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PRINCIPAL PARTSMost Latin verbs are put into one of four groups (conjugations) depending on their Principal Parts. This grouping system is found in modern languages, including French, which has four sorts of verbs: -er, -re, -ir, -oir. The 4th p.p. means -ed (and nothing else). It is a passive participle an adjective formed from a verb, describing a noun or pronoun, and followed by a preposition like by, with, from, etc. CONJ. 1st p.p. port-o 1st () I carry doce-o 2nd () I teach trah-o 3rd () I drag audi-o 4th () I hear to hear I heard heard to drag aud-re I dragged aud-ivi dragged aud-itus to teach trah-re I taught tra-xi taught trac-tus to carry doc-re I carried doc-ui carried doc-tus 2nd p.p. port-re 3rd p.p. port-avi 4th p.p. port-atus
You must learn all of the Principal Parts and be ready to write them in tests. The Principal Parts give you a quick way of remembering the present (1st p.p.) and perfect (3rd p.p.) tenses, the present infinitive (2nd p.p.) and the perfect passive participle (4th p.p. which means -ed). Tip: most English words ending in -ion come from the 4th p.p.
SPECIAL 4th P.P.s = HAVING -EDSome 4th Principal Parts in Latin mean HAVING -ED. There are not many of these and you learn them as special cases. Most give interesting English words.adeptus, a, um ingressus, a, um precatus, a, um regressus, a, um conspicatus, a, um egressus, a, um passus, a, um locutus, a, um secutus, a, um = = = = = = = = = having received, having obtained, having gained, having got having entered, having gone in having prayed (to) having returned, having come back, having gone back having noticed, having spotted, having caught sight of having departed, having gone out, having left having suffered having said, having spoken having followed
senex, deam precatus, anulum extraxit the old man, having prayed to the goddess, took off his ring fur, anulum conspicatus, se celavit a thief, having noticed a ring, hid himself fur, anulum adeptus, celeriter fugit the thief, having obtained the ring, escaped quickly
THE CHIEF MASTERS FAVOURITE VERB KNOW THIS LITTLE VERB AND YOU KNOW THEM ALL EO, IRE, II, ITUS Present EO IS IT IMUS ITIS EUNT IBAM IBAS IBAT IBAMUS IBATIS IBANT II IISTI IIT IIMUS IISTIS IERUNT IERAM IERAS IERAT IERAMUS IERATIS IERANT = I GO, TO GO, I WENT, GONE I go; I am going you go; you are going (s)he goes; (s)he is going we go; we are going you go; you are going they go; they are going I was going; I began to go you were going; you began to go (s)he was going; (s)he began to go we were going; we began to go you were going; you began to go they were going; they began to go I went; I have gone you went; you have gone (s)he went; (s)he has gone we went; we have gone you went; you have gone they went; they have gone I had gone you had gone (s)he had gone we had gone you had gone they had gone
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
TABLE OF NOUN ENDINGS (UMS)DEC CASE Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. SINGULAR PUELL - A PUELL - AM PUELL - AE PUELL - AE PLURAL PUELL - AE PUELL - AS PUELL - ARUM PUELL - IS
1st
2nd
Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.
SERV - US SERV - UM SERV - I SERV - O
SERV - I SERV - OS SERV - ORUM SERV - IS
3rd
Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat.
MERCATOR MERCATOR - EM MERCATOR - IS MERCATOR - I
MERCATOR - ES MERCATOR - ES MERCATOR - UM MERCATOR - IBUS
Nominative: says start with me. I am the subject. I go before the verb in English. I am the Who in Who does what? The cat sees the dog Accusative: says dont start with me. I am the object. I go after the verb in English I am the What in Who does what? The dog sees the cat Genitive: says add of before you translate me; I tell you who owns something; I am the OF WHOM in who owns the what of whom I am the Who owns something Whose shoes? Dative: says add to or for before you translate me; I am the indirect object; I am the TO WHOM in who does what to whom I am the Who you give something to Gimme the money!
