Uplands which are mainly filled by minerogenicdeposits (gravels sandsflood loams)peatwidelyfills thepresentvalleys(Fig4)
Most regional studies have noticed that Holocene riverbottomdevelopmentuptothelateAtlanticearlySubbore-al is exclusively controlledby climatic and (natural-) geo-morphicaswellasbioticprocessessuchasfluvialerosionaggradation and beaver damming By contrast Neolithicandsubsequenteconomiesregionallystartinginthesouthc 7300 calyrsBP (Tinapp et al 2008) and in thenorth c6100calyrsBP(Latałowa1992)considerablychangedthevegetationstructurewaterbudgetandgeomorphicprocess-es of the catchments Erosional processes following forestclearing and accompanying agricultural use increased thesuspendedloadofriverscausingdepositionoffloodloams(overbankfineslsquoAuelehmrsquoinGerman)duringfloodeventsAccordinglyalargernumberoffloodloamsdatefromthelateAtlantic(egHilleretal1991Mundel1996Caspers2000)MoreoverthereisamultitudeoffloodloamrecordsdatingfromtheSubborealandSubatlantic(egFuhrmann1999Boumlrner2007Brandeetal2007Kaiseretal2007Tinappetal2008)
As shown by palaeo-flood indicators human-inducedchangesinthecatchmenthydrologyledtoanincreaseinthe
Ingeneralriverscanchangetheircoursebyleavingtheiroldvalleyorbyformationofanewchannelwithintheirhith-ertoexistingvalleyRiverscanbeforcedtoleaveoldvalleysthrough tectonics retrograde erosion or glacier dammingTheaccordanttimescalemostlyisafewtohundredsthou-sands of years (in phase with climatic evolution) Smallerchanges in thechannelpattern (lsquofluvial stylersquo) lead tonewriverbedswithinexistingvalleyswhicharepredominantlyinitiatedbyclimate-drivenchangesofdrainage(frequencymagnitude)erosionandbedloadThisspansatimescaleoftens tohundredsofyears (inphasewithclimaticchangesVandenberghe1995b)
OftheregionalriversonlytheElbehasbeeninvestigatedforchangesinitscourseIntheTertiarytomid-Pleistocenelarge-scalerivercoursechanges(lateralriverbeddeviationofmaxc150km)occurredduetotectonicprocessesandtoriverdammingtriggeredbyglaciationsItwasnotuntiltheendoftheSaalianthatitspresentcoursewassubstantiallyformed (egThieke 2002) Small-scale river course chang-es(maxc25km)occurredintheElbe-HavelRiverregion(lsquoElb-Havel-WinkelrsquoinGerman)stillinhistorictimes(early18th centuryAD)when the river causedby strongfloodswasfollowingoldercoursesinthedeeperlyingHavelRiv-ervalley (Schmidt2000) Finally evidence for riverchan-nelchanges(maxc5km)isavailablefortheriversectionbetween Magdeburg and Wittenberge showing that thepresent-daysinglechannelriverwasaHoloceneanastomo-sing system in this sectionup to themid-18th centuryAD(Rommel1998Caspers2000)
Afewrecordsareavailableonchannelpatternchangesintheregion(Fig5)Themeanpresent-dayannualdischargeofaccordantrivershowevervariesextremely(03to550m3s-1)Sixtypesofchannelpatternswereidentified(braidingmeanderingwithlargeandsmallmeandersanastomosingV-shapevalleysstraightcourseandinundationvalleymireformation) The type formed depends on several hydrau-licparameters (bedgradient loadflowvelocitydischargevolumeandtemporaldistributionMiall1996) InthelatePleniglacial and early Lateglacial all rivers investigatedwerebraidedsystemscausedbyhighloadandstronglyepi-sodicdischargeafterheavysnowmeltingunderperiglacialconditions(egMol1997)AnincisionphasetookplaceintheearlyLateglacialwhentheregionalerosionbaseintheBalticSeaandNorthSeabasinswasloworwhenthelocalerosionbasewas loweredbydead-icemeltingThe (early)Lateglacial is characterised by the formation of so-calledlargemeanderswhichareattributedtoshort-termhighdis-charges following extreme snow melting (Vandenberghe1995a)FortheSpreeRiveradistinctradiusdownsizingofsequencedmeandergenerationswaspostulated (largeme-anders900ndash1000msmallmeanders600ndash900mrecentme-
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
113EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
112 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Fig 4 Model of the geomorphic development of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern (after Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 adapted) a schematic geologic cross-section through a river valley is depicted The term lsquoW3rsquo used for phases 1ndash3 refers to the late Pleniglacial inland-ice advance of the Mecklenburgian Phase (Weichselian3W3)rsquo which is approximately dated by radiocarbon data from the Pomeranian Bay southern Baltic Sea (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Abb 4 Modell der geologisch-geomorphologischen Entwicklung tiefliegender Flusstaumller in Vorpommern (nach Kaiser 2001 Janke 2002 veraumlndert) Dar-gestellt ist ein schematischer geologischer Schnitt durch ein Flusstal Der Begriff bdquoW3ldquo genutzt fuumlr die Talentwicklungsphasen 1ndash3 bezieht sich auf den spaumltpleniglazialen Inlandeisvorstoszlig der Mecklenburger Phase (Weichsel3W3) Dieser Eisvorstoszlig ist naumlherungsweise durch Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus der Pommerschen Buchtsuumldliche Ostsee datiert (Goumlrsdorf amp Kaiser 2001)
Fine colluvial sedimentsFluviolacustrine sandand silt silikate gyttja
Peat
Glacier icedead ice
Till
Calcareousgyttja
Older sediments Coarse glaciofluvial and colluvialsediments
Glaciofluvial and-lacustrine sediments
River Strong erosionand incision
Discharge directionNW
1
gt18000 cal yrs BP
1st phase = glacio spillway (pre-W3)fluvial
RiverStrong erosionund solifluctionDischarge dir NW
Terrace formationErosion of till
3rd phase = glaciofluvial spillway (post-W3)
3
17000-16500 cal yrs BP
River
Strong incision
Discharge dir NE(up to present)
4th phase = Lateglacial incision
4
16000-15000 cal yrs BP
Lake River
Increasingwater levels
Deposition of fluvialand lacustr deposits
Dead-ice meltingand lake formation
5
13500-11500 cal yrs BP
5th phase = Lateglacial aggradation
Lake RiverIncision and later ondeposition of fluvialsands
Dep of calcareousgyttjas in lakes
6
11500-9200 cal yrs BP
6th phase = early Holocene incision
Oxbowlake River
Valley bottomrise by peatdeposition
Frequent changesof the river coursefloods formationof oxbow lakes
113EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
113EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
anders150ndash300mSchulz2000)whichgenerallyindicatesdecreasing (seasonal) discharge volumes Beginning in thelate mid-Holocene but strengthened in the late Holocenesome low-lying river sectionswere temporarily inundatedand were generally transformed into peatlands (eg lowerOderRiverandsomeVorpommernrivers)
Inthe lastc800yearshumanimpacthasconsiderablychanged both the floodplain structures and courses of re-gional rivers by deforestation artificial river-bed remov-ingandstrengtheningaswellasdykingsettlementandin-frastructure construction (eg Schich1994Schmidt2000Driescher 2003) For example a dense network of canalsfor inlandnavigationhasbeenbuilt beginning in the16thcenturyADandculminatinginthelate19thtoearly20thcen-turyAD(Uhlemann1994Eckoldt1998)inadditiontotheconstructionofinnumerabledrainageditches
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
For the lowerOder River a coupled climatic-hydrolog-icmodelestimatedMADsfor theearlyandmid-Holocenesimilar to thoseof today (Wardet al 2007Tab 4)ThesemodellingresultscoincidewithlocalpalaeohydrologicdatafromtheProsnaRiver(atributaryoftheOderviatheWartainPolandRotnicki1991)whichshowthatdischargesthereintheearlyandmid-Holocenewerebroadlysimilartothoseintheperiod1750ndash2000AD
FortheSpreeRiverlateHolocenepalaeomeanderswereinvestigated (Hilt et al 2008) Reconstructions show nar-rower and shallower channels for the undisturbed lowerSpreeascomparedtorecentconditionswhicharestronglyinfluenced by mining drainage water input (Gruumlnewald2008)Flowvelocitiesanddischargeatbankfullstage(Tab4)were smaller in palaeochannels and flow variability washigherFurthermoretheincreaseinbankfulldischargewasattributedtodeforestationanddrainageofthecatchmentaswellaschannelisationbankprotectionandriverregulationmeasures
Fig 5 Late Pleistocene and Holocene channel pattern changes in river valleys in northeast Germany (after various authors adapted) Note missing data or questionable records are indicated by question marks
Abb 5 Spaumltpleistozaumlne und holo-zaumlne Veraumlnderungen der Gerinne-bettmuster in Flusstaumllern Nordost-deutschlands (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Fehlende Daten oder fragliche Befunde sind mit Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
114 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
forthetimesteps650AD1310ADandtodaywhichshowsa maximum discharge value for the late Medieval periodThiswascausedbythelowestamountofforestedareas(thusrelativelylowamountsofevapotranspirationandintercep-tion)duringthelateHolocene(Tab5)
Dataonpalaeofloodcharacteristicsintheregionarepri-marilyavailable for theElbe (Braacutezdil et al 1999Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)Oder(Glaser2001Mudelseeetal2003)andSpreeRivers(RollandampArnold2002)Spo-radichistorical records start in the11th centuryADwhilemorecontinuousrecordsarenotavailableuntilthe16thcen-tury AD As an example for the Elbe River Mudelsee etal(2003)detectedsignificantlong-termchangesinfloodoc-currenceratesfromthe16thtothe19thcenturyADAfirstmaximuminthefloodingratewasreachedinthemid-16thcenturyADAtthistimeriversincentralandsouthwestEu-ropeexperiencedasimilarincreaseinfloodswhichhasbeenattributedtohigherprecipitation(Braacutezdiletal1999)Lat-eronwinterfloodsreachedanabsolutemaximum(around1850AD)andthenfinallydecreasedMudelseeetal(2003)concludedbymeansof statistical correlations for theElbeandOderRiversthatreductionsinriverlengthconstructionofreservoirsanddeforestationhavehadonlyminoreffectsonfloodfrequencyFurthermoretheyarrivedattheconclu-sion that there isnoevidence frombothhistoricdataandmoderngaugingforarecentupwardtrendinthefloodoc-currencerate(inthiscontextseePetrowampMerz2009)Thisrepresentsanimportantregionalfindingwithrespecttothecurrentdebateonregionalhydrologicchanges initiatedbyglobalclimatechangeemphasisingtheimportanceoftem-porallylonghydrologicdataseries
