29/05/2008 Confidential 0
Latest Developments in the Production and Use of High Strength Structural Steels
ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections S.A.
May 28th, 2008Jean-Claude Gérardy – [email protected]
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 1
Summary
1. Production of rolled sections2. Tailor - Made Beams3. HISTAR4. Applications
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 2
Universal rolling principle
Universalstand
Edger stand
Grey patent in 1902
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 3First 1 meter beam First 1 meter beam -- June 1911June 1911
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 4
Ingot routeIngot route
Before 1950, structural steel grades were characterised by
• low mechanical characteristics (Re=210-320 MPa) • low toughness and ductility• poor weldability due to high CE values and nitrogen
content
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 5Today : no blast furnace anymoreToday : no blast furnace anymore
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 6
Electric Arc FurnacesElectric Arc Furnaces
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 7
and beam blanks castersand beam blanks casters
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 8Dog Bones Dog Bones –– Beam BlanksBeam Blanks
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 9
Advantages of the EAF route versus the conventional integrated production route
(Luxembourg 1993/1998)
• Noise: Limitation of acoustic emissions to 45 dB
• Particles: reduction of 97%• Waste: reduction of 95%• Water: reduction of 50% • Energy: reduction of 55%
Sustainability
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 10
Historical Development
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000
100
200
300
400
500
600
S500M
TM-rolling
Classical rolling
Normalized or normalizing rolling
S460M
S355MS355NS355J2G3
yiel
dst
reng
th[ M
Pa]
Year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
yiel
dst
reng
th[ k
si]
TM+AC/QST
S300
Production processes for hot-rolled steel products
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 11
1. Production of rolled sections2. Tailor - Made Beams3. HISTAR4. Applications
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 12
Tailor Made Beams - 1979
max.
min.
t f
w
max.
min.
t
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 13
heaviest JUMBOheaviest JUMBO
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 14
1100 mm1100 mm(44(44”” ))
for bridgesfor bridges
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 15
Tailor Made beams
Built Built -- upup Rolled SectionRolled Section
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 16
Tailor Made beams
•• > 900 high> 900 high --rise buildings in the U.S.rise buildings in the U.S.
•• > 1500 high> 1500 high --rise buildings worldwiderise buildings worldwide
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 17
1. Production of rolled sections2. Tailor - Made Beams3. HISTAR4. Applications
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 18
Market in 1980
00 tftf (mm)(mm)
strengthstrength(MPa)(MPa)
500500
450450
400400
350350
300300
250250
2020 4040 6060 8080 100100 120120 140140
Satisfied marketSatisfied marketdemandsdemands
Not satisfied marketNot satisfied marketdemandsdemands
Satisfied marketSatisfied marketdemandsdemands
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 19
CE Values
ff
t = 10 mm
t = 10 mm
ff
0.70.7
0.50.5
0.30.3
0.10.1
00235235 355355 460460
500500
CE (%)CE (%)
Re (MPa)Re (MPa)
t = 140 m
m
t = 140 m
m
Classical TM
Classical TMlight sectionlight section
heavy sectionheavy section
too high CE too high CE valuesvalues
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 20
Layout of the GREY millLayout of the GREY mill
Pump housePump houseBreak downBreak down
Rolling millRolling mill
Intermediate millIntermediate mill
SawSaw
EAFEAF
Scrap supplyScrap supply
Reheating furnaceReheating furnaceLadle furnaceLadle furnace
CCCCCastingCasting
SawSaw
Finishing millFinishing millQSTQST
Selective coolingSelective cooling
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 21
Selective CoolingSelective Cooling
33ArAr
Classical rollingClassical rolling
TemperatureTemperature
Rolling with Rolling with selective coolingselective cooling
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 22Selective CoolingSelective Cooling
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 23
QST ProcessQST Process
QST BankQST Bank
FinishingFinishingstandstand
QST Bank entryQST Bank entry850 850 °°°°°°°°C C QuenchingQuenching Self TemperingSelf Tempering
600 600 °°°°°°°°CC
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 24
Self-tempering 600°°°°C
QSTQuenching
850°°°°C
QST ProcessQST Process
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 25
Rolled Sections - Grades
•• 235 MPa = S235 JR, St 37235 MPa = S235 JR, St 37 --2, Fe 360, A36 (245 MPa), Q2352, Fe 360, A36 (245 MPa), Q235
•• 275 MPa = S275 JR, 43B, 43C 275 MPa = S275 JR, 43B, 43C
•• 355 MPa = S355 JR, 50B, 50C, 50D, A572/50, A992/50, 355 MPa = S355 JR, 50B, 50C, 50D, A572/50, A992/50,
Q345Q345
•• HISTARHISTAR 355, A913 / 50 (345 MPa)355, A913 / 50 (345 MPa)
•• HISTARHISTAR 460, A913 / 65 (450 MPa)460, A913 / 65 (450 MPa)
•• HISTARHISTAR 355 TZK, OS (for offshore 355 TZK, OS (for offshore –– low temp.)low temp.)
