Le livret de Zaha Hadid sur le stade olympique de Tokyo

New National Stadium Reportby Zaha Hadid Architects

August 2015

20158

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015

Introduction

We, Zaha Hadid Architects with Arup Sports, have produced this explanatory booklet with an accompanying video to help the public understanding of the project and debate on the next steps for the New National Stadium. The document explains the requirements behind the design, the Gaien site and the cost of the project. The site is complicated and so is the procurement in a limited and inflated market so we think the opportunities to get a better result without using the current design are over stated where the risks outweight any assumed benefits.

We have outlined the issues in this document and as we are professional consultants with extensive stadia experience who have worked on the design of the new national stadium on the Gaien site for over two years, we are best placed to explain these risks before it is too late. Similar mistakes have been made on previous stadiums and we think the government of Japan should learn from these mistakes to avoid a repeat.

The New National Stadium for Japan should aspire to represent the greatness of the Japanese nation as much as it should achieve short term aims on capital investment. The stadium needs to last well beyond the initial investment so it becomes a respected institution of public celebration and congregation for the next 50 - 100 years. The only way to achieve this ambition is to stick with the current design and use it to achieve value in the current marketplace and a long term quality of architecture that can be fit to be called the National Stadium of Japan.

Design Team



The team is a credible mix of international architects with sports planning and Japanese experience.

Zaha Hadid Architects with Arup Sports won the international competition to design the new national stadium for Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.

ZHA have experience in working successfully with clients to design projects which have been built on time and to budget.

ZHA designed London Aquatics Centre for the London 2012 Olympic Games. The project was successfully redesigned to achieve a revised budget. The design used a mix of temporary and permanent seating to become one of the most successful venues of the London 2012 Olympic Games. The venue has since become very popular and well used by the public.

Arup Sports have extensive stadium design experience from the new multi-purpose stadium in Singapore Sports Hubs to the Beijing Olympic Stadium in 2008, the Allianz Arena (2006) and City of Manchester Stadium (2002).

We have been collaborating on the design with four of the largest design consultants in Japan led by Nikken Sekkei. Between them these Japanese offices have designed three of the stadiums for the 2002 World Cup in Japan.

Credible Team

Precedents Image: SJVSJV

Precedents Image: ArupArup

Precedents Image: ZHAZHA

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015London Aquatic Centre (2012) 2012

The design used a mix of temporary and permanent seating to become one of the most successful venues of the London 2012 Olympic Games


ZHA have experience in working successfully with clients to design projects which have been built on time and to budget.

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015/ View from Picture Gallery

Project Outline


Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015/ View from South West

Upper Deck (Main Approach Level)

North Elevated Plaza

Podium

Glass Curtain Wall (building Enclosure)

Concourse

Seating Bowl

Roof Exoskeleton (All components)

Fixed Roof Membranes

Gantry

Operable Acoustic Barrier

West Bridge

South Bridge

South Elevated Plaza

FOP -Field of PlayFOP

The New National Stadium of Japan is more than a large sports facility designed to the highest design specifications and functional requirements. It is a piece of the citys fabric, and urban connector which enhances and modulates people moving through the site from different directions and points of access. The elevated ground connections govern the flow of people through the site, effectively carving the geometric forms of the building.

The stadium roof defines an iconic silhouette that integrates gently within the cityscape around it. It is an intricate assembly of efficient long-spanning structural ribs which are spanned by a system of lightweight, translucent membranes. This unique structure is a lightweight solution, where the stadium elevation graciously touches the ground, defining a clear approach towards the stadium entrances. The interior of the stadium is also given a clearly identifiable identity through the strong roof structure that contrasts with the lightness of the translucent membrane tensile structures.

The seating bowl has been optimised to suit both Rugby World Cup and Olympic events, with a permanent athletics track to be inserted within the stadium. The design of the bowl will bring spectators as close as possible to the athletics track and jumps, and will not compromise the viewing experience of spectators during football or rugby events.