Thelakebasinsinthenorthernpartoftheregion(Meck-lenburg-Vorpommern) were formerly classified by size aslsquolargeglaciolacustrinebasinsrsquo(formerproglaciallakesgt100km2)lsquomedium-sizedlakesrsquo(003ndash100km2)andlsquokettleholesrsquo(lt003 km2Kaiser 2001Terberger et al 2004)Althoughdesigned for a specific area this classification by size canalso be applied for the whole morainic area additionallytakingintoaccountsomelocalcharacteristicsRegionalre-searchonlakegenesisperformedsofarmainlyconcentratedon(1) lakebasindevelopment(egdead-icedynamicsanddepositionalchanges)andon(2)palaeohydrology(lake-levelandlake-areachanges)Bothaspectswillbepresentedinthefollowing
421 Lake basin development4211 Dead-ice dynamics
Most of the medium- and small-sized lake basins in theWeichselian glacial belt originated frommelting of buriedstagnanticeusuallycalledlsquodeadicersquo(egNitzetal1995Boumlse1995Juschus2003Niewiarowski2003Kaiser2004aLorenz2007Błaszkiewicz20102011)Thistermreferstothetemporarylocalconservationincorporationoficeinde-pressions andor in sedimentary sequences either comingfromthefreezingofpre-existingwaterbodies(egshallowlakes)beforebeingoverriddenbyglacier iceorasadirectremnantfromtheglacierGlacially-andmeltwater-driven
River Elbe Oder Spree
Gauging site Neu Darchau (upstream of Hamburg)
Gozdowice (downstream of FrankfurtOder)
Neubruumlck (downstream of Cottbus)
Recent discharge (m3 s-1)
720 (100 )1 527 (100 )1 52 (100 )2
Gauging period 1900-1995 1901-1986 present
Approach used proxy record of palaeodischarge using a δ18O-salinity-discharge relationship
coupled climatic-hydrologic model proxy record of bankfull palaeo-dis-charge using hydraulic properties of palaeomeanders
Palaeodischarge (m3 s-1)
1300 AD 800 (111 )1
1400 AD 900 (125 )1
1500 AD 700 (97 )1
1600 AD 500 (69 )1
1700 AD 1000 (139 )1
1800 AD 900 (125 )1
1900 AD 500 (69 )1
Max c 1580 AD 1375 (191 )1
Min c 1260 AD 100 (14 )1
early Holocene (9000-8650 cal yrs BP) 522 (99 )1
mid-Holocene (6200-5850 cal yrs BP) 538 (102 )1
late Subboreal-early Subatlantic (3200-2500 cal yrs BP) 8 (15 )2
Reference Scheurle et al (2005) WarD et al (2007) hilt et al (2008)
1mean annual discharge2bankfull discharge
Tab 4 Holocene palaeodischarge estimations for Elbe Oder and Spree Rivers after Scheurle et al (2005) Ward et al (2007) and Hilt et al (2008) respectively
Tab 4 Abschaumltzungen der holozaumlnen Palaumloabfluumlsse fuumlr die Elbe (Scheurle et al 2005) die Oder (Ward et al 2007) und die Spree (Hilt et al 2008)
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
115EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
erosive processes produced variously formed depressions(wide basins channels kettle holes) which were filled bydeadiceduringtheglacierrsquosdecayAfterthemeltingoftheseicelsquoplombsrsquo water-filled basins of varying size could ap-peardependingonthelocalhydrologicsituationBetweendead-ice formationburialanddead-icemelting thousandsofyearsoccasionallytensofthousandsofyearspassedbyIncontrasttherarepresent-daynaturallakesintheSaalianbeltowetheirexistencemainlytolocalendogenicprocessestriggeredbythedynamicsofZechsteinsaltdepositsinthedeepunderground
Dead-ice dynamics can be sedimentologically detectedeitherbydislocationofsedimentlayersorbyunusualsuc-cessionofcertainsedimentsIntheregionthefirstwasre-peatedlydemonstratedbytherecordofheavilytiltedpeatsandgyttjas (egKopczynska-Lamparskaetal1984Nitzetal 1995StrahlampKeding1996Kaiser2001)The lat-ter isnormally attributed to theoccurrenceof basal peatsbelowgyttjaspartlybelowapresent-daywaterbodyofsev-eral decametres thickness (egKaiser 2001Błaszkiewicz20102011)
Subsequenttothemeltingofdeadiceinthebasinsandvalleys swampsmires and lakes began to occupy the de-pressionsForpartsofthestudyareaoverviewsonthison-set of lacustrine sedimentation inmedium-sized lakes andkettleholesareavailable(Kaiser20012004bBrande2003deKlerk2008)AccordingtoKaiser(2001)inabout90ofthelakebasinscompiledforMecklenburg-VorpommernandnorthernBrandenburg(totalprofilenumberanalysed=99)theprocessofsedimentationbeganintheLateglacial38aloneintheAlleroslashd(Fig6)
In general basin-forming dead-ice melting processesoccurred from the Pleniglacial up to the early Holocene
with a concentration in the Alleroslashd Final dead-ice melt-ing was assumed or reported for the Preboreal (eg Boumlse1995Niewiarowski2003Błaszkiewicz20102011)Overa thirdof theprofiles analysed for Figure 6 includebasalpeatsmainlyfromtheAlleroslashdwhichendedregularlyinasecondarypositionduetosettlingastheresultofdead-icemelting
4212 Depositional changes
ThedepositionoffinesilicateclasticgyttjasischaracteristicforthecoldLateglacialstagesPeatsandgyttjadepositsrichincarbonatesandorganicmattermainlyoriginatefromtherelativelywarmAlleroslashdThedominantminerogenousinputduring theLateglacial is causedby a very thinvegetationcoverandanunstableoverallrelief(ablationdeflationgul-lyerosiondead-icemeltingbraiding)BesidesbasalpeatsfromtheAlleroslashdhigher-lyingpeatsofthesameageburiedbylacustrineandfluvialsandsoccurTheyindicateasignifi-cantintensificationoflacustrineandfluvialdepositiondur-ing the subsequentYoungerDryaswhichhasbeen recog-nisedthroughoutnortheastGermanytriggeredbyrenewedcold-climateconditions(egHelbigampdeKlerk2002Kai-ser2004bdeKlerk2008)Althoughtheincreaseinfluvialand erosional dynamics during the Pleistocene-Holocenetransitionconstitutesamoregeneral trend throughout theregion on an individual basis some sedimentary recordsshowthatchangesoccurredrapidlyandwereoftentriggeredbylocalreliefinstabilitiesandsmallscalecatastrophicdrain-ageevents(egKaiser2004a)
Sedimentation of organic and calcareous gyttja as wellaspeatgenerallycharacterisestheHoloceneThisismainlydue to a reduction in clastic input following a dense veg-
Mean annual precipitation 5951 100 5951 100 595 100
Total runoff 40 7 140 24 120 20
Surface runoff lt1 0 10 2 3 lt1
Subterraneous runoff 2 lt1 5 1 4 lt1
Mean evapotranspiration and interception 555 93 455 76 475 80
1assumed as today
Tab 5 Estimation of the water balance for the northern part of northeast Germany considering the Vorpommern and Uckermark areas (after Bork et al 1998 adapted)
Tab 5 Abschaumltzung der Wasserbilanz fuumlr den noumlrdlichen Teil von Nordostdeutschland (Vorpommern und Uckermark nach Bork et al 1998 veraumlndert)
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
116 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
etationcoverandareducedgeomorphicactivityInparallelthelakebioproductionincreasedDepositionofgyttjasandtoalesserdegreeoffluvio-deltaicsequencesfilledshallowlacustrinebasinsThecommonoccurrenceoffluvio-deltaicsequencescalled(palaeo-)fan-deltasorGilbert-typedeltas(Postma1990) indead-icedepressions represents aprevi-ously undescribed geomorphic feature in the WeichselianglacialbeltofnortheastGermany(Kaiseretal2007)whichcorrespondstofan-deltasdescribedfromnorthwestPoland(Błaszkiewicz2010)
Peataccumulationcausing(natural)aggradationoflakesbecame a widespread regional phenomenon during themid- to lateHoloceneCommencing in the Subboreal andincreasingly during the Subatlantic human impact led tonoticeableeffectsonthelakedevelopmentIncreasesinla-custrinesedimentationratesandclasticmatterinfluxessincec 1250ADare evidence of erosion following forest clear-ingandsystematic landuse includinganthropogenic lake-levelchangesandlakedrainages(egBrande2003Lorenz2007Seligetal 2007Entersetal 2010) In the late19thcentury AD but enormously strengthened in the mid-20thcenturyhumaninducedeutrophicationbynutrientloadingthroughagriculture industrysewagereleaseandsoilero-sion became a major threat to regional lakes (eg Scharf1998Mathesetal2003Luumlderetal2006)Thiseutrophica-tionpartlyinconjunctionwithhuman-andclimate-drivenhydrologicprocesses(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)causedbothdepositionalandhydrographicchanges(increasingdepositionratesformationofanoxicsedimentspartlyshrinkageoflakesbyaggradation)
Theformervastice-dammed(proglacial)lakesattheBal-ticSeacoastunderwentincomparisontothemedium-andsmall-sizedinlandlakesdescribedaboveadifferentdevel-opment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene (Fig 1)These late Pleniglacial lakes received water both from themeltinginland-iceinthenorthandthestagnant(non-bur-
ied)iceintheimmediatelakesurroundingsaswellasfromtheice-freeareainthesouthThelargestlakesreconstructedarethelsquoHaffstauseersquo(c1200km2Janke2002Boroacutewkaetal2005)inthevicinityofSzczecinandthelsquoRostockerHeide-Altdarss-BartherHeide-Beckenrsquo(gt700km2Kaiser2001) inthevicinityofRostockDuringdeglaciationaround17000cal yrs BP up to 25 m-thick glaciolacustrine sediments(clayssiltssands)wereaccumulatedLocal littoralgyttjasandaeoliansandsdatedtotheLateglacialhavebeenfoundindicating the end of the large-lake phase still within thePleniglacialduetothedecayofthebasinmarginsconsistingof ice (Kaiser2001)For theAlleroslashdandtheearlyYoung-erDryassoilspeats littoralgyttjasandFinalPalaeolithicarchaeologicalsitesindicatewidelydryconditionsinthesebasins inwhichonly local lakesandpondsexisted InthelateYoungerDryas over large areas thebasin sandswerere-depositedbywindTheHoloceneontheonehandister-restrialorlocallyalsolacustrinefluvialandboggyinform(egBogenetal2003Terbergeretal2004Boroacutewkaetal2005Kaiseretal2006Boumlrneretal2011)Ontheotherhandthelowerpartsoftheglaciolacustrinebasinscameun-dermarineinfluencetherebybecomingintegratedintotheBalticSeaorthecoastallagoons(Lampe2005Boroacutewkaetal2005Lampeetal2010)
422 Palaeohydrology 4221 Lake-level changes
Ingeneral lake-level recordsofferan importantpalaeohy-drologic proxy as they can document past changes in thelocaltoregionalwaterbudgetinrelationtoclimaticoscil-lations Lake levels are influenced by climatic parametersaffectingboth evaporationandprecipitationBut they canalsobeinfluencedbyavarietyoflocalnon-climaticfactorssuchas localdammingof theoutflowbygeomorphicpro-cessesandvegetationanimals(beaver)andmanorbyland-