TABLE OF NEUTER NOUN ENDINGSA small number of 2nd and 3rd declension words in Latin are neuter. 2nd declension neuter nouns end in -UM in the nominative singular and -A in the nominative plural. They keep the same endings in the accusative singular and plural. 3rd declension neuter nouns end in anything in the nominative singular but always -A in the nominative plural. They keep the same endings in the accusative singular and plural. BELLUM, BELLI neuter DEC CASE Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. SINGULAR BELL - UM BELL - UM BELL - I BELL - O NOMEN, NOMINIS neuter DEC CASE Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. SINGULAR NOMEN NOMEN NOMIN - IS NOMIN - I = = WAR PLURAL BELL - A BELL - A BELL - ORUM BELL - IS NAME PLURAL NOMIN - A NOMIN - A NOMIN - UM NOMIN - IBUS
2nd
3rd
Nominative: says start with me. I am the subject. I go before the verb in English. I am the Who in Who does what? The cat sees the dog Accusative: says dont start with me. I am the object. I go after the verb in English I am the What in Who does what? The dog sees the cat Genitive: says add of before you translate me; I tell you who owns something; I am the OF WHOM in who owns the what of whom I am the Who owns something Whose shoes? Dative: says add to or for before you translate me; I am the indirect object; I am the TO WHOM in who does what to whom
I am the Who you give something to Gimme the money!
LATIN VERBS: PRESENT TENSEThe Latin verb consists of two parts: (1) (2) STEM ENDING tells you what the verb is doing tells you who is doing the verb
The present tense of port- o (I carry) goes as follows: PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL
1st
port - oI carry
porta - muswe carry
2nd
porta - syou carry
porta - tisyou carry
3rd
porta - t(s)he carries
porta - ntthey carry
RULE If the verb dont end in - t
It says YOU START WITH ME
LATIN VERBS: IMPERFECT TENSEThe imperfect tense sets the scene for a story. Theatres have scenery painted on canvas but stories use verbs in the imperfect tense. In English, the imperfect tense can be translated in three different ways: (1)I was ________ing, he was ________ing, ________ing, they were ________ing, etc. we were
(2) I began to ________, he began to ________, we began to ________, they began to ________, etc. (3) I would ________, he would ________, ________, they would ________, etc. we would
PERSON
SINGULAR
PLURAL
1st
porta - bamI was carrying
porta - bamuswe were carrying
2nd
porta - basyou were carrying
porta - batisyou were carrying
3rd
porta - bat(s)he was carrying
porta - bantthey were carrying
LATIN VERBS: PERFECT TENSEThe perfect tense tells you about things that happened in the past: As Julius Caesar said I came, I saw, I conquered. In English, the perfect tense is translated in three different ways: (1)I (have) ________ed, he (has) ________ed, we (have) ________ed, they (have) ________ed, etc. (2) I did ________, he did ________, we did ________, they did ________, etc.
English usually puts the ending -ed on the end of the verb to make it perfect tense. Latin puts one of three letters between the stem and the ending: v or u or s. PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL
1st
portav - iI (have) carried
portav - imuswe (have) carried
2nd
portav - istiyou (have) carried
portav - istisyou (have) carried
3rd
portav - it(s)he (has) carried
portav - eruntthey (have) carried
PLUPERFECT TENSEIn English, the pluperfect tense means I had -ed, he had -ed, we had -ed, they had -ed, etc. It is the most distant of all the English tenses: e.g. Father arrived in the afternoon but mother had arrived an hour before him and James had arrived an hour before her. In Latin, the following endings are put on the end of the 3rd principal part: -eram -eras -erat -eramus -eratis -erant
portav- eram portav- eras portav- erat portav- eramus portav- eratis portav- erant
= = = = = =
I had carried you had carried (s)he had carried we had carried you had carried they had carried
e.g. puella erat laetissima quod canem suum invenerat the girl was very happy because she had found her dog Caecilius habebat servum, qui in Britannia habitaverat Caecilius had a slave, who had lived in Britain cena, quam Grumio paraverat, optima erat the meal, which Grumio had prepared, was very good
THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVEAll the Latin verbs that you have met so far have been indicative (main) verbs, making one sentence and followed by a full stop. You will now meet sentences starting with cum (since / when) + a subjunctive (subordinate) verb, followed by a comma. Latin uses a subjunctive verb when a sentence does not make sense on its own. It is usually found after words like cum (since / when) or ut (in order that) or si (if). These words introduce a sentence but do not make one.