The seating bowl is adaptable, and has been designed to allow for the scale of the stadium to remain compact. Following the Olympics it is proposed that flexible areas of seating are adapted to enhance the commercial revenue that can be generated by the facility in legacy mode.

The form of the stadium has been driven in response to the functional planning requirements of the stadium and responded closely to the volumetric constraints imposed on this building by the local planning authority requirements.


Architectural Vision

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015/ View from North West


The ZHA design was inspired by the tradition and advanced culture of Japan.

The site is the site of the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Stadium and it is an appropriate place to build a new national stadium which aspires to create a building which exceeds mere function to become a symbol of Japanese renewal and long term optimism for the future.

The basic components of stadium design are extrapolated to connect the stadium to its specific context of Gainen and beyond to Japanese culture as an expressive but efficient design.

The design is derived from the articulation of structure and circulation where structure is required to create roof cover over long spans without columns and a lot of circulation is required to safely move 80,000 people in and out of the stadium.

Proposed for practical reasons the primary structure of two keel arches have a similar intent in silhouette and symbolism to traditional Japanese landscape bridges so that the new stadium is based on a key motif from traditional Japanese landscape design and an appropriate addition to the sports landscape of the Gainen area.

Design Inspirations; Cultural Resonance

1964

2

3 4

1

1. 2. 3.

.

1. Yoyogi National Stadium, Tokyo2.Kintai-kyo Bridge, Yamaguti3.Bridge in Nihonbashi in Edo period4.Kintai-kyo Bridge, Yamaguti


With the cross ties, nature is further embodied in the design where the expressed structure creates a distinctive flower petal geometry so familiar in nature and to the Japanese public who have a close affinity to nature and the passing of the seasons.

The flower petal geometry of the roof is continued into the faade where the structure is not only expressed but inhabited. A series of diagonal

stairways and elevated walkways are developed into the envelope of the stadium so that it functions as a stadium on event days and every other day its an extension of the pedestrian landscape of the Gainen area allowing extended walks and elevated views over Tokyo.

Design Inspiration; Stadium Geometry

/ View from North East

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015/ View from Skybridge


All of these public walkways are lined with Japanese timber, giving a tactile familiarity to the stadium which ties it back to the fundamental material of the Japanese environment and experience. The majority of faade is broken down by the petal geometry and clad in Japanese timber louvers so that the overall effect at pedestrian level is a subtle interplay of Japanese timber cladding giving the experience to the visitor of a direct resonance to the tree lined landscape of Gainen and Japanese culture.

Design Inspiration; Materiality

1. ,2. 3. 4.5.6. 7.

1. Kanasana Shrine, Saitama2.Timber Soffit3.Louvered Door4.Louvered Interior5.Touji entrance gate, Kyoto6.Ryakuga-shiki, Keisai Kuwagata7.Louvered Interior

3

7

2

5

6

1

4

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015/ View from Skybridge


The majority of roof structure is provided by catenary beams which resonates with the innovation by Kenzo Tange with his catenary beams for the Yoyogi National Gymnasium. We aspired to make the new stadium connect visually and symbolically with this Japanese icon of optimism so that Tokyo 2020 leaves Tokyo with a stadium as well conceived and as beautiful as this gymnasium from Tokyo 1964.

The roof is covered in translucent lightweight fabric. The roof allows daylight in, allowing good turf growth whilst allowing the spectators to experience the pleasure of daylight as they watch the events. At night, the stadium will glow and take on the appearance of a Japanese lantern.

Together the arches, catenary beams and lightweight fabric combined to create an overall effect that represents the traditional craft and modernist innovation of Japan, to create a renewal of the Japanese spirit of optimism for the future based on the confidence of their past.

Design Inspiration; Craftsmanship and Innovative Technology

1. 2. 3. 4.5.6.

1. Temple builder2. Paper umbrella3. Paper lantern4. Yoyogi Gymnagium, Tokyo5.HImeji castle, Hyogo6.Senso-ji, Tokyo

3

6

2

4

5

1

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015/ View from Interior (Olympic Mode)

Design Principles



Our New National Stadium design has been two years in the making and it was ready to start on site later this year. It would have been ready for the Rugby World Cup of 2019 and the test events before the Summer Olympics of Tokyo 2020.