Fig 6 Onset of lacustrine sedimentation (left) and peat formation (right) in lake basins of northeast Germany (areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and northern Brandenburg after Kaiser 2001 adapted)
Abb 6 Beginn der limnischen Sedimentation (links) und der Torfbildung (rechts) in Seebecken in Nordostdeutschland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und noumlrdliches Brandenburg nach Kaiser 2001 veraumlndert)
Start of peat formationStart of sedimentation
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
Num
ber
of la
custr
ine s
equences
D1
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
L a t e
P l e i s t o -
c e n e
H o l o c e n e
BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
Chronozones
Palynozones
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
D1 BOslash D2 AL
Ia Ib Ic II
D3 PB BO AT1 AT2 SB SA1SA2 SA3
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb
Medium-sized lake basins 03-100 km2
Small-sized lake basins km2
(kettle holes) lt03
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 60= 33
Nlakes
Nkettle holes
= 57= 36
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
117EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
coverchangesinthecatchmentareainfluencingrunoffandgroundwater recharge (egGaillard amp Digerfeldt 1990Digerfeldt 1998 Duck et al 1998 Harrison et al 1998Magny2004)
Long-term (lsquocontinuousrsquo) records on the regional lake-level dynamics are available almost exclusively for theyoung morainic area north of Berlin These records havebeensynthesisedandareshowninFigure7Somefurtherlake-levelrecordsthatexistfortheregionhaveseveralcon-straints(egcoarseresolutioncomparativeonlytemporallyveryfragmentedverysynthetictentativeegBrande1996Boumlttgeretal1998vanderKroftetal2002Wennrichetal2005)
The records shown in Figure 7 spandifferent time seg-ments(iechronozones)overthelast15000yearsTheman-nerofreconstructingpast lakelevelsvariedintheinvesti-gations(egusingsubaquaticpeatslacustrineterracesandbeachridges subaquaticwood remainsandarchaeologicalsites historic documents) so the levels are based on datawithdifferentprecisionTheoriginalrecordsarereferencedtoabsolutetopographiclevels(masl)whereasthesynop-ticpresentationinFigure7usesthe(relative)deviationfrom
the recent lake level for better comparisonGenerally therecordsavailablehavearelativelylowresolutioncompris-ingoftenonlyonedatapointperchronozoneThusthelake-levelcurvesactuallyrepresentlinksofdiscretedatapointsnotcontinuousrecordsConsequentlyfarmore(short-term)lake-level fluctuations can be expected than suggested bythesecurvesDespitetheseconstraintshoweversomegen-eral trendscanbederived
InthePleniglacialandinpartsoftheLateglacialalllakesinvestigatedhaddistinctlyhigherlevelsthanatpresentThiswas initiallycausedbydeglaciationprocessesoccurringathigherterrainlevelsandlateroncausedbyseveralgeomor-phic processes specific to the Pleistocene-Holocene transi-tion such as dead-ice melting phased initiation of fluvialrunoffandpermafrostdynamicsAfteradistinctloweringintheearlyHolocenelake-levelsinoneportionoflakesre-mainedbelowpresentlevelsuntilthelateHoloceneaccom-paniedbyfluctuationsAnotherportionoflakesshowstem-porallyhigherHolocene lake levels than at presentCom-montoalllakeshoweverarethesuddenandlargechangesinlevelsinitiallypositivelateronnegativethatoccurredinthelateHoloceneafterc1250AD
Open drained lakes
Muumlritz (Muumlr)Krakower See (Kra)Ploumlner See (Plouml)Endinger Bruch (End)Latzigsee (Lat)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 111 0
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-3
2
3
4
-4
-5
Devia
tion
from
recentla
ke
gro
undw
ate
rle
vel(m
)
12131415
Age ( )cal kyrs BP
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0126
Age ( )14
C kyrs BP
Closed not drained lakes
Krummer See (Kru)Drewitzer See (Dre)
Groundwater
Rhinluch (Rhi)
D1 D2
AL D3MEPL PB BO AT SASB
Chronozone
Muumlr Kra
Kru
End
Plouml
Dre
Lat
Rhi
BOslash
Fig 7 Reconstruction of late Quaternary lake levels from northeast Germany (Lake Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Lake Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Lake Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Lake Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Lake Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Lake Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Additionally the reconstruction of the groundwater level in the Rhinluch peatland is shown (Gramsch 2002) All curves are adapted
Abb 7 Rekonstruktion spaumltquartaumlrer Seespiegel in Nordostdeutschland (Muumlritz Kaiser et al 2002 Lampe et al 2009 Endinger Bruch Kaiser 2004a Latzigsee Kaiser et al 2003 Kaiser 2004b Krakower See Lorenz 2007 Groszliger Ploumlner See Doumlrfler 2009 Krummer See Kuumlster 2009) Ergaumlnzend wird die Rekonstruktion des Grundwasserspiegels fuumlr das Rhinluch abgebildet (Gramsch 2002) Alle Kurven sind veraumlndert
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
118 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
fully forested landscape as well as final dead-ice meltingandintensificationoferosivefluvialprocessesInthattimealllakespresentedreachedtheirHoloceneminimumpartlylying5ndash7mbelowthepresentlakelevel(egLorenz2007)Inthemid-Holocenewarm-wetAtlanticperiodthelakesini-tially rosedespite the fact that forestshad theirHolocenemaximumextentandvigour(Lang1994)potentiallylead-ingtohighevapotranspirationratesinthelakecatchmentsThisisincontrasttonorthPolishfindingswherepredomi-nantlylowlakelevelsduringtheAtlantichavebeendetect-ed(Starkel2003)AfterthedecreasesinlevelsduringthelateAtlanticandSubborealsomepartlystrongundulationstookplaceintheSubatlantic(egKaiseretal2002Lampeetal2009)Thelastc800yearssawalmostidenticaldynam-icswithincreasesinlakelevelsinthe13thndash14thcenturyAD(partlyuptothe17thndash18thcenturyAD)anddecreasesinthe
Fig 8 Reconstruction of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake contours from northeast Germany A Lake Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Lake Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Lake Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009) All subfigures are adapted
Abb 8 Rekonstruktion spaumltpleistozaumlner und holozaumlner Seeflaumlchen in Nordostdeutschland A Krakower See (Lorenz 2007) B Muumlritz (Kaiser et al 2002) C Arendsee (Scharf et al 2009)
Present islandPre-Alleroslashd
Preboreal
Town
Preboreal
Late Atlantic late Subatlantic
Present lake
Around 1786 AD
After 1300 AD
5 km
Waren
Krakow aS
A B
C
Lake Muumlritz ( et al 2002)KAISER
River channel stream
Lake Krakower See ( 2007)LORENZ
River stream
Lake Arendsee ( et al 2009)SCHARF Littoral Present
2 km
Roumlbel
Present K
TownA
TownW
Arendsee
c 2500 BC after 822 AD after 1685 ADbefore 822 ADc 5000 BCc 11000 BC
Profundal 2 km
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
119EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
18thndash19thcenturyADThesechangesareprimarilycausedbymanwhobecameamajorfactorinlakehydrologyduetothe constructionofmill andfishweirsdrainage improve-ment canal construction and forest clearing (eg Jeschke1990Schich1994Kaiser1996Borketal1998Driescher2003Lorenz2007KuumlsterampKaiser2010)
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
ThelateQuaternarylake-levelchangescausedtosomeex-tentdrasticchanges in the lake topography (volume areacontour)Howeveronlyafewarealcalculationsandtopo-graphic (map) reconstructions exists for the region so farshowingthatthelakeareasandcontoursvariedsubstantial-ly(Fig8)ForexampleLakeMuumlritzwithacurrentareaof117km2(100)variedfromaminimumareaofc74km2(63)inthePreborealtoamaximumareaofc188km2(161)inthebeginningofthe14thcenturyAD(Kaiseretal2002)
43 Peatlands
AnalogouslytoriversandlakespeatlandscanalsoactaslateQuaternarypalaeohydrologicarchivesprimarily indicatinggroundwaterdynamics(egChambers1996)Knowledgeontheir contribution function stratigraphyanddevelopmentinnortheastGermanyiswell-developedwithanincreasingnumber of studies and publications in the last c 20 years(SuccowampJoosten2001)Thefollowingoverviewoffers(1)apresentationofgeneralisedphasesofregionalpeatlandfor-mationandinformationonlong-termgroundwaterdynam-ics (2) the identification of genetic relationships betweenriverslakesandpeatlandsand(3)anoutlineoftheimpactofhistoricmillstowageonpeatlandsandlakes
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-level changes4311 General development
A statistical analysis of 168 palynostratigraphically in-vestigatedprofilesfrompeatlandsinnortheastGermanyre-vealsdistinctperiodsof specifichydrogeneticmire forma-tion(Couwenbergetal2001Fig9)Withamaximumageofc1240014CyrsBP(c14600calyrsBP)swampmiresaretheoldestpeat-formingsystemsintheregionThefirstlakemiresdevelopedstillintheLateglacialatc1150014CyrsBP(c13400calyrsBP)whereasfirstkettle-holeandpercola-tionmiresdidnotdevelopuntiltheearlyHoloceneThefirstrain-fedmiredevelopmentstartedasrecentlyasinthemid-Holoceneatc7500 14CyrsBP (c8300calyrsBP)PartlythistemporalsequencereflectsastratigraphicsuccessionofdifferentmiretypesatthesamelocationThecomparativelylateincreaseandonsetofpercolationmireandrain-fedmireformationcould reflect themid- to lateHolocene increaseof regional humidity Furthermore there is a conspicuous
peaking for the formationof somemire types inFigure9partly followed by a rapid decline Between c 1000ndash500yrsBP swampmires showamaximum formationperiodwhichwasattributedtostronganthropogenicdeforestation(egBrande1986Jeschke1990Borketal1998Wolters2005)Thedecliningnumberofkettle-holepercolationandrain-fedmiresinthelast1000to2000yrsontheotherhandreflectsdirecthumanimpactintheformofhydro-meliora-tionmeasuresandpeatcuttingThiscausedthecessationofpeatformationandthedisappearanceofolderpeatlayers
