(1887-1965)

Le Corbusier • Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, who

chose to be known as Le Corbusier.• Born on October 6, 1887 and died on

August 27, 1965, was a Swiss architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter.

• He was famous for being one of the pioneers of what now is called Modern architecture or the International style.

IDEOLOGY

• THE PILOTIS• ROOF GARDEN• FREE FLOOR PLAN• ELONGATED WINDOW• FREE FACADE

PILOTIS

Pilotis

• Pilotis means columns.• It helped to redefine the house

as a matter of form and function.

• Reinforced concrete gave us the pilotis.

• It raised the building in the air, far from the soil, with gardens stretching beneath the building.

• Pilotis usually served as an element of dramatization and visual isolation.

THE ROOF GARDEN• Usually known as hanging

garden.• First realization of this idea

was in the small house that the architect built for his parents on lake Geneva in 1923 is described in a hymnal tone.

• Reinforced concrete made the structurally homogenous roof possible.

• Reason of technique, economy and comfort lead to the adoption of the roof terrace and roof garden.

Roof Garden

THE FLOOR PLAN

• REINFORCED CONCRETE BROUGHT THE INNOVATION OF THE FREE PLAN IN WHICH THE INTERIORS WERE NO LONGER THE RIGIDLY DETERMINED BY THE STRUCTURAL WALLS , THEY HAD BECOME FREE.

• LE CORBUISER SUGGESTED A COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE OF STRUCTURAL SUPPORT ARCHITECTURAL “INFILL”.

• HE USED SLIDING WALLS THAT DIVIDED THE LIVING ROOM INTO THREE BEDROOMS AT NIGHT.

THE ELONGATED WINDOW

• LE CORBUSIER’S OBSESSION WITH THE FORM OF THE FACADE LONG WINDOWS THAT IS TOTALLY INDEPENDENT OF STRUCTURE

• ITS NO SURPRISE THAT THE ARCHITECT ONCE AGAIN PRODUCED A SCIENTIFIC DEMONSTRATION IN ORDER TO PROVE THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW WINDOW TYPE.

Elongated Window

THE FREE FACADE

• SAPERATING THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING FROM ITS STRUCTURAL FUNCTION THE FAÇADE BECOME FREE.

• PILLARS RETREATED FROM THE FACADE TO THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSE I.E THE FACADE BECAME NO MORE THAN LIGHT MEMBRANE

• FACADE WAS NOW FREE AND THE WINDOWS COULD EXTEND WITHOUT INTERRUPTION FROM ONE END TO THE OTHER

THE MODULAR

• ‘THE MODULAR’ , LE CORBUSIER WROTE, IS A MEASURING TOOL BASED ON THE HUMAN BODY AND ON MATHEMATICS. A MAN WITH AN ARM UPRAISED PROVIDES, AT THE DETERMINING POINTS OF HIS OCCUPATION OF SPACE- FOOT, SOLAR PLEXUS, HEAD, TIPS OF FINGERS OF THE UPRAISED ARM- THREE INTERVALS WHICH GIVE RISE TO A SERIES OF GOLDEN SECTIONS CALLED THE FIBNACCI SERIES.

Villa Savoye

Location: Poissy, France

Date: 1928 to 1931

Construction System:Reinforced Concrete and plastered unit masonry

Climate: Temperate

Style: Modern

VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY- FRANCE 1928-31

• VILLA SAVOYE IS RELATED TO THE WHOLE RANGE OF LE CORBUSIER’S ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

• IT IS SITUATED ON SMOOTHLY SLOPING HILL TOP IN MIDST OF FIELDS

• IT ILLUSTRATES WITH EXTREME CLARITY AND IS PERHAPS THE MOST FAITHFUL IN ITS OBSERVATION OF HI FIVE POINTS I.E PILOTIS, ROOF GARDEN, FREE FLOOR PLAN , ELONGATED WINDOW, AND FREE FAÇADE

• PALLADIAN GRID IS FOLLOWED • GOLDEN PROPOTIONS ARE ANALYSED• COLUMNS OF THE BUILDINGS ARE DEFINED BY A SYSTEM OF

WALLS INDEPENDENT OF STRUCTURE• ENTRY TO THE PROPERTY IS THROUGH A GATE AT ONE END OF

HIGH STONE WALL

‘The reinforced concrete

gives us the pilotis.