To start the design from scratch is an unnecessary risk, which we think the government should reconsider if its aim is to achieve a lower price than JPY 252 billion. We believe the answer is to introduce more competition between the contractors but to not lose the benefits of the design.

Time Schedule Comparison

* Original time schedule based on government announcement on the 17th of July 2015. New schedule based on government announcement on the 14th of August 2015

* 20157172015814

2019 20202013 2014 20162015 2017 2018

Design Competition

Design Competition

Construction

Construction

Rugby World Cup

2015 20202020

201920172016

Project Development

Project Development

Olympic

/ Paralympic/

45.0 months

35.0 months

Original Schedule

Project Schedule Comparison

24.0months

11.0monthsNew Schedule

10.0 months

3.0 months

8.0 months

Sep. Sep. Jul.

Dec.Jan.Feb.

9 9 7

1212


The site is complicated and the majority of the design will remain valid because the basic requirements of seating capacity and support facilities will remain the same.

A new process should be used to get a lower price but it should not waste the design work done to date. A new process will only allow a very short design period and by the time certainty on design and price is determined it will be too late. Instead change the current design now to get certainty on costs.

Site Map


A new process to find a contractor will result in the same limited number of Japanese bidders that competed for the project last year.

Even if the tender is open to international contractors, only one of the five large Japanese contractors will be able to qualify or win the bid.

We understand that there are only five contractors in Japan who will have the necessary stadium experience and size of turnover to qualify to bid for the project. Two of these five contractors worked on the project and produced the price of JPY 252 billion.

There is limited competition available and this is the underlining issue to be tackled. We think the new process should concentrate on achieving competitive bids based on the existing design with the option to provide cost savings to achieve the project on time and on budget.

This way the design is not wasted and the risk of failure to get value for money is avoided.

Underlying Issues

new process should concentrate on achieving competitive bids based on the existing design

Japanese Contractors

Current Stadium Design


The current design was defined by the clients brief which is an outcome of their legacy business plan which needs to generate revenue from key stakeholders such as the J League.

For the past two years the clients brief was for a multi-purpose stadium with an adjustable seating bowl which is able to switch sports modes between athletics or football with an operable roof to close the roof opening and allow concerts.

If the government decides to change their brief to a fixed athletic seating bowl of 80,000 seats, it will not be sustainable. If football is watched from the distance of an athletic seating arrangement its too far away to create atmosphere and it will not be popular. An athletics formatted bowl is not acceptable to FIFA and will not be acceptable to J League for national football events.

To be sustainable, the investment needs to be focused on long term usage after the Olympics and that means being able to accommodate football which will be the largest user and revenue after the 2020 Games.

There are many options available to achieve this objective but there are certain key parameters to stadium design which we think need to be understood.

Brief

investment needs to be focused on long term usage after the Olympics


Athletic Mode


Rugby Mode


Football Games


Concert Events


Its important to understand that the size and volume of stadium enclosure is not only determined by the seating capacity.

There are other factors that will need to be incorporated in the new stadium regardless of its seating capacity and these factors also determine the size, cost and sustainability of the stadium.

To host the Olympic Summer Games television requires high definition lighting to be able to broadcast.

FIFA CriteriaCriteria 1: FOP short sides mid point 20 degree range is no floodlight zone

Criteria 2: No floodlights pointing the center of FOP could smaller than 25 degree. In addition, the FIFA requires no degree bigger than 45 degree.

HDTV Lighting

225FIFA45

Section Diagram

IOC Criteria

Stadium Lighting Diagram

Stadium Lighting Requirement

50m 50m 50m


New National Stadium Beijing National Stadium London Olympic Stadium

This requires the stadium to incorporate lighting at a height of 50m surrounding the field of play. Its a large field of play with many track and field events occurring in different locations. Each of these events needs to be light to the same high standard.

The stadium lighting also needs to work for football, which is a different and smaller field of play

This requirement means either above or below the roof, an extensive gantry needs to be built at a height all around the field of play. Regardless of seating capacity this lighting is required.