Incontrasttothenumerouspollendiagramsfrompeat-landsandaccordantestimationsofthelocalrelativeground-waterdynamicsonly twocurvesofabsolutegroundwaterlevelsexistsofarfornortheastGermanyFortheReichwal-deligniteopencastmine(Niederlausitzarea)ashort-termcurvecoverstheLateglacialBoslashllingtoAlleroslashdchronozonesieatotalofc1400yearsshowingthedevelopmentfromarelativelystablelowtoaninstablehighgroundwaterlevel(vanderKroftetal2002)TheHolocenegroundwaterdy-namicsderivedfromthec11500years-longsyntheticRhin-luchpeatland record (westofBerlin) reveal a low level attheendoftheearlyHoloceneanincreasinglevelaccompa-niedbyfluctuationsduringthemid-Holoceneandamaxi-mumlevelinthelateSubatlantic(Gramsch2002Fig7)Amarkeddecreaseofthegroundwaterlevelofc3moccurredin the very late Subatlantic (18th-19th century AD) whichwascausedbylocalhydro-meliorationmeasures(egZeitz2001)
Thelargestpeatlandsintheregionarelocatedinformerice marginal spillways of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-VorpommernBesidelocal lakemiresandwidely-stretched(but typically small) floodplain mires accompanying theabundantriversvastswamp(paludification)miresoccur
The Havellaumlndisches Luch (c 300 km2) and Rhinluch (c230 km2) peatlands for instance form wide elongated de-pressions which were formed by glaciofluvial and glacialerosionalprocessesduringtheWeichselianglaciationandby(glacio-)fluvialprocessesduringdeglaciationandafterwards(Weisse 2003) After a Pleniglacial fluvio-lacustrine phaseleading to the deposition of vast amounts of sands (lsquoBeck-ensandrsquoinGerman)anumberofsmallshallowlakesdevel-oped followingdead-icemelting in theLateglacialDuringthe early Holocene most lakes aggraded by both sedimen-taryinfillandgroundwaterlowering(Fig7) forminglocallakemires(Succow2001a)Datedpalaeosolsinpeatfluvialand lacustrine sequences (8770plusmn 160 to 4170plusmn 150 cal yrsBPMundel1996Kaffke2002)formastratigraphichiatuswhichindicatesregionalgroundwaterloweringandreducedfluvialactivityinthemid-HolocenetotheearlyphaseofthelateHoloceneTheformervegetationoftheHavellaumlndischesLuchpeatlandwithdominatingsedgesandreedwaslargely
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
120 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
replacedbywetforestsconsistingofoaksandalders(Kloss1987a)Ingeneralalthoughlocalmiredevelopmentinnorth-eastGermanyvariesconsiderablymanypeatsequencesarecharacterisedbythismid-toearlylateHolocenestratigraph-ichiatus (egBrande1996Succow2001aWolters2002Janke2004Brandeetal2007) reflecting the regionaldryclimaticconditionsinthattimeLookingatthisfromawiderperspective thisnortheastGermanpeatland-palaeosol (andhiatus) is apparently comparable with the so-calledlsquoBlackFloodplainSoilrsquoapolygeneticburiedhumicsoilhorizon(Bo-real-Atlantic)foundinrivervalleysandbasinsofcentralandsouthernGermany(Rittweger2000)Betweenc3800calyrsBP(Mundel1996)andc2600calyrsBP(Kaffke2002)anincreaseingroundwateroccurredcausingregionalpaludifi-cationandlocallakelevelstoriseThevegetationshiftedbackfromwetforeststoreedsBasicallyinthattimevastswampmireswereformedtransgradingontoformerareaswithoutpeatsTwopossiblysuperimposingreasonshavebeeniden-tified for this namely a supra-regional late Holocene cli-maticshifttorelativelywet-coolconditions(Mundel1996seemoregeneralegZolitschkaetal2003)andaregion-aldamming-effectof the risingElbeRiverbedwhichwasdrivenbytheeustaticriseoftheNorthSea(Mundel1996KuumlsterampPoumltsch1998seemoregeneralegBehre2007)Thisdammingeffectwaslinkedtorelativelyhighaggrada-tionratesintheElbevalleyversuslowratesintheHavelval-
leyTheabundantlakebasinsintheHavelcourseserveevennowaseffectivetrapsforriverload(Weisse2003)ThusthedrainageoftheHavelanditstributarieswasimpededcaus-ingariseintheregionalgroundwaterNolaterthanthemid-18th toearly19thcenturyADregionalpeatgrowthstoppedagain this time caused by hydro-melioration measures foragriculturaluseandpeatcutting
Close relationships between fluvial-lacustrine processesand mire development are also a characteristic of severallow-lying river valleys ofVorpommern close to the BalticSeacoastwhichwerestronglyforcedbymarineinfluence(Janke2002MichaelisampJoosten2010seechapter411)
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by mill stowage
Ingeneraluntilthelate12thtoearly13thcenturyADland-scape hydrology in northeast Germany was dominantlydriven by climatic (eg wet and dry phases) geomorphic(eg fluvial aggradation and incision) and non-anthropo-genicbiotic(egbeaveractivity)factorsHoweversincetheNeolithiclocalisedandphasedhydrologicchangesincatch-mentsduetoland-coverchangescanbeassumed
Fig 9 Temporal distribution of palynologically dated peat and gyttja deposits of selected hydrogenetic mire types in northeast Germany (Couwenberg et al 2001 adapted)
Abb 9 Zeitliche Verteilung palynologisch datierter Torf- und Seeablagerungen ausgewaumlhlter hydrogenetischer Moortypen in Nordostdeutschland (Couwenberg et al 2001 veraumlndert)
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
121EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Activity (+)
Stability (-)
An
nu
alp
recip
(m
m)
-10
-15Te
mp
Ja
nu
ary
(degC
)
Te
mp
Ju
ly(deg
C)
Lake basin formation
A) Chronozone
Age (cal BP)kyrs14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
14 1315 12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (cal BP)kyrs
002
0
004
F) Mire formation(Couwenberg et al 2001)
Fo
rma
tio
nra
te(m
ire
yr
)-1
E) Lake-level status
B) River-channel
pattern
C) River-floodplain
deposition
D) Lake-basin
development
Braid-
by dead-ice melting
Meandering and anastomosing
River peatland formation (at low-lying rivers)
Gravels and sands Overbank fines and peat
Artificial drainage anddamming of lakes
Peat-stratigraphic hiatus
PL AL D3ME
PB SBBO AT1 SA1 SA2D1 D2
BOslashAT2
G) Temperature
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
H) Precipitation
W Germany(Litt et al 2009)
Iing
HighLow
(low groundwater level)
Re
lp
rob
ab
ility
(yr
)-1
Pro
ba
b
de
nsity
(yr
)-1
K) Lake-level status
S central Europe(Magny 2004)
L) Population density
central Europe(Zimmermann 1996)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(n)
Po
p
de
nsity
(ha
b
km
)-2
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
20
40
0
0
Age ( )cal kyrs BP12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111
High
Low0
10
20
10
0
0
005
010
015
020
025
14 13 12 910 8 6 4 27 5 3 111Age ( )cal kyrs BP
0
Age (cal BP)kyrs
0
05
10
-05
-10
12 910 8 6 4 2 07 5 3 111
Age (varve kyrs BP)
600
500
400
700
800
910 8 6 4 211 7 5 3 1 0
Age (v )arve kyrs BP910 8 6 4 2 011 7 5 3 1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5
January
July
15
I) Fluvial activity stability
W and S Germany(Hoffmann et al 2008)
J) Fluvial activity
W and central Poland(Starkel et al 2006)
Re
co
rd
sf
ro
mN
EG
er
ma
ny
Fig 10 Late Quaternary hydrologic changes in northeast Germany (B-F) plotted alongside further palaeoclimatic and palaeohydrologic proxy records (G-K) as well as population data (L) from central Europe G-H January and July temperatures and annual precipitation reconstructed from pollen data from annually laminated (varved) sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Eifel region west Germany) using pollen-transfer functions (Litt et al 2009 adapted) I Geomorphic activity (positive probability values) and stability (negative probability vales) based on CDPF analysis of west and south German fluvial deposits (Hoffmann et al 2008 adapted) J Geomorphic activity based on CDPF analysis of west and central Polish fluvial deposits (Starkel et al 2006 adapted) K Lake-level status reconstructed from lakes of southern central Europe (Jura French Pre-Alps and Swiss Plateau Magny 2004 adapted) L population density of central Europe reconstructed from archaeological evidence (Zimmermann 1996 adapted)
Abb 10 Spaumltquartaumlre hydrologische Veraumlnderungen in Nordostdeutschland (B-F) dargestellt mit weiteren palaumloklimatischen und palaumlohydrologischen Proxydaten (G-K) sowie palaumlodemografischen Daten (L) aus Mitteleuropa G-H Januar- und Juli-Temperaturen sowie Jahresniederschlag rekonstruiert anhand von Pollendaten (mittels Pollen-Transferfunktionen) aus den jahreszeitlich geschichteten (warvierten) Sedimenten des Meerfelder Maars (Eifel Westdeutschland Litt et al 2009 veraumlndert) I Geomorphodynamische Aktivitaumlt (positive Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte) und Stabilitaumlt (negative Wahrschein-lichkeitswerte) basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und suumlddeutscher fluvialer Ablagerungen (Hoffmann et al 2008 veraumlndert) J Geomorphodyna-mische Aktivitaumlt basierend auf der CDPF-Analyse west- und mittelpolnischer fluvialer Ablagerungen (Starkel et al 2006 veraumlndert) K Seespiegelstatus rekonstruiert fuumlr das suumldliche Mitteleuropa (Jura franzoumlsische Voralpen Schweizer Mittelland Magny 2004 veraumlndert) L Bevoumllkerungsdichte in Mitte-leuropa rekonstruiert anhand archaumlologischer Befunde (Zimmermann 1996 veraumlndert)
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
122 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Thephenomenonoflsquomillstowagersquo(lsquoMuumlhlenstaursquoinGer-man)anditsimplicationsforsettlementeconomyandland-scape was first systematically investigated by Beschoren(1935)andHerrmann(1959)particularlyfortheSpreeandHavel Rivers and later on extended by Driescher (2003)intheformofamultitudeoflocalcasestudiesinthewiderregion The impacts of mill stowage on groundwater andlake levels mire development and sedimentary processesareparticularlywell-investigatedintheBerlinregionForthe time-span 12thndash14th centuryADdated sequences frompeatlands typically showa suddenchange fromhighly toweaklydecomposedpeatsoraninversionoftheaggrada-tionsequence(lakedepositsoverlyingpeats)Theserecordswereinterpretedintermsofanintensificationofmirefor-mationandrisinglakelevelsrespectivelybymillstowage(Brande19861996BoumlseampBrande19862009Kuumlsteramp