The house is up in the

air, far from the

ground: the garden runs

under the house...’

Pilotis

 'The columns set back from the facades, inside the house. The floor continues cantilevered. The facades are no longer anything but light skins of insulating walls or windows. The facade is free.'

Free facade

'Until now: load-bearing walls; …. forming the ground floor and the upper stories, up to the eaves. The layout is a slave to the supporting walls. Reinforced concrete in the house provides a free plan!...’

Free Plan

'The window is one of the essential features of the house. Reinforced concrete provides a revolution in the history of the window. Windows can run from one end of the facade to the other.'

Elongated Windows

'...the garden is also over the house, on the roof...’

Roof Garden

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Section Drawing

RAMP TOWARDS TERRACE

LIVING ROOM OPENING TOWARDS

TERRACE (INTERIORS)

ELONGATED WINDOWS

UNITE D’ HABITATION

• IT WAS LE CORBUSIER’S BEST CONTRIBUTION TO A MODERN TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL HOUSING

• THE BUILDING IS SITUATED ON 9 ACRE SITE ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF MARSEILLE

• IT HAS AN EAST WEST ORIENTATION

• IT IS 450’ LONG, 80’ WIDE AND 185’ HIGH

• 4 LIFTS EACH WITH A CAPACITY OF 20, TRAVELLING WITH A SPEED AT 40 FT PER SECOND.

• IT HAS SKELETON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND REST ON POWERFUL PILLARS WHICH LEAVS THE GROUND FREE

• ALL PIPING PASSES THROUGH THESE PILLARS (PILOTIS) • ALL APARTMENTS ARE BUILT IN TWO LEVELS • THE NORTHEN FAÇADE IS BLANK, WHILE THE OTHER

FACADES ARE ANIMATED WITH GLASS WALLS AND SUNBREAK LOGGIAS OF LIVING AREA

• THE PLAN IS NOT COMPLETELY FREE ; THE PARTITION WALLS BETWEEN THE APARTMENTS ARE LOAD BEARING

• STRONG SOUND PROOFING BETWEEN APARTMENTS• IT IS 9 STOREYS HIGH• THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO TWENTY THREE DIFFERENT

TYPES OF APARTMENTS• RECREATIONAL ROOMS ARE ON THE ROOF

HUGE PILOTIS LEAVING THE GROUND FREE

CONCRETE AS NOBLE MATERIAL

DOUBLE HEIGHT LIVING ROOM WITH GLASS WALL

GLASS WALL OF

12’ X 16’

DOUBLE HEIGHT BALCONIES TOO

ROOF

COLOURFUL WALLS IN BALCONIES

NARROW ROOMS

( 8’ HIGH ROOMS)

OPEN TERRACE

NOTRE- DAM-DU-HAUT

• IN THIS CONTEXT, LE CORBUSIER HIMSELF SPOKE OF LANDSCAPE ACOUSTICS THUS CREATING AN ECHO IN THE HALL

• IT IS COVERED WITH MUSHROOM SHAPED ROOF • THE ROOF IS INDEPENDENT OF WALLS• A THIN STRIP OF DAYLIGHT IS REVEALED BETWEEN

THE CHAPEL WALLS AND THE ROOF • IT CREATES A STRONG TENSION BETWEEN THE

INDOORS AND OUT DOORS

• THE MAIN HALL HAS A CAPACITY OF 200 PEOPLE

• IT WAS THIS CHAPEL THAT HE FIRST FORMULATED THE IDEA ARCHITECTURALLY IN THE FORM OF PERISCOPE LIGHT SHAFTS CAPTURING THE SUNLIGHT AND SPILLING IT OVER THE ALTARS OF THE THREE SIDED CHAPEL

• HE PLAYED WITH MASS AND VOID ON THE EXTERIORS OF THE WALLS

MASS VOID APPEARANCE

INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL

IRREGULAR VOIDS

Plan

1954 MILLOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION, AHMEDABAD,

INDIA

• IT IS THE HEADQUATERS OF ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENT OF INDIAN COTTON MILLOWNERS’ ASSOCIATIONS.

