Launching the New Ship of Launching the New Ship of StateState

Why Bill of Rights?Why Bill of Rights?

All thirteen states had to ratify the All thirteen states had to ratify the ConstitutionConstitution

Nine states needed to “reset” the Nine states needed to “reset” the country, canceling out the Articles country, canceling out the Articles of Confederationof Confederation

Conservative document that Conservative document that prevented the “mob” from prevented the “mob” from controlling government controlling government

Was a surprise to the publicWas a surprise to the public

The first amendment—5 The first amendment—5 rights mentionedrights mentioned

Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Freedom of Religion Freedom of the Freedom of the

PressPress Freedom of Freedom of

AssemblyAssembly Right to petition the Right to petition the

governmentgovernment

Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion

““Congress shall make no law Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free religion or prohibiting the free exercise there of”exercise there of”

Two clauses:Two clauses:Establishment clauseEstablishment clauseFree Exercise clauseFree Exercise clause

Establishment Clause—Establishment Clause—Government cannot promote Government cannot promote or prefer a religionor prefer a religion

National Cathedral—Washington, D.C.

Freedom of speechFreedom of speech ““Congress shall make no laws . . . Congress shall make no laws . . .

abridging the freedom of speech”abridging the freedom of speech”

Freedom of AssemblyFreedom of Assembly

Congress shall make no law . . . Congress shall make no law . . . Abridging . . . The people to Abridging . . . The people to peaceably assemble”peaceably assemble”

Petition the GovernmentPetition the Government ““Congress shall make no law . . . Congress shall make no law . . .

Abridging . . . the people. . . to Abridging . . . the people. . . to petition the government for a redress petition the government for a redress of grievances”of grievances”

22ndnd Amendment—Right to Amendment—Right to bear armsbear arms ““A well-regulated militia, being necessary to A well-regulated militia, being necessary to

the security of a free state, the right of the the security of a free state, the right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed.”people to bear arms shall not be infringed.”

Third AmendmentThird Amendment

The Government The Government cannot force you cannot force you to shelter to shelter soldiers in your soldiers in your home without home without your consent in your consent in time of war or time of war or peace.peace.

Rights of the Accused Rights of the Accused Amendments #4-8Amendments #4-8Important to preserve Important to preserve freedomfreedom

Fourth AmendmentFourth Amendment

What does a What does a policeman policeman need in order need in order to search your to search your home?home? A warrant A warrant

given to him by given to him by a judgea judge

Probable cause Probable cause is also neededis also needed

Fifth AmendmentFifth Amendment

You cannot be tried for the same You cannot be tried for the same crime twice—called “Double crime twice—called “Double Jeopardy”Jeopardy”

You do not have to testify against You do not have to testify against your self. “I plead the fifth”your self. “I plead the fifth”

You must have You must have due processdue process of law of law before you are convictedbefore you are convicted

The government cannot take your The government cannot take your land unless it pays.land unless it pays.

Sixth AmendmentSixth Amendment

Right to Right to speedy trial speedy trial by impartial by impartial jury—jury—meaning not meaning not favoring favoring either sideeither side

Sixth Amendment continuedSixth Amendment continued You must be You must be

told of told of chargescharges

You must be You must be provided a provided a lawyer if you lawyer if you cannot cannot afford oneafford one

Seventh AmendmentSeventh Amendment In suits at common In suits at common

law, where the law, where the value in value in controversy shall controversy shall exceed twenty exceed twenty dollars, the right of dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be trial by jury shall be preserved, and no preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise shall be otherwise reexamined in any reexamined in any court of the United court of the United States, than States, than according to the according to the rules of the rules of the common law. common law.

Eighth AmendmentEighth Amendment

No No excessive excessive bailbail

No cruel No cruel and and unusual unusual punishmepunishmentnt

Ninth Amendment Ninth Amendment

The enumeration in the The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the disparage others retained by the people.people.

Tenth Amendment Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.respectively, or to the people.

Anti-Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists vs. FederalistsFederalists

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists States’ rightsStates’ rights Backcountry Backcountry

dwellersdwellers Small farmersSmall farmers DebtorsDebtors S. Adams, P. S. Adams, P.