Kaiser2010)Medium-scaleriversandtheirriparianzonessuchastheHavelandSpreewereinpartdrasticallyinflu-encedbytheseprocesseswhereasthelarge-scaleElbeRiverhadnodammingconstructionsbutboatmills(Graumlf2006)Along the low-gradient middle Havel course mill weirsinthecitiesof (Berlin-)SpandauandBrandenburgHavelwhich were constructed in the late 12thearly 13th centuryAD (Schich 1994) caused large-scale lake enlargementsandpaludifications(Kaiseretal2012b)Somesmallerriv-ersandstreamshadamultitudeofwatermills(lsquomillstair-casesrsquo) For instance along a 20 km section of the upperDahmeRiver(Brandenburg)14millswereoperatedsomesince the 13th14th century AD (Juschus 2002) stronglychangingtherivergradient thedischargeprocessandthelocalgroundwaterlevel
5 Synopsis
ThetemporalfocusofthisoverviewistheLateQuaternarycomprisingherethelastc20000yearsandusingamillen-nialscaleAccordinglythissynopsiswillconcentrateonthistimespancomparing theregional resultswith those fromotherpartsincentralEuropeandaddinginformation(egonclimaticevolution)whichisimportantfortheunderstand-
Fig 11 Lateglacial and Holocene lake- and groundwater-level data from northern and southern central Europe (after various authors adapted) Vertical bars mark synchronicity of wet (in blue) or dry (in red) phases
Abb 11 Spaumltglaziale und holozaumlne Seespiegel- und Grundwasserspiegeldynamik im noumlrdlichen und suumldlichen Mitteleuropa (nach verschiedenen Autoren veraumlndert) Die vertikalen Linien markieren Synchronitaumlt feuchter (in blau) oder trockener (in rot) Phasen
Dry
Groundwater and lake levels of low-lying river valleys in Vorpommern NE Germany
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
123EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Asoutlinedinchapter2successivePleistoceneglaciationshave formed the main relief and sedimentary settings intheNorthEuropeanPlainHowevertheriversystemshowsseveral conspicuous patterns ndash eg the asymmetric (right-skewed)catchmentsoftheElbeandOderRiversawestori-entedturnoftheHavelandSpreeRiversthenearlyorthogo-nalvalleygridofVorpommern(Fig1)ndashwhichsuggeststheimpactofneotectonicprocessesAccordinglyseveralauthors(egSchirrmeister1998Reicherteretal2005Sirockoetal2008)haveaskedtowhatextentdoesthepresent-dayto-pographyoftheso-calledlsquoNorthGermanBasinrsquomirrortheheterogeneousstructureof thebasementTheystated thatseveralrivervalleys(includingspillways)andterminalmo-raines innorthernGermanyapparentlyrunparallel to themajortectoniclineamentsandblockboundariesMoreoverthedrainagepatternand thedistributionof lakes innorthGermanyexactlyfollowblockboundariesandhencemarkzonesofpresent-day subsidenceTheTertiarymorphologyin that area was apparently draped by Quaternary glacialdepositsbutriversandlakesthatdominatethetopographyofthemodernlandscapestillreflectthegeodynamiccentresofTertiarytectonismandhalokinesis(Sirockoetal2002)
52 Climate impact
Thesynoptic Figure 10A-F shows a selectionof results onLateQuaternaryriver lakeandpeatlandformationwhichrepresent the regionally typical processes discussed in theprevious sectionsThe temporal resolutionof those resultsisquitecoarsemostlycoveringachronozoneorrepresent-ing in general a millennial scale By contrast comparingclimatichydrologicgeomorphicandhistoricdatafromcen-tralEuropepartlyrepresentcentennial-uptodecadal-scalerecords (Fig 10G-L) It should be borne in mind that thestatisticalbasis for certainevidence innortheastGermanypartlyisstillsmall(egonthelake-levelstatus)
Howeverthereisnospecific(high-resolution)LateQua-ternary climate record from northeast Germany availableso farexcept those thatcover relatively shortperiods (egBuumlntgenetal 2011)Hence thepollen-basedhigh-resolu-tionrecordfromLakeMaarfelderMaar(EifelregionwestGermanyLittetal2009)canbeusedtocharacterisesomeclimatictrendsatleastfortheHolocenewhichingeneral
canbeassumedevenfornortheastGermanyInparticularfortherelativelydry-warmearlyHoloceneandthewet-warmmid-Holocene (lsquoHolocene optimumrsquo between c 8000ndash5000varveyrsBPWanneretal2009)somesimultaneoushydro-logicphenomenaofnortheastGermany(egearlyHolocenelake-level lowstands mid-Holocene groundwater loweringinpeatlands) canbepresumablyascribed todirect climat-ic impactGeochronologicaldata fromrivercatchmentsofwestandsouthGermanyaswellaswestandcentralPolandallowsomegeneralassumptionsonpalaeodischarge and pa-laeoflood dynamicswhichcanbehypothesisedevenfortheregionunderstudyLargedatasetsof14CagesobtainedfromlateQuaternaryfluvialunitswereanalysedusingcumula-tiveprobabilitydensityfunctions(CPDFs)inordertoiden-tifyphasesoffluvialactivity(floods)andstability(Starkeletal2006Koślaczetal2007Hoffmannetal2008Fig10IJ)InthewestandsouthGermanrecord(Fig10I)sev-eralperiodsoffluvialactivitywereidentifiedandcomparedtoclimaticpalaeohydrologicandhumanimpactproxydataUntilc4250calyrsBPeventsoffluvialactivityaremain-lycoupled towetterandorcoolerclimaticphasesDuetogrowingpopulationandintensiveagriculturalactivitiesdur-ingtheBronzeAgetheincreasedfluvialactivitybetweenc3300and2820calyrsBPcannotunequivocallyberelatedtoclimateSince875ADthegrowingpopulationdensity(Fig10L)isvialandcoverchangesinthecatchments(increasingarable landandpasturesdecreasing forests)consideredasthemajorexternalforcing(Hoffmannetal2008)SimilarcurvecharacteristicsofCPDFsfrom14CdataonfluvialunitsshowrecordsfromwestandcentralPoland(Starkeletal2006Fig10J)allowingcorrespondingconclusions
FromsoutherncentralEuropeadatasetof180radiocar-bontree-ringandarchaeologicaldatesobtainedfromsedi-mentsequencesof26 lakeswasusedbyMagny(2004) toconstructaregionalHolocenelake-levelrecord(Fig10K)Thedatesformclusterssuggestinganalternationoflowerandhigherclimaticallydrivenlake-levelphasesThecom-parison of relative Holocene lake- and groundwater-leveldatafromnorthandsouthcentralEuroperevealssomedis-tinctsynchronicitiesofwetanddryphasesbutalsosomedistinct disparities (Ralska-Jasiewiczowa 1989 Kaiser1996 Magny 1998 Wojciechowski 1999 Kleinmann etal2000Żureketal2002Janke2004Fig11)Ingeneralsynchroniccorrelationofidenticalphasesworksfarbetterwithin nearby German and Polish sites of northern cen-tral Europe In comparison to the southern central Euro-peanrecordhowevertheserecordsappeartobesomewhatlsquomonolithicrsquowhichprobably is causedbya low temporalresolutionFortheearlyHolocenethelake-levelrecordinnortheast Germany and north Poland shows a clear ten-dencytowardslowlevelsThisisnotreflectedinthemirerecordofeastPolandthatwidelyindicatesawetphaseThelate Boreal and partly the early Atlantic is characterisedby increasing lake and groundwater levels followed by adecrease in the late Atlantic The beginning and mid-lateHolocene(c2500calyrsBP)revealswetphaseswhereasa dry phase lies in between The general wet-dry patterninferredcorrelateswellwithmajorHoloceneclimaticepi-sodes (eg Harrison et al 1993 Magny 2004 Litt et al2009Wanneretal2009)
A synoptic view on the northeast German results (Fig
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
124 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
10B-F)andonevidencefromothercentralEuropeanregions(Fig10G-L)revealssomeconcordancesButevendiscrepan-ciesbecomeapparentpartlywithinatypeofproxyReasonsfor thismightbe on theonehand realdifferences in theregional hydrologic evolution which are partly caused bydifferent(pre-)historichumanimpactOntheotherhandapartlydrasticallydifferentstatisticalbasefortheparameterspresentedistoconsiderForexampleafewdataonthelake-levelstatusinnortheastGermanycontrastalargedatabasein southern central Europe Thus future research possiblywillmodifytheregionalinformationavailable
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
First intended changes of the regional hydrography datefromlateMedievaltimes(sincethelate12thcenturyAD)Inparalleltheregionalforestswerewidelycleared(Borketal1998Tab5)causingseveralunintended hydrologicchangessuchasrisinggroundwaterandlakesfollowedbyincreasingfluvialdischargeIntheperiod18thtofirsthalfofthe20thcen-turyADmostofthepeatlandsweretransformedbyhydro-meliorationintoextensivegrasslands(Schultz-Sternbergetal2000)Inparalleladensenetworkofchannelsforin-landnavigationwasformedandmostchannelsoflargeriv-ersweremodifiedbyhydraulicengineering
cover changes the groundwater level of the first aquifersignificantlydropped(1ndash2m)ataregionalscaleparticularinBrandenburgcausinginmanycaseslake-levellowerings(egGermeretal2011Kaiseretal2012b)
Furthermore lignite open cast mining has drasticallychangedvastareasinsomeregionsIntheNiederlausitzre-gionatotalofc800km2wasrequiredforminingactivitysofarAlargenumberofartificiallakesandconnectivecanalswereformedbyfloodingofdisusedopen-castminesform-ingthelsquoLausitzerSeenlandrsquo(Gruumlnewald2008)Inthenearfuturethelakeareahereamountstoatotalofc250km2IntheLeipzig-Halle-Bitterfeldareathetotalareaofanthropo-geniclakesinthemid-21stcenturyADwillresultinc70km2forming thelsquoNeueMitteldeutscheSeenlandschaftrsquo (Czegkaet al 2008) If the total area of natural lakes in northeastGermanyisconsidered(c1300km2Korczynskietal2005)artificiallyduglsquonewlakesrsquo(c320km2)willformaportionofc20ofthetotallakeareasoonofc1620km2
Theresultspresentedhereonthepartlyinterdependentde-velopment of the main aquatic (inland) environments innortheastGermanyholdtreasuresforthoseseekingtoun-derstand the long-termhydrologicdynamics of these eco-systems Many modern day issues such as understandingthe causes of present hydrologic changes re-evaluation oflandusestrategiesandimplementationofrestorationmeas-urescanprofitfrombeinglookedatfromalongertempo-ral perspective Periodic hydrologic change is thelsquonormalstatusrsquoof theenvironmentsdiscussedButevenif thecur-
Research field Remarks
Exploration and combination of proxies
Using new proxies and new combinations of proxies for deciphering and validating of palaeohydrologic information (eg tree ring data near-shore and shoreline sediments of lakes palaeosols of wetlands)
Human induced lake drainage Exploring the occurrence and the rewetting potential of lake basins drained by historic anthropogenic hydromelioration
Human induced lake formation
Exploring the properties and genesis of lakes and ponds formed in Medieval times and afterwards deciphering historic hydrologic information from young deposits geoarchives