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVERULE: 3rd p.p. + sse + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
portav-issem portav-isses portav-isset portav-issemus portav-issetis portav-issent
= = = = = =
I had carried you had carried (s)he had carried we had carried you had carried they had carried
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVERULE: 2nd p.p. + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
portare-m portare-s portare-t portare-mus portare-tis portare-nt
= = = = = =
I was carrying you were carrying (s)he was carrying we were carrying you were carrying they were carrying
there are no irregular pluperfect or imperfect subjunctives
LATIN INDIRECT QUESTION
How do we recognise an English direct question? (1) (2) (3) (4) question word at start of sentence (why, what) question mark at end of sentence (?) subject and verb inverted (what were you doing?) pitch of voice raised at end of sentence
How do we recognise an English indirect question? (1) (2) (3) (4) question word in middle of sentence (why) full stop at end of sentence (.) subject and verb not inverted (what you were doing) voice not raised at end of sentence
How do we recognise a Latin indirect question? (1) (2) (3) main clause with indicative verb at the start question word in the middle subordinate clause with subjunctive verb at the end
DIRECT QUESTION quid faciebas? = what were you doing?
INDIRECT QUESTION scire volebam quid faceres = I wanted to know what you were doing.
QUESTIONS IN LATIN
-NE
expects YES or NO venitne? = is he coming? YES/NO
NONNE
expects YES NONNE venit? = SURELY he is coming? He is coming, isnt he? YES
NUM
expects NO NUM venit? = SURELY he is NOT coming? He is NOT coming, is he? NO
THREE IRREGULAR VERBSSUM, ESSE, FUI I am, to be, I have beenpresent sum es est imperfect eram eras erat I was you were (s)he was eramus eratis erant we were you were they were I am you are (s)he is sumus estis sunt we are you are they are
POSSUM, POSSE, POTUI I am able, I canpresent possumI am able, I can possumus we are able; we can potes you are able, you can potestis you are able, you can potest he is able, he can possunt they are able, they can imperfect poteram poteras poterat I was able, I could you were able, you could (s)he was able, (s)he could poteramus poteratis poterant we were able, we could you were able, you could they were able, they could
VOLO, VELLE, VOLUI I want, I wishpresent vol-o vi-s vul-t imperfect vole-bam vole-bas vole-bat I wanted, I wished you wanted, you wished (s)he wanted, (s)he wished vole-bamus vole-batis vole-bant we wanted, we wished you wanted, you wished they wanted, they wished I want, I wish you want, you wish (s)he wants, (s)he wishes volu-mus vul-tis vol-unt we want, we wish you want, you wish they want, they wish
LATIN PURPOSE CLAUSES
How do we recognise an English Purpose Clause? (1) gives an answer to question why? (2) (3) uses the infinitive of a verb to / in order to / so that
What is the difference in Latin? The Latin infinitive (because it is a single word) is not strong enough for a purpose clause. The same is true in French, where the infinitive is a single word. Compare these French words that go before the infinitive: pour, , de. e.g. prt porter (ready to wear), maison vendre (house for sale); pour encourager les autres (to encourage the others) P.C. Q. A.