Henry, Richard Henry, Richard Henry LeeHenry Lee

FederalistsFederalists Strong federal gov.Strong federal gov. Seaboard dwellersSeaboard dwellers Wealthy and better Wealthy and better

educatededucated Controlled the Controlled the

press (press (The The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers))

G. Washington, B. G. Washington, B. Franklin, Franklin, MadisonMadison, , HamiltonHamilton, , JayJay

Election of Election of 17891789 Electors cast two Electors cast two

votes for Presidentvotes for President Each elector selected Each elector selected

Washington w/ at Washington w/ at least oneleast one

NC and RI hadn’t NC and RI hadn’t ratified the ratified the ConstitutionConstitution

NY had problems NY had problems deciding how electors deciding how electors would be chosenwould be chosen

Executive Branch (1789-Executive Branch (1789-1796)1796)

Jo h n A da m sV ice -P res ide n t

T h om as Je ffe rsonS e cre ta ry o f S ta te

A lexan de r H am iltonS e cre ta ry o f th e T re a su ry

H e nry K n oxS e cre ta ry o f W ar

G e org e W a sh ing tonP res ide n t

• Cabinet not outlined in the Constitution – a “Washington Invention”

• John Jay named 1st Chief Justice of the five member Supreme Court

Congress at work…Congress at work…

James Madison sought to James Madison sought to protect the Constitution and protect the Constitution and win over “the anti-Feds” win over “the anti-Feds”

What he develops becomes known as What he develops becomes known as the Bill of Rights (he is the “father of”)the Bill of Rights (he is the “father of”)

One of the first acts done by the new One of the first acts done by the new Federal GovernmentFederal Government

Judiciary Act (1789) organizes the Judiciary Act (1789) organizes the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

Not a “natural” citizen (born in Not a “natural” citizen (born in the Caribbean)the Caribbean)

Federalist / aide to Wash in ARFederalist / aide to Wash in AR Arch rival: JeffersonArch rival: Jefferson ““Father of the National Debt”Father of the National Debt” Assumption fight and Assumption fight and

compromisecompromise Debt was a “national Debt was a “national

blessing” blessing” Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States

National Debt structureNational Debt structure

Debt owed to ForeignersDebt owed to Foreigners

$11,710,000$11,710,000Federal DebtFederal Debt

$42,414,000$42,414,000State DebtState Debt

$21,500,000$21,500,000

Miscellaneous Revenue

Customs Duties (tariffs)

Excise Revenue (Whiskey, etc.)

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

PA farmers not happy with tariffPA farmers not happy with tariff Launch an “insurrection”Launch an “insurrection” Washington personally leads militia Washington personally leads militia

into PA to restore order (direct into PA to restore order (direct opposite of Shay’s Rebellion)opposite of Shay’s Rebellion)

Represents peaceful dialogue over Represents peaceful dialogue over violence in order to change policyviolence in order to change policy

What caused parties to What caused parties to form?form?

Political RivalriesPolitical Rivalries

Democrat-Democrat-RepublicansRepublicans

States rights (local)States rights (local) Strict construction Strict construction

viewview Agriculture basedAgriculture based Rule of the peopleRule of the people Backed Backed FranceFrance Support in S and WSupport in S and W Jefferson and Madison Jefferson and Madison

key supporterskey supporters

FederalistsFederalists Federal rightsFederal rights Loose construction viewLoose construction view Industrial based Industrial based Avoid “mob” rule / elitesAvoid “mob” rule / elites Backed Backed EnglandEngland Support in NESupport in NE J. Adams and Hamilton J. Adams and Hamilton

key supporterskey supporters

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

Beware of entangling alliances…

…because they will get us involved in other

people’s wars.

Rating the PresidentsRating the Presidents

More notable American More notable American rather than Presidentrather than President

Extremely popular at Extremely popular at the timethe time

Sets the bar for what a Sets the bar for what a Pres. doesPres. does

Foreign policy of Foreign policy of neutralityneutrality

Prevents a “backslide” Prevents a “backslide” of revolutionary idealsof revolutionary ideals

Election of Election of 17961796

President and V.P. President and V.P. come from different come from different parties for 1parties for 1stst time time

MD split the vote MD split the vote between the twobetween the two

Other candidates vote Other candidates vote count not depictedcount not depicted

President John AdamsPresident John Adams

Jay’s Treaty with England Jay’s Treaty with England angers D-R and France.angers D-R and France.