Long hydrologic time series Linking instrumental records of specific hydrologic parameters (observations eg by gauging) with proxy records from geoarchives
Quantitative palaeohydrology Combining palaeohydrologic field records with hydrologic modelling at different areal and temporal scales
Reference status of wetlands Reconstructing the (near-) natural status of wetlands ie before human impact has sustainably changed the aquatic environments
Tab 6 Examples of new and promising palaeohydrologic research topics for northeast Germany
Tab 6 Beispiele fuumlr neue vielversprechende Forschungsthemen zur PalaumlohydrologieHistorischen Hydrologie in Nordostdeutschland
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
126 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
BerglundBEDigerfeldtGEngelmarkRGaillardM-JKarls-son S Miller U amp Risberg J (1996b) Sweden ndash In BerglundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE (eds)Palaeoecologicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthe-sesofpalaeoecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope233ndash280Chichester(Wiley)
BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
Beschoren B (1935) Zur Geschichte des Havellandes und der Havelwaumlhrend des Alluviums ndash Jahrbuch der Preuszligischen GeologischenLandesanstalt1934305ndash311
BłaszkiewiczM(2010)Developmentoffluvio-lacustrinesystemsintheyoungglacial area inPolandbasedon the research in thevalleysoftheriversWierzycaandWdandashQuestionesGeographicae29313ndash19
BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
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SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
125EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
rentregionalhydrologicchangeprobablystronglytriggeredbyman-madeglobalclimatechangeshouldbeexceptionalwith respect to its pace and magnitude historic analogiesmayhelptounderstandorevenforeseecomplexfutureland-scapedynamics
As shown above a number of principle questions onregional palaeohydrology have been posed periodically ndashgaining in significance each time they resurface Researchoverthelastc20yearshasgenerallymadeprogressintermsofexpandingtheregionalthematicknowledgebaseWhatisnewfortheregionisthegrowthinwell-documentedlocalfieldfindingswithabroadrangeofaccompanyinglabanal-ysesparticularlyofgeochronologicalandpalaeoecologicaldataThesehavebeencomplementedwith(semi-)quantita-tivedataonthedevelopmentofspecifichydrologicparam-eters (egonriver-channelpatternsor lake-levelstatus)aswellassummariesofcertainprocesses(egonpeatlandfor-mation) in several studiesEven somespecificgeomorphicandsedimentary-pedologicfeatureswerenewlydiscoveredfor the region (eg fluvio-deltaic sequences fan-deltas inlakebasinspalaeosolshiatusesinpeatlands)
Newresearchisneededtorefineknowledgeonthelong-termdevelopmentof the regionaldrainage systemand itsspecific aquatic environments This includes the establish-mentofhydrologicrecordswithhigh temporal resolutionwhicharewidelymissingintheregionsofar Inadditionnew and particularly promising regional research aspectsstillaboundsomeexamplesarelistedinTable6
(2)UntilthelateHolocene(c12th13thcenturyAD)land-scapehydrologyinnortheastGermanywaspredominantlydriven by climate including geomorphic and non-anthro-pogenic biotic factors Furthermore initial structural geo-logicfindingssuggestthattectonicandhalokineticinfluenceplayedamorepronouncedroleonlateQuaternaryhydro-graphicevolutionthanpreviouslyassumedThefirstindent-edanthropogenicchangesoftheregionalhydrographydatefromthelateMedievalStronghumanimpactsonaregionalscaleoccurredfromthe18thcenturyADonwardsInmoderntimesmanrsquosimpactexceedsthenaturalchangescausedbynaturalclimaticandgeomorphicprocesses
(3)Althoughcertainaspectsofregionaldrainagenetworkevolution have attracted considerable interest the generalstateofthematicknowledgecanbecharacterisedaslsquomoder-atersquoatbestForexample (a) the lateQuaternarydevelop-mentofthelargerivers(ElbeOder)andmostofthemedi-um-scale rivers (egHavel Spree) isonly initiallyknown(b)high-resolution lake-levelrecordsarenotyetavailable(c) estimations of palaeodischarge and palaeoflood charac-teristicsarewidelylacking(d)theaspectofclimaticversushumanforcingofpasthydrologicprocesseshasrarelybeen
(4)Toovercomethesedeficienciesnewresearchisneces-sary Several current and planned projects on river valleyandpeatlandrestoration in theregionopenpromisingop-portunities for the regular integration of palaeohydrologicworkintopresentissuesFutureresearchmorethanprevi-ouslyshouldaimatdevelopingandintegratingmultiproxyrecordsfromavarietyofscientificperspectivesCloselinksto high resolution records of climate and human impactwhichregionallyarestilltobeestablishedmustbeencour-agedandfostered
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to K Billwitz (Hude) A Brande (Berlin)FBrose(FrankfurtOder)LEiszligmann(Leipzig)K-DJaumlger(Berlin)W Janke (Greifswald)HKliewe (daggerGreifswald)HLiedtke(Bochum)JMarcinekandBNitz(bothBerlin)aswell asMSuccow (Greifswald) for initiating stimulat-ingandsupportingregionalpalaeohydrologicresearchfromdifferentviewpoints and in the courseof variousprojectsAllthesecolleaguessomeofwhomstartedtheirinvestiga-tionsmorethan50yearsagoformthefoundergenerationformodernthematicresearchintheregionBasicresearchfortheresultspresentedinthisoverviewwasmadepossi-bleparticularlybyprojectsfundedbytheGermanResearchCouncilinthe1990sand2000s(grantsBi-560Ma-1425andNi-343)Wewould like to thankPWiese (Greifswald) forpreparationofsomefiguresTheGermanAcademyofSci-ence and Engineering (acatech) and the German ResearchCentre for Geosciences (GFZ) are kindly acknowledgedfor providing the framework for this overview within theprojects lsquoGeo Resource Water ndash the Challenge of GlobalChangersquo lsquoTerrestrial Environmental Observatories (TER-ENO)rsquoandlsquoVirtualInstituteofIntegratedClimateandLand-scapeEvolutionAnalyses(ICLEA)rsquo
BatesBCKundzewiczZWWuSampPalutikofJP(eds)(2008)Cli-mate change and water ndashTechnical paper of the IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeVI200pGeneva(IPCCSecretariat)
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Berg J (2005) Raumlumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung des Unteren Ueckertal-mooresbeiUeckermuumlndendashDiploma-ThesisUniversityofGreifswaldInstituteofBotanyandLandscapeEcology85p
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BGR ndash Bundesanstalt fuumlr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (ed)(2007)BodenuumlbersichtskartevonDeutschland13000000ndashHanno-ver
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BleileR(2004)DieAuswirkungendesspaumltmittelalterlichenWassermuumlh-lenbausaufdienorddeutscheGewaumlsserlandschaftndashInBiermannFampMangelsdorfG(eds)DiebaumluerlicheOstsiedlungdesMittelaltersin Nordostdeutschland Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12bis 14 Jahrhunderts im laumlndlichen RaumGreifswalder MitteilungenndashBeitraumlge zurUr-undFruumlhgeschichteundMittelalterarchaumlologie 7175ndash192Frankfurt(PeterLang)
BMUNR ndash Bundesministerium fuumlr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reak-torsicherheit(ed) (2003)HydrologischerAtlasvonDeutschlandndashBonnBerlin
Boumlrner A (2007) Das Eberswalder Urstromtal ndash Untersuchungen zurpleistozaumlnen Landschaftsgenese zwischen Niederem Oderbruch undWerbellinseerinne(Nordost-Brandenburg)ndashSchriftenreihefuumlrGeow-issenschaften171ndash164Usedom
Boumlrner A JankeW Lampe R Lorenz S Obst K amp Schuumltze K(2011) Geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der OPAL-Trasse inMecklenburg-VorpommernndashGelaumlndearbeitenundersteErgebnissendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftlicheBeitraumlge189ndash28
BoumlseM (1995)Problemsofdead iceandground ice in thecentralpartoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndashQuaternaryInternational28123ndash125
BoumlseMampBrandeA(2009)Landscapehistoryandman-inducedland-scapechangesintheyoungmorainicareaoftheNorthEuropeanPlainndash a case study from the BaumlkeValley Berlin ndashGeomorphology 122274ndash282
BoumlttgerTHillerA Junge FW LittTMania D ampScheeleN(1998) Late Glacial stable isotope record radiocarbon stratigraphy
HJB Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M ampWright HE (eds) Palaeoeco-logicaleventsduringthelast15000yearsRegionalsynthesesofpalae-oecologicalstudiesoflakesandmiresinEurope518ndash523Chichester(Wiley)
Brande A (2003) Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of LakeStechlinndashArchiveofHydrobiologySpecialIssuesinAdvancedLim-nology58281ndash311
Branson J Bron J amp Gregory KJ (eds) (1996) Global continentalchanges the context of palaeohydrology ndash Geological Society Spe-cialPublication 115 1ndash280Bath (TheGeological SocietyPublishingHouse)
Brose FampPraumlger F (1983)RegionaleZusammenhaumlngeundDifferen-zierungenderholozaumlnenFlussgeneseimnordmitteleuropaumlischenVer-gletscherungsgebietndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumln-zungsheft282164ndash175
Carls R (2005) Untersuchungen zur Reliefgenese des Oderbruchrandeszwischen Reitweiner Sporn und Platkower Schwemmfaumlcher (Ost-brandenburg)ndashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten1011ndash215
Chrobok SM amp Nitz B (1987) Die Entwicklung des GewaumlssernetzesderOberenFinowvomBlankenberg-InterstadialbisheutendashWissen-schaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Moritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Couwenberg J amp Joosten H (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust DasBeispielDeutschlandInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde409ndash411Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
deKlerkP (2002)Changingvegetationpatterns in theEndingerBrucharea(VorpommernNEGermany)duringtheWeichselianLateglacialandEarlyHolocenendashReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology119275ndash309
