Latin IIWelcome-Back Review!
1st and 2nd declension nouns
DECLENSION REVIEW!
Nouns are the names of persons places or things.
Latin Nouns Have 4 Features
• Case---how a noun works in its sentence.• Number---whether a noun is singular or
plural (singular=one, plural=more than one)• Gender---whether a noun is masculine,
feminine, or neuter.• Declension---each noun belongs to one of
the 5 declensions: groups of nouns that share the same pattern of endings
In Latin, the use of the noun is determined by its case ending, not its
place in the sentence.
There are five cases:
• Nominative - subject and predicate nominative
• Genitive – possession• Dative - indirect object• Accusative - direct object • Ablative – (various)
1st Declension Nouns
• Let’s learn how to write a 1st declension noun on its “declension chart.”
• A declension chart shows the noun in all its cases (spellings).
• For example…
AQUA
AQUIS
AQUAS
AQUĀ
AQUAM
AQUARUM
AQUAE
1st Declension Nouns
• 1st declension nouns end in –ae in their genitive form (the 2nd form listed in the vocab list).
• Most 1st declension nouns are feminine.
aqua, aquae (feminine) :water
Step 1 – Find the noun stem
The noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.
Dictionary entry of a noun:
Puella puellae, f. girl
Nominativesingular
Genitive singular
GenderMeaning
Puellae – ae = puell
Noun Stem
Finding noun stems
• aqua, aquae (f.)• aqu-• insula, insulae (f.)• insul-• silva, silvae (f.)• silv-• via, viae (f.)• vi-
In Latin, the endings indicate the case of the noun.
(Endings)Case Singular Plural
Nominative a aeGenitive ae arumDative ae isAccusative am asAblative ā isExample: insularum = plural genitive
Write these down!
Step 2: Add the case endings to the noun stem.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular Plural
On your whiteboard, decline the following 2 nouns:via, viae (f.) and aqua, aquae (f.)
Let’s Review!
• 2ND DECLENSION: Nouns that have –i in their genitive singular are 2nd declension.
• amicus, amici (m.)• vir, viri (m.)• ager, agri (m.)
Step 1 – Find the noun stemThe noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.
Dictionary entry of a noun:
servus servi, m. slave
Nominativesingular
Genitive singular
Gender Meaning
servi – i = serv-Noun Stem
Step 1 – Find the noun stemThe noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.
Dictionary entry of a noun:
ager agri, m. field
Nominativesingular
Genitive singular
Gender Meaning
agri – i = agr-
Noun Stem
In Latin, the endings indicate the case of the noun.
servus, servi (m.) --- slave
Case Singular Plural
Nominative servus serviGenitive servi servorumDative servo servisAccusative servum servosAblative servo servis
By following the stem rule, a word like “ager” loses its “-e” after the first form.
ager, agri (m.) --- field
Case Singular Plural
• Nominative ager agri• Genitive agri agrorum• Dative agro agris• Accusative agrum agros• Ablative agro agris
Let’s Review: Neuter Nouns• 2nd declension neuter nouns have –um in the
nominative case and –i in the genitive case.• frumentum, frumenti (n.)• signum, signi (n.)
Find the noun stemThe noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.
Dictionary entry of a noun:
signum signi, n. sign
Nominativesingular
Genitive singular
GenderMeaning
signi – i = sign-
Noun Stem
Neuter Rule
• The nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns always have the same endings.
• The plural nominative and accusative ending of neuter nouns is always –A.
Neuter Nouns have the same endings as masculine, except for 3 differences.
signum, signi (n.) --- sign
Case Singular Plural
Nominative signum signaGenitive signi signorumDative signo signisAccusative signum signaAblative signo signis
WARNING!
• We’ve seen that neuter nom/acc plurals end in –a.
• Remember that 1st declension singular words can end in –a, too!
• If a word ends in –a and is feminine or masculine, it’s singular. (It’s 1st declension.)
• puella, casa, agricola: girl, house, farmer
WARNING!
• If a word ends in –a and is neuter, it’s plural. (2nd declension neuter)
• signa, praemia, consilia: signs, rewards, plans• Look in the glossary or vocab list if you’ve
forgotten the gender.• It’s not magic…it’s just a matter of
looking up the gender!
Singular Plural
Nom. -a -aeGen. -ae -arumDat. -ae -isAcc. -am -asAbl. -a -is
Singular Plural
Nom. -us/-er/-ir -iGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -osAbl. -o -is
Singular Plural
Nom. -um -aGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -aAbl. -o -is
1st Declension
2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension
Neuter
Singular Plural
Nom. -a -aeGen. -ae -arumDat. -ae -isAcc. -am -asAbl. -a -is
Singular Plural
Nom. -us/-er/-ir -iGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -osAbl. -o -is
Singular Plural
Nom. -um -aGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -aAbl. -o -is
1st Declension
2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension
Neuter
Decline ancilla, ancillae (f.)
Decline ager, agri (m.) Decline oppidum, oppidi (n.)
Name That Declension!• umbra, umbrae (f.) shadow• oppidum, oppidi (n.) town• lupus, lupi (m.) wolf• luna, lunae (f.) moon• vir, viri (m.) man• nasus, nasi (m.) nose• mensa, mensae (f.) table
1st2nd (n.)
2nd (m.)1st
2nd (m.)2nd (m.)
1st
Give the CASE and NUMBER for the following forms.
• umbra• oppida• lupis• lunarum• vir• naso• mensā
• nasorum• viri• lupum• oppidi• umbram• lunae• mensas
Nom. Sg.Nom./Acc. Pl.
Dat./Abl. Pl.Gen. Pl.
Nom. Sg.Dat./Abl. Sg.
Abl. Sg.
Gen. Pl.Gen. Sg./Nom. Pl.
Acc. Sg.Gen. Sg.
Acc. Sg.Gen./Dat. Sg., Nom. Pl.
Acc. Pl.
Singular Plural
Nom. cura curaeGen. curae curarumDat. curae curisAcc. curam curasAbl. curā curis
Singular Plural
Nom. lupus lupiGen. lupi luporumDat. lupo lupisAcc. lupum luposAbl. lupo lupis
Singular Plural
Nom. lorum loraGen. lori lororumDat. loro lorisAcc. lorum loraAbl. loro loris
1st Declension
2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension Neuter