Stadium Lighting Comparison


The extent of roof cover over the seats is directly related to the amount of seats. Its fundamental purpose is to protect spectators from the weather.

In the case of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, the weather is hot and humid so the roof should provide as much solar protection as possible to make the spectators comfortable. If the stadium is to work for football, the extent of the roof should be determined to cover all of the seating in football mode.

Building a roof once to work for athletics and football will result in the best return on the investment and mean the stadium is sustainable in the long term.

Football Roof Cover

Roof fully coveres the seating stand


Any stadium will host a limited number of events in any year and they are difficult to make work as a business. For the new national stadium it was projected it would only host 40 events including 10 concerts in any given year.

There are potentially 80,000 customers at an event so its imperative that the stadium design maximises the amount of revenue that it makes at each of these events.

In modern stadium design this means more dining facilities within short travel distances to increase the duration of stay and spend by spectators to any single event.

This means that in addition to the fixed seating there needs to be facilities in close proximity to all seats to ensure revenue is generated.

The current design is designed on this basis and it should be retained to be sustainable not only in terms of usage but also revenue generation.

Seats supported by Facilities

facilities in

close proximity to all seats to ensure revenue is generated

= Event ScheduleAnnual Event Schedule

Fully equipped Hospitality Zone

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015VIP RestaurantVIP

+6.7m

+9.4m

+9.9m

+5.7m

+1.1m

+0.0m


The site is a very constrained urban island site surrounded by roads on all sides with extensive level differences to navigate and height limitations for any development.

The complexity of managing to fit the field of play, seating bowl on the site along with arranging level access in multiple directions means there are very few design options available. Our current design is optimised for this particular site.

Site Constraints

Site and Stadium Relationship

Site with extensive level difference

Site with extensive level difference Limited Access to the pitch Bowl with 80,000 capacitySite with extensive level difference

8

5,900 sqmCirculation Area


Having investigated the site for two years, we have researched and worked to produce the most feasible long term solution for the site.

The site area is small so the design has been optimised to create as much external precinct area available as possible for crowd flows by allowing the non-ticketed concourse inwards to create a compact footprint and safer site for crowd management.

Site Map Site Map

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015/ View from Picture Gallery


Our current design is optimised for this particular site

/ View from North West

Technical Advantages



We have tested many bowl options including the use of temporary seating. We proposed an option in 2013 to the client to achieve some of the 80,000 by using temporary seating.

The option was rejected at the time as the clients brief was and remained to have 80,000 permanent seats in legacy.

We know from direct experience in London 2012 that mixing temporary and permanent seating on a constrained site is difficult and it is not a way to save costs. It is a valid option if the long term objective is to achieve a lower permanent seating capacity. This is reasoning behind the success of the London Aquatics Centre which reduced from 17,500 in 2012 to 2,500 after the games.

Temporary Seating Options

20,000 seats

60,000 seats +

80,000 seats

80,000 seating Stadium

60,000 seating Stadium

Smaller Footprint

/ Permanent seating

/ Permanent seating

/ Temporary seating

8

6

Comparison of different capacity stadium


London Olympic Aquatic Centre

Olympic Mode with temporary seating Legacy Mode with permanent seating

/

12

24

Project Development Conversion

Legacy UsePreparation

Olympic / ParalympicCommencement

Sydney olympic stadium timeline

Design 24.0 months12.0 months


The Sydney Olympic Stadium used 30,000 temporary seats. Although conceived as temporary they were built to similar standards to a permanent stand to achieve compliance with code. They took a significant percentage of the overall construction budget and took longer than anticipated to convert to the legacy stadium format after the Games.

We should learn from London and previous Olympics on the use of temporary seating. The reasons for choosing this option need to be determined not to save costs or time, but to satisfy the long term business plan after the games. The option remains possible with the current design and the keel arches of the current design are similar to the structure designed for the same purposes in Sydney.

Tokyo Sydney

Sydney Olympic Stadium Timeline

Temporary Stand for Stadium


We have developed the design to turn the requirements of the brief and site into benefits for the the local community, Tokyo, and the nation as its national stadium.