deKlerkP(2004)VegetationhistoryandlandscapedevelopmentoftheldquoFriedlaumlnder Groszlige Wieserdquo region (Vorpommern NE Germany) in-ferredfromfourpollendiagramsofFranzFukarekndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5471ndash94
de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
deKlerkPJankeWKuumlhnPampTheuerkaufM(2008b)Environmen-tal impact of the Laacher See Eruption at a large distance from theVolcano integratedpalaeoecologicalstudies fromVorpommern(Ger-many) ndash Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270196ndash214
Digerfeldt G (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes insouthernSwedentechniqueandresultsndashInHarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)PalaeohydrologyasreflectedinlakelevelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumlok-limaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2587ndash98Stuttgart(Fischer)
DobrackaE(1983)DevelopmentofthelowerOdravalleyandtheWkraForest (Ueckermuumlnder Heide) lowland in the Late-Glacial and theHolocenendashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungenErgaumlnzungsheft282108ndash117
Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
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SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
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SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
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Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Eissmann L (2002) Quaternary geology of eastern Germany (SaxonySaxon-AnhaltSouthBrandenburgThuumlringia)typeareaoftheElste-rianandSaalianStagesinEuropendashQuaternaryScienceReviews211275ndash1346
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FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
127EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
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de Klerk P Helbig H Helms S JankeW Kruumlgel K Kuumlhn PMichaelisDampStolzeS(2001)TheReinbergresearchespalaeoeco-logicalandgeomorphologicalstudiesofakettleholeinVorpommern(NEGermany)withspecialemphasisonalocalvegetationduringtheWeichselian PleniglacialLateglacial transition ndash Greifswalder Geo-graphischeArbeiten2343ndash131
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Enters D Kirilova E Lotter A Luumlcke A Parplies J KuhnGJahnsSampZolitschkaB(2010)Climatechangeandhumanimpactat Sacrower See (NEGermany) during the past 13000 years a geo-chemicalrecordndashJournalofPalaeolimnology43719ndash737
FriedrichMKnippingMSchmidtSvanderKroftPRennoAUllrichO ampVollbrecht J (2001) EinWald am Ende der letztenEiszeit Untersuchungen zur Besiedlungs- Landschafts- und Vegeta-tionsentwicklung an einem verlandeten See imTagebau ReichwaldeNiederschlesischerOberlausitzkreisndashArbeits-undForschungsberichtezurSaumlchsischenBodendenkmalpflege4321ndash94
Fuhrmann R (1999) Klimaschwankungen im Holozaumln nach Befundenaus Talsedimenten Mitteldeutschlands Beitraumlge zur KlimageschichteundStratigraphiedesjuumlngerenQuartaumlrsndashAltenburgernaturwissen-schaftlicheForschungen111ndash63
Giesecke T (2000) Pollenanalytische und sedimentchemische Unter-suchungen zur Landschaftsgeschichte am Groszligen Treppelsee (Ost-BrandenburgDeutschland)ndashSitzungsberichtederGesellschaftNatur-forschenderFreundezuBerlin3989ndash112
Gramsch B (2002) Archaumlologische Indizien fuumlr natuumlrliche und kuumlnstli-che Wasserspiegelveraumlnderungen in nordostdeutschen Urstromtaumllernwaumlhrend des Holozaumlns ndash Greifswalder Geographische Arbeiten 26189ndash192
GruumlnewaldU (2008)Problemsof integratedwatermanagement in theSpree-HavelregioninthecontextofglobalchangendashInWechsungFKadenSBehrendtHampKloumlckingB(eds)IntegratedanalysisoftheimpactsofglobalchangeonenvironmentandsocietyintheElbe
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
128 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Harrison S Prentice JC amp Wick L (1993) Climatic controls onHolocene lake-levelchanges inEuropendashClimateDynamics8189ndash200
HarrisonSFrenzelBHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)(1998)Pal-aeohydrology as reflected in lake level changes as climatic evidenceforHolocenetimesndashPalaumloklimaforschung-PalaeoclimateResearch251ndash180Stuttgart(Fischer)
Helbig H amp de Klerk P (2002) Befunde zur spaumltglazialen fluvial-lim-nischenMorphodynamikinkleinenTalungenVorpommernsndashEiszeit-alterundGegenwart5151ndash66
HickischA(2004)AbleitungflussmorphologischerParameteraushistor-ischenKartenundstratigraphischenUntersuchungenEinBeitragzurLeitbildentwicklung fuumlr die NutheBrandenburg ndash Fachbeitraumlge desLandesumweltamtes891ndash86Potsdam
HickischAampPaumlzoltJ(2005)DieNuthendashwasserbaulicheVeraumlnderun-genundNutzungderAueseit1770undderenAuswirkungenaufdieFlussmorphologie Eine Analyse historischer Karten und Quellen ndashNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeinBrandenburg14211ndash16
Hiller A Litt T amp Eissmann L (1991) Zur Entwicklung der jung-quartaumlrenTieflandstaumllerimSaale-Elbe-RaumunterbesondererBeruumlck-sichtigungvonl4C-DatenndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart4126ndash46
HiltSSchoumlnfelderIRudnickaACarlsRNikolaevichNSu-khodolov A amp Engelhardt C (2008) Reconstruction of pristinemorphologynutrientconditionsandsubmergedvegetationoflowlandRiver Spree (Germany) from palaeomeanders ndash River Research andApplications24310ndash324
Hoffmann G amp Barnasch J (2005) Late Glacial to Holocene coastalchangesofSERuumlgenIsland(BalticSeaNEGermany)ndashAquaticSci-ences67132ndash141
IPPCndashIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(ed)(2007)Cli-mateChange2007ndashThePhysicalScienceBasisContributionofWork-ingGroup I to theFourthAssessmentReportof the IPCCndash 996pCambridge(CambridgeUniversityPress)
JoostenH(2008)WhatarepeatlandsndashInParishFSirinAChar-man D Joosten H MinaevaT amp Silvius M (eds) Assessmentonpeatlandsbiodiversityandclimatechange 8ndash19KualaLumpurWageningen(GlobalEnvironmentCentreWetlandsInternational)
Juschus O (2003) Das Jungmoraumlnenland suumldlich von Berlin ndash Untersu-chungen zur jungquartaumlren Landschaftsentwicklung zwischen Unter-spreewaldundNuthendashBerlinerGeographischeArbeiten951ndash152
KaffkeA(2002)HolozaumlnerSeespiegelanstiegundMoorwachstumdurchVersumpfung ndash palynologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungenam Goumlrner See (Havelland Brandenburg) ndash Greifswalder Geogra-phischeArbeiten26157ndash160
Kaiser K (2004a) Lake basin development in the Endinger Bruch area(Vorpommern NE Germany) during the Late Pleistocene and EarlyHolocenendashZeitschriftfuumlrGeomorphologie48461ndash480
Kaiser K amp Zimmermann A (1994) Physisch-geographische Untersu-chungenanMoorenundSeenimHavelquellgebiet(Muumlritz-National-park)ndashBerichtederAkademiefuumlrNaturschutzundLandschaftspflegeLaufenSalzach(Bayern)22147ndash173
Kaiser K amp Janke W (1998) Bodenkundlich-geomorphologische undpalaumlobotanische Untersuchungen im Ryckbecken bei Greifswald ndashBodendenkmalpflegeinMecklenburg-Vorpommern4569ndash102
KaiserKEndtmannEampJankeW(2000)BefundezurRelief-Vege-tations-undNutzungsgeschichteanAckersoumlllenbeiBarthLkrNord-vorpommern ndash Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern47151ndash180
KaiserKSchoknechtTPrehnBJankeWampKlossK(2002)Geo-morphologischepalynologischeundarchaumlologischeBeitraumlgezurholo-zaumlnen Landschaftsgeschichte im Muumlritzgebiet (Mecklenburg-Vorpom-mern)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart5115ndash32
KaiserKRotherHLorenzSGaumlrtnerPampPapenrothR(2007)Geomorphic evolution of small river-lake-systems in NortheastGer-manyduringtheLateQuaternaryndashEarthSurfaceProcessesandLand-forms321516ndash1532
KaiserKLibra JMerzBBensOampHuumlttlRF (eds) (2010)Ak-tuelle Probleme imWasserhaushalt von NordostdeutschlandTrendsUrsachenLoumlsungenndashScientificTechnicalReportSTR1010 1ndash239Potsdam(GermanResearchCentreforGeosciences)
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
129EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Kaiser K Friedrich J Oldorff S Germer S Mauersberger RNatkhin M Hupfer M Pingel P Schoumlnfelder J SpicherVStuumlvePVedderFBensOMietzOampHuumlttlRF(2012a)Ak-tuellehydrologischeVeraumlnderungenvonSeeninNordostdeutschlandWasserspiegeltrends oumlkologische Konsequenzen Handlungsmoumlg-lichkeitenndash InGruumlnewaldUBensO FischerHHuumlttlRFKaiserKampKnierimA(eds)WasserbezogeneAnpassungsmaszlignah-menandenLandschafts-undKlimawandelinDeutschland148ndash170Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Kaiser K Guumlnther K Lorenz S Merz B Bens O amp Huumlttl RF(2012b) Historische Veraumlnderungen des Wasserhaushalts und derWassernutzung in Nordostdeutschland ndash In Kaiser K Merz BBens O amp Huumlttl RF (eds) Historische Perspektiven aufWasser-haushalt undWassernutzung in Mitteleuropa Cottbuser Studien zurGeschichte von Technik Arbeit und Umwelt 38 73ndash102 Muumlnster(Waxmann)
KleinmannAMerktJampMuumlllerH(2000)Climaticlake-levelchangesinGermanlakesduringtheHoloceneInNegendankJFWampBrau-er A (eds) The record of humanclimate interactions in lake sedi-ments5thWorkshopoftheEuropeanLakeDrillingProgrammeELDPTerraNostra755ndash63Berlin(GeoUnionAlfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
KorczynskiIKabusTKurtSMoumlllerDampMuumlllerJ(2005)Klein-seen in Nordostdeutschland Trophischer Zustand und FFH-Leben-sraumtypenndashTagungsbandJahrestreffen2004DeutscheGesellschaftfuumlrLimnologieeVPotsdam20ndash24September2004146ndash150Berlin(WeiszligenseeVerlag)
KosslerA(2010)FaunenundFlorenderlimnisch-telmatischenSchichten-folge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg Ruumldersdorf) vom ausgehendenWeichselhochglazial bis insHolozaumlnndashAussagen zuPalaumlomilieuundKlimabedingungenBerlinerpalaumlobiologischeAbhandlungen11