Adams not well liked and comes to Adams not well liked and comes to power in a very close, bitter electionpower in a very close, bitter election

Stuck between neo-Federalists led by Stuck between neo-Federalists led by Hamilton (not pro-British enough) and Hamilton (not pro-British enough) and Jefferson’s D-R (anti-British)Jefferson’s D-R (anti-British)

France reacts by seizing American France reacts by seizing American vessels at sea (300 by 1797)vessels at sea (300 by 1797)

Quasi-War w/ France (1798-Quasi-War w/ France (1798-1800)1800)

John Marshall is sent to France to John Marshall is sent to France to negotiate w/ Talleyrandnegotiate w/ Talleyrand

Quasi-War brought to you Quasi-War brought to you by the letters X, Y, and Zby the letters X, Y, and Z

They ask for a $250,000 bribe just to They ask for a $250,000 bribe just to talk to Talleyrandtalk to Talleyrand

Marshall refuses and returns to Marshall refuses and returns to AmericaAmerica

““Millions for defense, but not one cent Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”for tribute”

Adams avoids war by appealing to new Adams avoids war by appealing to new French ruler NapoleonFrench ruler Napoleon

Convention of 1800 = “divorce” w/ Fr.Convention of 1800 = “divorce” w/ Fr.

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

Federalists during war fervor pass laws Federalists during war fervor pass laws to silence the opposition (D-R)to silence the opposition (D-R)

Alien ActAlien Act Naturalization from 5 to 14 yrsNaturalization from 5 to 14 yrs President can jail or deport in time of warPresident can jail or deport in time of war

Sedition ActSedition Act Impeding policies of the government = jailImpeding policies of the government = jail Attacking officials in press = jail and fineAttacking officials in press = jail and fine

Virginia and Kentucky Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsResolutions

Reaction to the Alien and Sedition Reaction to the Alien and Sedition ActsActs

Jefferson writes for KentuckyJefferson writes for Kentucky Madison writes for VirginiaMadison writes for Virginia Develops the idea of “nullification”Develops the idea of “nullification”

The States have the right to ignore laws The States have the right to ignore laws that the Federal Government “oversteps that the Federal Government “oversteps it’s authority on”it’s authority on”

Constitutional issues were later a right Constitutional issues were later a right the Supreme Court “adopts” in 1803.the Supreme Court “adopts” in 1803.

Rating the PresidentsRating the Presidents

More notable American More notable American rather than Presidentrather than President

Extremely disliked at the Extremely disliked at the time / abrasive personalitytime / abrasive personality

Doesn’t get caught up in Doesn’t get caught up in war fever and does what war fever and does what was best for the countrywas best for the country

Splits his party and loses Splits his party and loses in close election to in close election to JeffersonJefferson

Thomas JeffersonAlexander Hamilton

Democratic - RepublicansFederalists

Hamilton and Jefferson: Differing Views

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

• Favored trade, manufacturing and cities

• Believed that the federal government should have more power than the states

• Believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution

• was pro-British

• Favored farmers and rural communities

• Believed that states should have more power than the federal government (state’s rights)

• Believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution

• was pro-French

• pro-British

First Political Parties

• led by Alexander Hamilton

• strong central government led by industry and the wealthy

• emphasis on manufacturing, shipping, and trade

• loose interpretation of the Constitution

• favored the national bank

• favored protective tariffs

• led by Thomas Jefferson

• strong state governments led by the “common man”

• emphasis on agriculture“Cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens.” – Thomas Jefferson • strict interpretation of the Constitution • opposed the national bank

• opposed protective tariffs• pro-French

Thomas Jefferson kneels before the altar of Gallic despotism as God and an American eagle attempt to prevent him from destroying the Constitution. Jefferson's alleged attack on George Washington and John Adams in the form of a letter to Philip Mazzei falls from his pocket. Jefferson is supported by Satan, the writings of Thomas Paine, and the French philosophers.

The Providential Detection1797-1800.