•• HISTARHISTAR 460 TZK, OS (for offshore 460 TZK, OS (for offshore –– low temp.)low temp.)
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 26
Properties of HISTAR Steels
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 27
600
800
1000
1200
Ar3
Temperature(°°°°C)
recrystallisedaustenite
Ar1
Ferrite +Austenite
Ferrite + Perlite
Bainite
Martensite
Hot rolling TM rolling QST treatment
Sur
face
Quenching
GRAIN
DEFORMATION
time
HISTARR
Non-recrystallisedaustenite
time time
Inside
Comparison of rolling processesProduction of hot-rolled H-beams
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 28
Stress – Srain curveA913 Grade 450
flange thickness = 0.88’’ [22.5 mm]
Fy=68.5 ksi [473 MPa]
Fu= 86.4 ksi [596 MPa]
A200=22.0%, (A5d=25.9%)Str
e ss
[MP
a ]
Strain (%)
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 29
Charpy V Notch Charpy V Notch impact test impact test
(CVN)(CVN)
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 30
A913 - HISTAR: Toughness
t /2t /2ff
500500
400400
300300
b/6b/6< 40 mm< 40 mm
Temperature for toughness Guarantee (Temperature for toughness Guarantee ( °°°°°°°°C)C)= Transition temperature= Transition temperature
Re (MPa)Re (MPa)
2020 00 --2020 --4040 --6060
Classical TMClassical TMClassical TMClassical TM
HISTAR (QST)HISTAR (QST)
2020 00 --2020 --4040 --6060
b/6b/6t /2t /2ff
< 125 mm< 125 mm
Re (MPa)Re (MPa)500500
400400
300300 Classical TMClassical TM
HISTAR (QST)HISTAR (QST)
Classical TM
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 31
ASTM A913 : Ductility
Bent test at 180Bent test at 180 °°°°°°°°Radius = 0Radius = 0
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 32
HISTAR : HD 400 x 1086 kg/m in A913/gr. 450HISTAR : HD 400 x 1086 kg/m in A913/gr. 450
No Preheat!No Preheat!
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 33
SMAW FCAW SAW SAWE= 12kJ/cm E= 8 kJ/cm E= 35 kJ/cm E= 50 kJ/cm
SMAW FCAW SAWE= 12kJ/cm E= 8 kJ/cm E= 35 kJ/cm
Bent test after welding : A913/gr. 450
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 34
HISTAR / A913 : Weldability
0.70.7
0.50.5
0.30.3
0.10.1
00235235 355355 450450
500500
CE (%)CE (%)
Re (MPa)Re (MPa)
13013070705050
> 0> 0
140 (mm)140 (mm)
1010
conventional g
rades
conventional g
rades
Preheating Preheating °°°°°°°°CC
40408080
CE (%) = C (%) + + CE (%) = C (%) + + ++MnMn (%)(%)
66(Cr + Mo + V) (%)(Cr + Mo + V) (%)
55(Cu + Ni) (%)(Cu + Ni) (%)
1515
1010
140140
HISTAR A913
HISTAR A913
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 35
Seismic Design
The typical connection used The typical connection used prior to 1994.prior to 1994.Severe stress concentrations Severe stress concentrations inherent in itsinherent in itsconfiguration were not configuration were not considered in the design.considered in the design.
Fractures Commonly Fractures Commonly initiate at the weldedinitiate at the weldedjoint of the beam bottom joint of the beam bottom flange to column.flange to column.
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 36
Seismic Design
Desired plastic frame behaviorDesired plastic frame behavior
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 37
Seismic Design
Many steel momentMany steel moment --frame frame buildings were damaged in buildings were damaged in
the 1995 Kobe earthquake.the 1995 Kobe earthquake.
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 38
Seismic Design
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 39
ASTM A913 : Through-thickness
earthquakeearthquake
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 40
450 MPa450 MPa
A91
3/gr
. 450
A91
3/gr
. 450
345 MPa345 MPa
Column flangeColumn flange
Beam flangeBeam flange
ASTM A913 : Through-thickness
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 41
Courtesy EQE InternationalCourtesy KMD architects
199 Fremont, San Francisco
Strong Column - Weak Beam Concept enhanced by R educed B eam Section (RBS)
Column: A913 Grade 450Beam: Grade 345
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 42
Comparison of Standards
ASTM A913/Gr. 450 A913/Gr.345 A572(A992)/G r.345Carbon Equiv. max. 0.43 % 0.38% 0.47 %(0.45 %)Carbon max. 0.14 % 0.12% 0.23 %Sulfur max. 0.030 % 0.030 % 0.045 %Copper max. 0.35 % 0.45 % 0.60 %CVN min. 54 J @ 21 °°°°C 54 J @ 21°°°°C No min.