The boy ran quickly to see the show. why did the boy run quickly? to see the show How do we recognise a Latin Purpose Clause? UT + imperfect subjunctive The boy ran quickly to see the show Puer celeriter currebat ut spectaculum videret
RULE ENGLISH LATIN
How do we translate a Latin Purpose Clause? cross off the ut, cross off the -t (to leave the infinitive) Puer celeriter currebat (ut) spectaculum videre(t). The boy ran quickly to see the show.
RULE
THE LITTLE WORDS LATIN A (ab) E (ex) I (ite) O U ENGLISH from, by from, out of go! Oh! THE LITTLE ORDERS SINGULAR DIC DUC FAC FER ES facite FERTE ESTE PLURAL dicite ducite MEANING say! speak! tell (me)! lead! take! do! make! bring! carry! take! be!
DICk had a DUCk with FER on its back, and thats a FACt, ESmeralda
IMPERATIVES (COMMANDS!)In all languages, commands (!) are the shortest bit of the verb that makes sense: Look! Listen! Stop! Come here! (Be) Careful!CONJ. 2nd P. P. PORTARE SINGULAR PORTA CARRY! DOCE TEACH! TRAHE DRAG! AUDI LISTEN! PLURAL PORTATE CARRY! DOCETE TEACH! TRAHITE DRAG! AUDITE LISTEN!
1stto carry DOCERE
2ndto teach TRAHERE
3rdto drag AUDIRE
4thto listen
NOLI (singular) NOLITE (plural) NOLI audire! NOLITE audire! NOLI id facere! NOLITE ridere!
+ + = = = =
infinitive infinitive do not listen! do not listen! dont do it! dont laugh!
= =
do not (dont) do not (dont) (singular) (plural) (singular) (plural)
LATIN ADJECTIVESAdjectives tell you more about nouns just as adverbs tell you more about verbs. Adjectives describe nouns and adverbs describe verbs. The word adjective means a word thrown alongside a noun. e.g. a large house; a fierce dog; a nice school. Adjectives are optional extras and can be missed out from a sentence without ruining the meaning. Nouns cannot be missed out. Adjectives need nouns but nouns do not need adjectives. In Latin and most modern foreign languages (but not in English) adjectives try to look as much like the nouns they describe as possible. They do this in three ways: (1) GENDER masculine masculine feminine feminine neuter neuter (2) NUMBER singular plural singular plural (3) CASE nom. acc. gen. dat. masculine, feminine, neuter laetus servus laetum servum laeta puella laetam puellam bonum vinum bonum vinum singular, plural laetus servus laeti servi laeta puella laetae puellae happy slave happy slave happy girl happy girl good wine good wine happy slave happy slaves happy girl happy girls good merchants good merchants of good merchants to good merchants
nominative, accusative, genitive, dative bonus mercator boni mercatores bonum mercatorem bonos mercatores boni mercatoris bonorum mercatorum bono mercatori bonis mercatoribus
In Latin, there are three grades of agreement, depending, like families, on how much the adjective tries to look like the noun it goes with: (1) IDENTICAL TWINS: the endings so similar that they rhyme: laetus servus; laetam puellam; bonum vinum (2) (3) NB: BROTHERS / SISTERS: the endings so similar that they almost rhyme: bonum mercatorem; bonos mercatores RELATIVES: the endings so dissimilar that they do not rhyme at all: bonus mercator; bono mercatori; boni mercatores (1) (2) All the Latin that you meet is correct and the agreements will be correct. Adjectives are put next to nouns, usually before, but sometimes after.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES THIShic, haec, hoc = this; he, she, it; him, her, itSINGULAR
CASE
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
NOM. HOCthis
HICthis
HAECthis
ACC.GEN.
HUNCthis HUIUS of this HUIC to/for this
HANCthis HUIUS of this HUIC to/for this
HOCthis HUIUS of this HUIC to/for this
DAT.
PLURAL
CASE NOM. ACC. GEN. DAT.