• THE BUILDING WAS REQUIRED TO BE BOTH AN ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER AND A MEETING AND A CEREMONIAL CENTER.

• IT SERVERS AS A SORT OF CLUB, THE SOCIAL RITUAL OF ITS MEMBERS IS STRONGLY EXPRESSED IN ITS DESIGN.

• CLIMATE CONTROL WAS TAKEN IN CONSIDERATON AND THERE WAS EXPRESSION OF MATERIALS.

• THE EAST AND WEST FACADES, OF ROUGH-SHUTTERED EXPOSED CONCRETE ARE MADE UP OF SUN-BREAKERS, CAREFULLY DESIGNED TO SHIELD THE INTERIOR.

• THE NORTH AND SOUTH SIDES, ALMOST UNBROKEN ARE OF ROUGH BRICKWORK.

VIEW FROM 3RD FLOOR LEVEL LOOKING EAST OVER THE RIVER

SUN BREAKERS

THE CAPITOL COMPLEX• THE AREA OF THE GREATEST SYMBOLIC

SIGNIFICANCE IN CHANDIGARH WAS THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , WHICH IN ITS FINAL FORM WAS BASED ON THE DESIGN OF A GRAET CROSS AXIS

• THE MOST IMPORTANT GROUP OF THE BUILDINGS CONSTITUTING THE CAPITOL- RIGHT, THE PARLIAMENT, LEFT,IN THE BACKGROUND, THE SECRETARIAT

• IN THE FOREGROUND, THE POOL OF THE PALACE OF JUSTICE

• ALTHOUGH THE SCENE IS HARMONIUS IN EFFECT, THERE ARE STILL MISSING THE BUILDINGS THAT BELONG HERE ,SUCH AS , FOR INSTANCE, THE TOWERS OF SHADOWS

SITE PLAN

SECRETARIAT

ASSEMBLY

HIGH COURT

GOVERNOR,S PALACE

OPEN HAND

THE SECRETARIAT,1958

THE SECRETARIAT• THE FIRST DESIGN FOR THE SECRETARIAT PRESENTS THE

BUILDING AS A TALL THIN SLAB CARRYING A SURFACE BRISE SOLEIL DIVIDED BY A CENTRAL HORIZONTAL BAND.

• THE DESIGN WHICH WAS ACCEPTED, ESTABLISHED THE BUILDING FORM AS A LONG ,HORIZONTAL CONCRETE SLAB.

• THE SECRETARIAT, THE LONGEST BUILDING IN CHANDIGARH, 254M LONG,AND 42M HIGHFORMS THE ADMINSTRATIVE CENTER,WITH MINISTERAL OFFICES GROUPED IN THE CENTER AND OFFICES FOR EMPLOYEES ARRANGED ON EITHER SIDE.

• THE BUILDING WAS COMPLETED IN 1958.• THE CENTRAL PAVILION, BLOCK 4, CONTAINS THE OFFICES OF THE

MINISTERS.

FREE FACADE

RAMP ENCLOCURE

ROUGH CONCRETE

FINISH

SQUARE WINDOWS

PROJECTED PORTICOS

SMALL ENTRANCE

BIG ENTRANCE

• THE ROUGH CONCRETE AGAIN INTERPOSES IN THE FENESTRATION OF THE TWO MAIN FACADES ; MORE THAN 2000 UNITS OF UNIQUE DESIGN

• APPRAOCH TO THE BUILDING IS THROUGH ROADWAYS BELOW GROUND LEVEL TO A LARGE PARKING AREA IN FRONT OF THE CENTRAL BLOCK, AND A FLOOR IS LEFT OPEN AT THIS LEVEL TO FORM AN ENTRANCE HALL

• BLOCK 1 AND 2 RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE GROUND• BLOCK 3,4 AND PART OF 5 FACE ON THE EXCAVATED AREA OF THE

PARKING LOT AND HAVE THE LOWER STOREY OPEN BETWEEN PILOTIS

• FOR THE REST PART OF BLOCK 5 AND WHOLE OF 6 THE LEVEL GOES TILL PLAZA HEIGHT, AND LOWER PORTION OF THESE BLOCKS ARE LEFT OPEN TO A HEIGHT OF TWO STORYES

• THE TOP OF THE BUILDING IS DEVELOPED AS A ROOF GARDEN CONTAINING THE SERVICE BLOCKS AND CAFETERIA FOR EMPLOYEES

• THE PLASTIC EMPHASIS IS GIVEN TO THE BUILDING BY FREE STANDING EXTERIOR RAMPS ENCLOSED IN ROUGH CONCRETE WALLS

• FOR SUPPLEMENTARY COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BUILDING , EACH OF SIX BLOCKS IS EQUIPPED WITH INTERIOR STAIRWAYS AND LIMITED ELEVATOR SERVICE

• HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION IS BY MEANS OF A CENTRAL CORRIDOR.