Krienke K (2003) Suumldostruumlgen imWeichsel-Hochglazial ndash Lithostratig-raphische lithofazielle strukturgeologischeund landschaftsgenetischeStudien zur juumlngstenVergletscherung im KuumlstenraumVorpommerns(NE Deutschland) ndash Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beitraumlge 121ndash147
KrienkeH-DStrahlJKosslerAampThiekeHU(2006)StratigraphieundLagerungsverhaumlltnisseeinerquasivollstaumlndigenweichselzeitlichenSchichtenfolge im Bereich des DeponiestandortsGrimmen (Mecklen-burg-Vorpommern) ndash Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Bei-traumlge1712133ndash154
Kuumlhner R Hiller A amp Junge FW (1999) Die spaumltweichselzeitlichenAblagerungenderSpree imTagebauCottbus-Nordund ihrezeitlicheEinordnungunterbesondererBeruumlcksichtigungvon14C-DatenanHoumllz-ernndashQuartaumlr49508ndash20
Kuumlster H amp Poumltsch J (1998) Oumlkosystemwandel in FlusslandschaftenNorddeutschlands ndash Berichte der Reinhold-Tuumlxen-Gesellschaft 1061ndash71
KuumlsterMJankeWHuumlbenerTKlamtA-MMeyerHLorenzSampLampeR(2012)ZurjungquartaumlrenLandschaftsentwicklungderMeck-lenburgischen Kleinseenplatte Geomorphologische bodenkundlicheund limnogeologische Untersuchungen am Krummen See bei Blank-enfoumlrde(Mecklenburg)ndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring3(inpress)
LampeRLorenzS JankeWMeyerHKuumlsterMHuumlbenerTampSchwarz A (2009) Zur Landschafts- und Gewaumlssergeschichte derMuumlritzUmweltgeschichtlichorientierteBohrungen2004-2006zurRe-konstruktiondernacheiszeitlichenEntwicklungndashInNationalparkamtMuumlritz(ed)ForschungundMonitoring21ndash93
LehnerBDoumlllPAlcamo JHenrichsHampKasparF (2006)Es-timating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks inEurope a continental integratedassessmentndashClimaticChange 75273ndash299
Lenschow U (2001) Bilanzen zum Moorverlust Das Beispiel Mecklen-burg-VorpommernndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)Landschaft-soumlkologischeMoorkunde411ndash415Stuttgart(Schweizerbart)
Lorenz S (2008) Durchbruchstalgenese im Bereich der PommerschenHaupteisrandlage Mecklenburgs (NO-Deutschland) ndash AbhandlungenderGeologischenBundesanstalt62183ndash188
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
130 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Magny M (1998) Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in theFrench Jura methods and results ndash In Harrison SP Frenzel BHuckriedeUampWeissMM(eds)Palaeohydrologyasreflectedinlake-levelchangesasclimaticevidenceforHolocenetimesPalaumloklima-forschung-PalaeoclimateResearch2567ndash85StuttgartJena(Fischer)
Mania D Seifert M ampThomae M (1993) Spaumlt- und Postglazial imGeiseltal(mittleresElbe-Saalegebiet)ndashEiszeitalterundGegenwart431ndash22
Marcinek J (1987) Zur mehr als 100jaumlhrigen Geschichte der Ansichtenuumlber die Seenbildung im mitteleuropaumlischen Tiefland in der deut-schsprachigenLiteraturndashWissenschaftlicheZeitschriftderErnst-Mo-ritz-Arndt-UniversitaumltGreifswald Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftli-cheReihe362331ndash35
Michaelis D (2002) Die spaumlt- und nacheiszeitliche Ent-wicklung dernatuumlrlichenVegetation von Durchstroumlmungsmooren in Mecklenburg-VorpommernamBeispielderRecknitzndashDissertationesBotanicae365
NitzBSchirrmeisterLampKlessenL (1995)Spaumltglazial-altholozaumlneLandschaftsgeschichte auf dem noumlrdlichen Barnim ndash zur Beckenent-wicklungimnordostdeutschenTieflandndashPetermannsGeographischeMitteilungen139143ndash158
PostmaG(1990)Depositionalarchitectureandfaciesofriverandfandel-tasasynthesisndashInColellaAampPriorDB(eds)Coarse-graineddeltas Special Publication International Association of Sedimentolo-gists103ndash27Oxford(Blackwell)
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M amp Latałowa M (1996) Poland ndash In Ber-glundBEBirksHJBRalska-JasiewiczowaMampWrightHE(eds) Palaeoecological events during the last 15000 years Regionalsyntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes and mires in Europe403ndash472Chichester(Wiley)
ReicherterKKaiserAampStackebrandtW (2005)Thepost-glaciallandscapeevolutionoftheNorthGermanBasinmorphologyneotec-tonics and crustal deformationndash International Journal ofEarthSci-ences941083ndash1093
Rittweger H (2000) TheldquoBlack Floodplain Soilrdquorsquo in the AmoumlneburgerBeckenGermanyalowerHolocenemarkerhorizonandindicatorofanupperAtlantictoSubborealdryperiodinCentralEuropendashCatena41143ndash164
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
131EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Schich W (1994) Die Havel als Wasserstraszlige im Mittelalter BruumlckenDaumlmmeMuumlhlenFlutrinnenndashJahrbuchfuumlrbrandenburgischeLandes-geschichte4531ndash55
Schirmer W Bos JAA Dambeck R Hinderer M Preston NSchulteASchwalbAampWesselsM (2005)HolocenefluviatileprocessesandvalleyhistoryintheriverRhinecatchmentErdkunde59199ndash215
SchlaakNKahl JampStrahl J (2003)Sedimentologischeundstrati-graphische Befunde aus Uferwall und Aue Beispiele zwischen Man-schnowundAltTuchebandndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Oderbruch-MaumlrkischeSchweiz-OumlstlicherBarnimFuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBrandenburgNr971ndash78Berlin
SchoumlnfelderIGieseckeTGelbrechtJampSteinbergCEW(1999)Paleolimnological investigations on Late Glacial and Holocene sedi-mentsoflakeGroszligerTreppelsee(Brandenburg)ndashAnnualReportLeib-niz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries10171ndash184
Schultz-Sternberg R Zeitz J Landgraf L Hoffmann E Le-hrkampHLuthardtVKuumlhnD(2000)NiedermooreinBranden-burgndashTelma301ndash34
SchulzI(2000)SpreemaumlanderndashInSchroederJHampBroseF(eds)Fuumlhrer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr 7 Frankfurt(Oder)-Eisenhuumlttenstadt142ndash147Berlin
SchulzIampStrahlJ (1997)GeomorphologischeundpollenanalytischeUntersuchungen im Raum Drahendorf suumldoumlstlich Fuumlrstenwalde ndashEinBeitragzurKlaumlrungderspaumlt-undpostglazialenEntwicklungdesGerinnebettmustersderSpreendashBrandenburgischeGeowissenschaftli-cheBeitraumlge4253ndash63
SchulzIampStrahlJ(2001)DieKersdorferRinnealsBeispielsubglazial-erRinnenbildungimBereichderFrankfurterEisrandlagendashErgebnissegeomorphologischer und pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen in Ost-brandenburgndashZeitschriftfuumlrgeologischeWissenschaften2999ndash107
Succow M (2001a)Versumpfungsmoore ndash In Succow M amp JoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde338ndash343Stuttgart(Sch-weizerbart)
Succow M (2001b) Zusammenfassende Beurteilung der Folgen tief-greifenderagrarischerNutzungsintensivierungder letzten JahrzehnteaufdieNiedermoorstandorteNordostdeutschlandsndashInSuccowMampJoostenH(eds)LandschaftsoumlkologischeMoorkunde463ndash470Stutt-gart(Schweizerbart)
Thieke HU (2002) Mittelpleistozaumlner Berliner Elbelauf ndash In Stacke-brandtWampManhenkeV(eds)AtlaszurGeologievonBranden-burg im Maszligstab 11000000 42ndash43 Kleinmachnow (Landesamt fuumlrGeowissenschaftenundRohstoffeBrandenburg)
Turner F (2012) Biogeowissenschaftlich-palaumlooumlkologische Untersuchun-genzurspaumltglazialenundholozaumlnenEntwicklungvonLandschaftundFlusssystemanderJeetzelimmittlerenElbetalndashPhDThesisUniver-sityofHannover
van der Linden MVickery E Charman DJ Broekens P amp vanGeelB(2008)Vegetationhistoryandhumanimpactduringthelast300yearsrecordedinaGermanpeatdepositReviewofPalaeobotanyandPalynology152158ndash175
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
5 Synopsis
51 Impact of neotectonic processes
52 Climate impact
53 Pre-modern and modern human impact
54 Final remarks and research perspectives
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
132 EampG Vol 61 No 2 2012 103ndash132 DOI 103285eg61201 copy Authors Creative Commons Attribution License
Vandenberghe J (1995b)Timescales climate and river development ndashQuaternaryScienceReviews14631ndash638
Weisse R (2003) Beitraumlge zur weichselkaltzeitlichen Morphogenese desElbhavelwinkels (mit Hinweisen zur Havel- und Elbentwicklung) ndashBrandenburgischeUmwelt-Berichte141ndash112Potsdam
Weisse R Brande A amp Linder W (2001) Nuthe-Niederung ndash InSchroeder JH (ed)FuumlhrerzurGeologievonBerlinundBranden-burgNr4PotsdamundUmgebung141ndash150Berlin
WojciechowskiA (1999) LateGlacial andHolocene lake-levelfluctua-tions in the Koacuternik-Zaniemysl lakes area Great Poland Lowland ndashQuaternaryStudiesinPoland1681ndash101
WolfLAleksowskyWDietzeWHillerAKrbetschekMLangeJ-MSeifertMTroumlgerK-AVoigtTampWaltherH(1994)Flu-viatileundglaziaumlreAblagerungenamaumluszligerstenRandderElster-undSaale-Vereisung die spaumlttertiaumlre und quartaumlre Geschichte des saumlch-sischen Elbgebietes ndash Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschun-gen7190ndash235
Wolters S (2002) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur spaumlt-glazialen und holozaumlnen Landschaftsentwicklung in der DoumlberitzerHeide(Brandenburg)ndashDissertationesBotanicae3661ndash157
WoltersS(2005)Ecologicaleffectsoflandcoverchangeinmedievalandmodern times in northeastern Germany ndash In ESF-HOLIVAR work-shop Climate-human society interactions during the Holocene An-nabodaSweden09ndash12May2005AbstractVolume1ndash5Annaboda
ŻurekSMichczynskaDJampPazdurA(2002)Timerecordofpalaeo-hydrologicchangesinthedevelopmentofmiresduringtheLateGlacialand Holocene north Podlasie Lowland and HolyCross Mts ndashGeo-chronometria21109ndash118
1 Introduction
2 Regional settings
3 Principle research questions concepts and methods used in regional studies
4 Results and discussion
41 Rivers
411 River valley formation and depositional changes
412 Changes in river courses and channels
413 Palaeodischarge and palaeoflood characteristics
42 Lakes
421 Lake basin development
4211 Dead-ice dynamics
4212 Depositional changes
422 Palaeohydrology
4221 Lake-level changes
4222 Lake-area and lake-contour changes
43 Peatlands
431 Peatland formation and groundwater-levelchanges
4311 General development
4312 Peatlands in large river valleys
432 Human impact on peatlands and lakes by millstowage