To start, and given the site constraints of the site in size and height, we have produced the most compact bowl footprint possible for a multi-purpose stadium design.

Using Arup Sports experience of previous Olympic stadium design, the design achieves a more compact design to fit the site, allow more space for safe passage on the precinct whilst achieving better proximity to the field of play and better quality of view for all spectators by comparison to the previous Olympic stadiums of Beijing in 2008 and London in 2012.

Design Benefits; Compact Bowl

(2008)

2012

New National Stadium

26% closer than Beijing 2008

33% closer than London 2012

* % measure an area between the front of tier and the pitch

Beijing National Stadium (2008)

London Olympic Stadium (2012)

*

201233

200826

* The graph illustrates the state of fixed athletic tier mode of Beijing and London stadium as an example of modern fixed athletic format stadium. London stadium has reformatted after Olympic to have sliding tier for football.

*

FOP and Stand Relationship Comparison


The compactness of the design has brought spectators significantly closer to the action in both athletics and football formats, and provided them with an enhanced quality of view (elevation + proximity) when compared to London and Beijing. The result is a very efficient sports focused stadium design which has been optimised for this specific site.

Football Side Line

(2008) 2012New National Stadium

18m 30m 36m

Beijing National Stadium (2008) London Olympic Stadium (2012)

Football Side Line

Football Side Line

* The graph illustrates the state of fixed athletic tier mode of Beijing and London stadium as an example of modern fixed athletic format stadium. London stadium has reformatted after Olympic to have sliding tier for football.

= Quality of view (elevation + proximity)

*

=FOP and Stand Relationship Comparison


Compactness of the bowl has brought spectators significantly closer to the action

18m30m36m

FOP and Stand Relationship Comparison


We have been aware since our competition submission in 2012 of the sensitivity of the site location with respect to the size of the stadium. This is the reason why we have proposed a saddle seating bowl as opposed to a flat top bowl.

A saddle seating bowl is shaped like a saddle which means it has got a varying height. Its benefits are twofold.

The first is that it allows the majority of seats to be positioned in the most popular location along the middle of the field of play and requires less seats at the ends. The result is more seats that are easier to sell.

Design Benefits; Saddle Bowl

Stadium External View

Stadium Internal View

44m24m


The second advantage of the saddle bowl is that externally the pedestrian perception of the stadium is much reduced where the inclined elevation of the stadium comes down as low as 24m and rising to a height of 44m where from most viewpoints will look and feel like its lower.

By comparison a flat top bowl would be a constant height of approx. 40m which from all viewpoints will look and feel like a wall 40m high.

Saddle Bowl

44m

44m

40m24m

24m

40m

40m40m

Flat Roof Bowl


Stadium External View-from Picture Gallery

pedestrian perception of the stadium is much reduced where the inclined elevation of the stadium comes down as low as 24m

44m24m

44m24m


40m 40m24m

Estimated volume of the stadium with Flat Top Roof


44m24m

Stadium External View-from Baseball Field


40m40m

24m

a flat top bowl would be a constant height of approx. 40m which from all viewpoints will look and feel like a wall 40m high

Estimated volume of the stadium with Flat Top Roof


The saddle bowl profile allowed the development of a unique additional public feature, the skybridge.

This feature of the design is not essential to the stadium functionality but its a gift to the public realm of Gaien. The skybridge is an elevated walkway following the saddle bowl profile. Its allows the daily usage of the stadium with elevated views and it connects it into the daily walk or runs of the public in the Gaien area.

The skybridge would be open every day creating more direct access with the stadium than its event schedule. It was intended to allow the stadium to become more used part of the city fabric on a daily basis and more integrated into the promenade culture of the Gaien area.

Design Benefits; Skybridge, Extension of Park

Stadium External View-from North East

Skybridge


Stadium External View-from North West


Skybridge External View

3

SEQUENTIAL

PARALLEL3month

Time & Cost Saving !