30 % higher yield strengthAll at the same cost
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 43
HISTAR and the Codes• Tailor-Made beams ASTM A6 (1985)• ASTM A913 - Euronorms (1993)• AISC - ASD and LRFD (1996)• AISC –Seismic provisions 2002 (1997)• UBC 1997 (1997)• IBC 2003 (2000)• FEMA 350, FEMA 353 (2000)• AWS D1.1 -- Welding Code (1996)• NYC - Building Code (2001)• Approved in China (2004)
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 44
1. Production of rolled sections2. Tailor - Made Beams3. HISTAR4. Applications
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 45
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 46
ArcelorMittal loves NY
Hudson River View
NYU Palladium
Shearson Lehman
St. Luke’s Hospital
Citicorp
Mt. Sinai Hosp.
Time Warner
“Lipstick”
599 Lex.Worldwide
Plaza
750 Seventh Ave
Swiss Bank - Saks
1585 Broadway
Morgan Stanley
450 Lexington
New York Times
Loews Theater, 42 nd St.
Hilton, 42 nd St.
Times Square 4 (Conde Nast)
300 Madison (CIBC)
Times Sq. 5 (Ernst & Young)
420 Fifth Ave
Hutton Plaza
383 Madison (Bear S.)
Hearst
Sloan Kettering Hosp.
731 Lexington
1745 B’way (Random H.)
World Financial C.
WTC 7 Reconstr.
60 & 75 Wall Street
Baruch College
New York Skyline
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 47
Freedom Tower – New YorkArchitect: Skidmore, Owings&MerrillDeveloper: Silverstein PropertiesTotal building height: 541m~250 000m2 office floor
Typical applicationsSkyscrapers
First delivery of 850t of HISTAR jumbo sections for the structure of the basement (December 2006)
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 48
San Francisco skyline
Los AngelesBunker Hill Area
Typical applicationsSkyscrapers
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 49
Emirate Towers - Dubai
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 50
Gravity columnsGravity columns
Short bucklingShort bucklinglengthslengths
HISTAR 460HISTAR 460
MadridMadrid
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 51
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 52
concrete coresconcrete cores
columns in columns in HISTAR 450HISTAR 450
BrusselsBrussels BarcelonaBarcelona
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 53
Shanghai Shanghai World Financial CenterWorld Financial Center
ASTM A913ASTM A913
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 54
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 55
Federation TowerFederation TowerPlot 10Plot 10
2/2/2007
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 56
Applications
•• BuildingsBuildings
•• Offshore platformsOffshore platforms
•• PlantsPlants
•• Parking garagesParking garages
•• BridgesBridges
•• TrussesTrusses
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 57
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 58
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 59
Conversion from built-up sections to rolled sections
Lanxi Power Plant - China
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 60
Applications
•• BuildingsBuildings
•• Offshore platformsOffshore platforms
•• PlantsPlants
•• Parking garagesParking garages
•• BridgesBridges
•• TrussesTrusses
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 61
Long span : no internal columnsLong span : no internal columns
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 62
Applications
•• BuildingsBuildings
•• Offshore platformsOffshore platforms
•• PlantsPlants
•• Parking garagesParking garages
•• BridgesBridges
•• TrussesTrusses
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 63IstanbulIstanbul
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 64
Reduction in
weight of steel- 13 % 44 % 52 %
Type ofconstruction non-composite composite composite composite
Steel grade S 235 S 235 S 355 S 460
Section
H beam HE 650 A HE 550 A IPE 550 IPE 500
Reduction in
weight of steel- 13 % 44 % 52 %
Advantages of high strength steels in steel-concrete composite construction
Economical aspects of steel structures
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 65
108 m108 m
3000 tons ASTM A913/gr. 45035 % lighter than 345 MPaBoeing 777 in Seattle
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 66
Typical applicationsTrusses
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 67
Typical applicationsTrusses
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 68
Potential savings A913/gr. 450 gr. 24 5Potential savings A913/gr. 450 gr. 24 5
1010
2020
3030
4040
5050
%%
00
(Material)(Material)WeightWeight
Savings Savings
10 to
30
%10
to 3
0 %
Material Cost SavingsMaterial Cost Savings
10 to
50
%10
to 5
0 % Fabrication SavingsFabrication Savings
7 to
30
%7
to 3
0 %
MiscellaneousMiscellaneousSavings :Savings :ErectionErection
TransportTransportFoundationsFoundations
0 to
15
%0
to 1
5 %
Total SavingsTotal Savings
15 to
35
%15
to 3
5 %
13/06/2007 ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections 69
Thank you for your attention!
http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections