LBA Fluxtower Sites:Vastly Diverse Samples of

Amazonian Terrain

LBA Fluxtower Sites:Vastly Diverse Samples of

Amazonian TerrainAntonio Donato NobreCelso RandowCamilo Daleles RennoLuz Adriana CuartasAlessandro Carioca de AraujoScott Saleska

LBA Fluxtower Synthesis GroupGEOMA Environmental Physics Group INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazoniaINPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisUniversity of Arizona USAVUA Free Universtity of Amsterdam Holland

Topography has strong influence on soils and ecosystems

terrain soil vegetation

HAND, a new quantitative terrain approach

• Hydrology ASU catchment (LBA)– hillslope hydrology, – ground water, – stream flow, – vegetation-water relations (Tomasella et al 2007, Hodnet et al 2007a, Hodnet et al

2007b, Waterloo et al 2006, Cuartas et al 2007)• Terrain analysis (GEOMA)

– Digital elevation model (SRTM)– Terrain descriptor (Rennó et al 2008)– Field validation and testing – Terrain vs Hydrology

Questions and Assumptions

• Tower significant footprint usually does not exceed 10 km– Therefore, terrain around the towers within a

circle with 10 km radius can be hypothetically associated with flux-data

• Remote sensing data require broader and representative validations– testing representativeness of the assumed

tower footprint (10 km), we choose an encompassing circle of 50 km radius for comparisons

São Gabriel da Cachoeira

SRTM

50 km50 km

10 km10 km

Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al

SRTM São Gabriel

4% Flooded

42% Waterlogged36% Ecotone

8% Slope

10% Plateau

HAND map São Gabriel

Manaus K34 & C14

SRTM

Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al

SRTM Manaus K34

10% Flooded

20% Waterlogged20% Ecotone

31% Slope

19% Plateau

HAND map Manaus K34

Caxiuana

SRTM

Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al

SRTM Caxiuana

36% Flooded

30% Waterlogged20% Ecotone

2% Slope

12% Plateau

HAND map Caxiuana

Santarem km 67

SRTM

SRTM Santarem km 67

Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al

20% Flooded

6% Waterlogged6% Ecotone

27% Slope

41% Plateau

HAND map Santarem km 67

Ji-parana

Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al

SRTM Ji-parana

2% Flooded

32% Waterlogged25% Ecotone

24% Slope

17% Plateau

HAND map Ji-parana

Sinop

SRTM

Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al

SRTM Sinop

4% Flooded

21% Waterlogged21% Ecotono

8% Slope

47% Plateau

HAND map Sinop

K34 Sinop Caxiuana

Nobre et al

Terrain classes, 50 km / 10 km ratios

Representativeness of Flux-sites for RS

Comparing sites

• Hydrology– New spatially accurate data, vital to feed

models

• Vegetation – Powerful predictor of community distribution– Potential proxy for biomass

• Topography– Metric for topographic roughness – Coupled terrain/footprint analysis

Large Circle (20000.000m) Small Circle (5000.0000m)Total Área : 146293 pixels Total Área : 9141 pixels

Background: 3,11 % Background: 1,78 %class[0-5]: 17,29 % class[0-5]: 14,64 %class]5.3-15]: 22,28 % class]5.3-15]: 15,24 %class>15(slope>7.6%): 23,28 % class>15(slope>7.6%): 29,64 %class>15(slope<=7.6%): 34,04 % class>15(slope<=7.6%): 38,7 %

Statistics for Manaus C14

Coupled terrain/footprint analysis

Footprints C14 Manaus

Wet unstable

Wet stable

Topography Cross Section vs flux contribution with distance

Each footprint isoline encloses a zone of probability for flux signal source

Dry unstable

Dry stable

Footprints C14 Manaus

Manaus K34

Caxiuana

Ji-parana

Santarem km 67 Santarem km 83

Sao Gabriel(dry unstable)

Sinop

Manaus C14

Site

Foo

tprin

t C

ompa

rison

WE

T U

NS

TA

BLE

Manaus K34

Manaus C14

Santarem K 67

S GabrielCaxiuana

Sinop

Tower Site HAND map Comparison

5913 1456 18420

5

78071695

156

14

0

96703269

254

18

0

15010 4680369

801554 272 2 0 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

13291 7830 1657 276100

18687 10627 1965 248

71

19634 12013 3190512

127

32013 19181 4651783

81

3110 2261 423 1290

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

Footprint C14 Manaus

Wet unstable

Wet stable

Terrain Class Distribution by Footprint Probability Class

5500 1697 136

29

4

7393 2041119

19

2

8930 2426251

8

0

14570 3753295

2 01356 550 900 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

16188 9333 2250 394135

22805 13066 2825371

104

22414 14206 3983826

182

37057 23131 5849 1143

193

3883 2463 761 155 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

Dry unstable

Dry stable

6217 2132 1947

0

7491 2204 249

16

0

8746 3374 368

318

12442 4127 39535

3

1335 74 0 0 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

3334 1243 114 5 0

7530 2954277

20 3

1317542

433

1

152775493

661 646

2118 339 67 1 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

10360 3528 3186 0

15312 4914424

110

12414 3435

304

24

0

19026 6485792

9019

1680 773 15324

0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

Manaus K34

Caxiuana

4343 1215 8918

1

60851572

156

134

2301

1053 239

22

2133175423

501

23

127 0 0 0 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

Ji-parana

Santarem km 67

3729 1543304

54

9

4923 1838

264

30

3

2057 935

95

1

0

12258 4545398

90412 0 0 0 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood LandSantarem km 83

20484 5709701

34 3

37002 113671137

90

10

3175 46623

5

0

15682 4530299

337

157 1 0 0 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

Sao Gabriel(dry unstable)

7704 1615 162 11

0

14510 2905217

11

0

00

00

0

34664 8457 464

9

0

1866 294115

19

4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land

Sinop

5913 1456 18420

5

78071695

156

14

0

96703269

254

18

0

15010 4680369

801554 272 2 0 0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%

Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood LandManaus C14

WET UNSTABLE SITE Comparison

% accumulated contribution

WET UNSTABLE

WET STABLE

DRY UNSTABLE

DRY STABLE

Up to 5km 63,51 39,50 64,67 36,80

Up to 20km 92,39 86,79 93,66 86,56

Footprint conclusions

• Fluxtower Footprint analysis allows matching of dynamic fluxsource data with terrain composition

• Most fluxtower sites sample terrains close by (less than 1 km radius), skewing the weight of their measurements to such terrains.

• Much more detailed footprint significance analysis can yield a potentially good indication of how to interpret terrain/ecosystem contribution to flux data