With our experience of previous Olympic deadlines, it was clear that the stadium design should have advantages in saving construction time.

We proposed keel arches, which span the longitudinal direction of the field of play, create column free views and rest on the ground. As they rest on the ground, it means the arches can be built in parallel to the seating bowl.

We believe this approach will save 3 months in construction time compared to a sequential build of bowl first and then the roof supported off the bowl.

This time saving can be critical in achieving a fixed deadline and it should have cost saving benefits as well. This design benefit did not materialise in the joint venture bid but it remains possible under a new bidding process.

Design Benefits; Arch & Construction Time

the keel arch will save construction time

Comparison of Construction Sequence

NOEVIR STADIUM KOBE

OITA STADIUM

SAPPORO DOME

212kg/m2

195kg/m2

TOYOTA STADIUM

NIIGATA STADIUM (BIG SWAN)

NEW NATIONAL STADIUM Roof Steel Tonnage

Roof Steel Tonnage

Roof Steel Tonnage

Roof Steel Tonnage

Roof Steel Tonnage

Roof Steel Tonnage

200kg/m2

193kg/m2

232kg/m2

200kg/m2


The efficiency and cost of the keel arch design is possible to measure by comparing its tonnage to other stadium roof constructions of similar span lengths and seismic conditions as Tokyo. We undertook these studies and the keel arch is an efficient and cost effective solution with many benefits.

the keel arch is an efficient and cost effective solution with many benefits

Comparison of Roof Steel Tonnage

Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015Zaha Hadid Architects New National Stadium Report - August 2015

Design Value



Before defining a new budget for the stadium, the current price submitted by the contractors should be better understood. It was not the price of the design as we have just described, it was a price based on considerable omissions from that design.

The price of JPY 252 billion did not include for the operable roof, nor the moving seating tiers and only a partial enclosure of concourses. It was therefore already the market price of a fixed athletic stadium of 80,000 permanent seating. Save for the skybridge, 252 Billion Yen is the current price in Tokyo for a fairly basic 80,000 capacity stadium on that site.

2520 Design Benefits; Arch & Construction Time

2520

252.0 Billion

Construction Cost

No Operable Roof

No Moving Tier

Partial Facade

252 billion did not include for the operable roof, nor the moving seating tiers

Current Stadium Cost and Function

Olympic/Paralympic

ConstructionDetail DesignSchematic Design

Design Competition

202020192018201720162015201420132012

Immovable Dead Line

2020

Tokyo Olympic 2020 Announced

Inating Construction Market


A new process needs to change the market conditions in Tokyo, not the design.

It should also be understood that immovable deadlines such as the Olympics combined with limited competition in the marketplace create inflated prices. The determining factor in the price is the market and the demand on materials and labour.

The design is not the determining factor in these circumstances. Rather the design should be seen as the only way to achieve value for money in the market. Without a design as a contractual commitment as much as time and cost, there will be considerable risk to achieving value and return on the investment.

The current design can be redesigned to achieve a lower budget but it should be retained in principle so the Japanese public achieve this value from the market and they get a long term return on the investment.

It is the current price in Tokyo for a fairly basic 80,000 stadium on that site

Current Construction Market


Giving the design responsibility to the contractors means there is no real definition of value or quality except for a price and time schedule.

A new concept design submitted with a price cannot be trusted after 5 months of design work.

It takes much more time to determine a new design with complete price certainty and by the time that certainty is achieved, it will be too late.

The Japanese public will get less for their money with this approach.

So why take the risk?

There is a design which will achieve quality and it can be changed to meet a new budget. Why risk everything when the outcomes are so uncertain?

Why take the risk?

Bowl cooling ()

Skybridge ()

Excavation ()

Facade Omission ()

SW Deck Omission ()

Acoustic performance ()

Lower Spec Material (

Lower Spec Cladding (

Lower Spec Interior(


Further cost savings can be considered such as omitting air conditioning for the seating or omit the skybridge but the stadium design is compact and efficient. It cannot be improved upon unless the fundamental criteria of seating capacity alter or a more competitive bidding situation is created to lower the price.