MASCULINE HI these HOS these HORUM of these HIS to/for these
FEMININE HAE these HAS these HARUM of these HIS to/for these
NEUTER HAEC these HAEC these HORUM of these HIS to/for these
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES THATille, illa, illud = thatSINGULAR
CASE
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
NOM.ACC.DAT.
ILLEthat
ILLAthat
ILLUDthat
ILLUMthat ILLI to/for that
ILLAMthat ILLI to/for that
ILLUDthat ILLI to/for that
PLURAL
CASE
MASCULINE
FEMININE
NEUTER
NOM.ACC.DAT.
ILLIthose
ILLAEthose
ILLAthose
ILLOSthose ILLIS to/for those
ILLASthose ILLIS to/for those
ILLAthose ILLIS to/for those
ILLE gives the French words IL (he) and LE (the) and ILLA gives the French words ELLE (she) and LA (the). Latin uses ILLE and ILLA in the the same way.
RELATIVE PRONOUNSIn English, the relative pronoun means who, whom, whose, or which and its job is to join two sentences together, rather like a conjunction. In Latin, the most important relative pronouns are QUI (who) and QUEM (whom) This is the cook. He was preparing a meal. This is the cook, who was preparing a meal. Hic est coquus, qui cenam parabat This is the cook. I saw him in the shop. This is the cook, whom I saw in the shop. Hic est coquus, quem in taberna vidi. SINGULAR
CASE NOM. ACC. DAT.
MASCULINE QUI who QUEM whom CUI to/for whom
FEMININE QUAE who QUAM whom CUI to/for whom
NEUTER QUOD which QUOD which CUI to/for which
PLURAL
CASE NOM. ACC. DAT.
MASCULINE QUI who QUOS whom QUIBUS to/for whom
FEMININE QUAE who QUAS whom QUIBUS to/for whom
NEUTER QUAE which QUAE which QUIBUS to/for which
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSON CASE Nom. SINGULAR EGO ME MIHI I me to/for me PLURAL NOS NOS NOBIS we us to/for us
1st
Acc. Dat.
Nom.
TU TE TIBI
you you to/for you
VOS VOS VOBIS
you you to/for you
2nd
Acc. Dat.
Acc.
EUM EAM EI
him her to/for him/her
EOS EAS EIS
them them to/for them
3rd
Acc. Dat.
EXAMPLES Ego te video sed tu me non vides = Grumio cenam optimam ei parat Caecilius eam in taberna vidit Caecilius eum in taberna vidit Caecilius nos in taberna vidit Caecilius eos in taberna vidit = = = = = I see you but you do not see me Grumio prepares an excellent meal for him Caecilius saw her in the shop Caecilius saw him in the shop Caecilius saw us in the shop Caecilius saw them in the shop
LATIN PRESENT PARTICIPLES In English, the present participle ends in -ing The slaves returned to the house, carrying Barbillus The maids stood near the bed, crying In Latin, the present participle goes like a 3rd declension word -ans, -antem (like Bregans) -ens, -entem (like Clemens) 1st conjugation 2nd, 3rd, 4th conjugations
Because the 3rd declension has masculine and feminine words in roughly equal numbers, the present participle endings are the same for masculine and feminine words. PORTANS = CARRYING SINGULAR Nom Acc Gen Dat PORT-ANS PORTANT-EM PORTANT-IS PORTANT-I AUDIENS = HEARING SINGULAR Nom Acc Gen Dat AUDI-ENS AUDIENT-EM AUDIENT-IS AUDIENT-I PLURAL AUDIENT-ES AUDIENT-ES AUDIENT-IUM AUDIENT-IBUS PLURAL PORTANT-ES PORTANT-ES PORTANT-IUM PORTANT-IBUS
EXAMPLES
servi ad villam revenerunt, Barbillum portantes the slaves returned to the house, carrying Barbillus ancillae prope lectum stabant, lacrimantes the maids stood near the bed, crying dominus servum vidit, in horto sedentem the master saw the slave, sitting in the garden