• FOR MINISTER’S BLOCK THE BAY SIZE IS INCREASED AND THE COLUMN IS THICKENED

HT OF 2

STOREYS

LEFT OPEN

COLUMNS SUPPORTING

1 ½ BLOCK

THE HIGH COURT

THE HIGH COURT,• THE HIGH COURT FORMED A PART AS “ A GREAT ARCHITECTURAL

VENTURE USING VERY POOR MATERIALS AND A LABOUR FORCEQUITE UNUSED TO MODERN BUILDING TECHNIQUES

• AN ENTIRE STUCTURE HAS RESULTED IN THE USE OF DOUBLE ROOF

• THE UPPER ROOF CANTILEVERED OUT OF THE OFFICE BLOCK IN THE MANNER OF PARASOL SHADING THE LOWER ROOF

• THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO ROOFS IS LEFT OPEN TO ENABLE CURRENTS OF AIR TO MOVE BETWEEN THE FLAT ROOF OF THE OFFICE BLOCK AND THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PARASOL ROOF WHICH SLOPES TOWARDS CENTER IN THE FORM OF ROWS OF ARCHES

• IN THE PLAN THE BUILDING TOOK THE FORM OF ABBREVIATED L – SHAPED WITH LONG FAÇADE FACING THE CAPITOL PLAZA TO CONTAIN COURT ROOMS

• THE BUILDING IS A RECTILINEAR FRAME WITHIN WHICH THE INTERIOR FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED

COLOURED MASSIVE PILLARS

PARASOL ROOF FORMING ARCHES

DOUBLE ROOF

GAP LEFT BETWEEN

TWO ROOFS

FULL HT ENTRANCE

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

REAR VIEW

ROUGH CONCRETE FINISHED RAMPDOUBLE ROOF

APPROACHED THROUGH ROADS

THE ASSEMBLY HALL

THE ASSEMBLY HALL• THE ASSEMBLY WAS CONCEIVED AS A RECTILINEAR

STRUCTURE• IT IS SQUARE IN PLAN WITH A MONUMENTAL PORTICO

FACING THE MAIN PLAZA • ON THE LATERAL FACADES BOTH THE PORTICO AND THE

OFFICE BLOCK WOULD BE DEFINED BY SOLID END WALLS• THE LARGE CHAMBER IS IN HYPERBOLIC FORM OF THE

COOLING TOWER WITH AN AVERAGE THICKNESS OF 15 CMS• THE SMALL COUNCIL CHAMBER ARE IN RECTILINEAR FRAME• THE UPPER PORTION OF THE TOWER IS EXTENDING ABOVE

THE ROOF LINE• AN ASSEMBLY CHAMBER IS 128 FT IN DIAMETER AT ITS

BASE AND RISES TO 124 FT AT ITS HIGHEST POINT • THIS TOWER WAS DESIGNED TO INSURE THE NATURAL

LIGHT, VENTILATION AND PROPER ACOUSTICS

• OF ALL BUILDINGS OF THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , THE ASSEMBLY IS THE MOST INTRICATE IN PLAN

• SEPARATE CIRCULATION ACCOMMODATION OF ALL GROUPS IS PROVIDED

• EMPLOYING A SYSTEM OF INDIVIDUAL ENTRANCES, STAIRWAYS, LIFTS AND RAMP A COMPLETE SEGREGATION OF MEMBERS IS PROVIDED

• THER ARE TWO SEPARATE GALLERIES FOR MEN AND WOMEN IN COUNCIL CHAMBER

INTERIOR VIEW OF A CHAMBER

MUSHROOM COLUMN SUPPORTING ROOF

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