2520

252.0 Billion

Construction Cost

Omit Skybridge

Lower Seating Capacity

Competitive Bidding

Omit Bowl Cooling

Current Stadium Cost and Function

/

19

34

12

36

Project Development Conversion

Legacy Use

Olympic / Paralympic

Test EventCommencement

Design 34.0 months

36.0 months12.0 months

19.0months

5.0 months

4.0 months

6.0 months


Tokyo should learn from London 2012 and its 2012 Olympic Stadium. The London stadium used Design and Build procurement. As a comparative cost to the JPY 252 Billion price for the Tokyo Stadium, it cost JPY 218 billion.

No one can think that London represents value for money. The design is very basic and the operation will be permanently compromised by its conception.

It was built in 2012 as a fixed athletic stadium with 80,000 seating. The upper tier of 55,000 seats was supposed to be dismantled afterwards so all facilities were placed on the ground with long travel distances. This mode cost *JPY 138 billion.

After the Olympics, to make it sustainable, it needed to be modified to work for football. So a moving tier was introduced, the roof needed to be extended, all of the steelwork needed to be re welded. These amendments cost a further *JPY 70 billion taking the total cost to *JPY 218 billion.

And it will remain a compromised stadium, designed only for athletics and adapted retrospectively to accommodate football. In football format it will never generate the intensity of a true multi-purpose stadium bowl and extended travel distances to facilities from the upper tiers which will make these seats hard to sell.

Tokyo should avoid these mistakes and use the current design to achieve long term sustainability and value for money from the market by using a design which is efficient and adaptable to change.

Learn from London

*

**

* London Olympic Stadium construction costs adjusted for inflation to 2019 and converted to Yen based on published costs of 486,000,000 for Olympic phase work in 2012 and 272,000,000 for Legacy conversion work in 2015.

*20192012 486,000,0002015 272,000,000

* Conversion time schedule estimated an estimation

*

35.0

65.0

7002019

13802019

Design & Build

+

65.0 %

35.0 % 138.0 Billion

70.0 Billion

(in 2019)

(in 2019)

Conversion cost

Conversion


Moving Tier

*

*

*

*

Long Distance

Extend Roof

Kiosk

* London Olympic Stadium construction costs adjusted for inflation to 2019 and converted to Yen based on published costs of 486,000,000 for Olympic phase work in 2012 and 272,000,000 for Legacy conversion work in 2015

*2019

2012 486,000,0002015 272,000,000


We understand the need for the government to undertake a new process to get a better price but it should not take an unnecessary risk on the design and it will be more for the taxpayers money by retaining the current design.

It is a unique design which has been thoughtfully developed over 2 years to be not only beautiful but compact and efficient for this for specific and special location in Tokyo.

The current design encapsulates all of the lessons learned from our direct experience of other Olympic stadiums. This knowledge and experience should be retained so that Japan gets a stadium fit to be called its national stadium.

Retain the knowledge


Stadium External View-from North West


Credit

Photography of built projects

(p.5-p.9)

Hufton + Crow

Iwan Baan

Luke Hayes

Christian Richters

Roland Halbe

Helene Binet

Virgile Simon Bertrand

Werner Huthmacher

Paul Riddle

ARUP Sports

Reference Images

(p.3, p.11, p.17, p.20, p.22, p.25,

p.37, p.44, p.52, p.65, )

http://www.alamy.com

David Cherepuschak / Alamy

ILYA GENKIN / Alamy

MIXA / Alamy

Andrew Holt / Alamy

The Art Archive / Alamy

Action Plus Sports Images / Alamy

epa european pressphoto agency b.v. / Alamy

INTERFOTO / Alamy

Jonathan Larsen/Diadem Images / Alamy

Aflo Co., Ltd. / Alamy

Mike Hughes / Alamy

one-image photography / Alamy

Edd Westmacott / Alamy

Kidai shoran , (p.17)

Berlin East Asia Art Museum. Source: commons.wikimedia.org

Zaha Hadid Architects

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Le livret de Zaha Hadid sur le stade olympique de Tokyo

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