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Chapter 13
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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Our Agenda People in Information Systems
Development The System Development Process System Development Tools A Case Study of Information
Systems Development Other System Development
Approaches
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Our Agenda (cont’d.) Individual Information Systems
Development Electronic Commerce Systems
Development Business Process Reengineering
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Learning Objectives Explain the roles of the people who
are involved in information system development.
Outline the phases and steps in the information system development process.
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Describe the user’s involvement in
each phase of the system development process.
Explain the purpose of common tools used for system development.
Explain the use of prototyping and rapid application development in system development.
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Explain how the system
development process can be adapted to the development of individual information systems.
Describe the process of developing electronic commerce systems.
Describe the purpose of business process reengineering.
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People in Information System Development
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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People in Information Systems Development Systems analysts follow a step-by-
step process to develop information systems.
Information systems are usually developed by a group of people who form a project team.
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The System Development Process
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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The Systems Development Process The system development
process, which also called the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is divided into five main phases:
1. System planning2. System analysis3. System design4. System implementation5. System maintenance
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System Planning System planning is the phase in
which the systems analyst decides whether a new information system should be developed. The systems analyst conducts a
feasibility analysis. A cost/benefit analysis is prepared.
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System Analysis During system analysis, the analyst
studies the existing and determines what the new system must do. Develop user requirements Develop a conceptual design Evaluate hardware and software
alternatives Packaged software Custom software
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System Design During system design, the analyst
specifies how the new system will function. Understanding what the new system
must do Understanding how the system will do it Describing design details including
layouts of screens, forms and reports; specifications for all hardware; descriptions of all programs.
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System Implementation During system implementation, the
systems analyst acquires the components of the system – such as programs – tests the system, and changes over to the new system.
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System Implementation (cont’d.) Four methods of converting to the new
system: Plunge – old system is turned off, new one is
turned on. Phased – new system is divided into parts
with one part phased in at a time. Pilot – new system is installed in a part of
the organization. Parallel – old and new systems are used
simultaneously for a period of time.
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System Maintenance System maintenance involves
modifying the system during its life to meet new requirements.
Maintenance is required for three reasons:
1. Errors found that were not detected in testing
2. A new function is to be added to the system
3. The requirements have changed
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System Development Tools
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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System Development Tools Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) Entity-Relationship diagram (ER) CASE tools
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Data Flow Diagrams A tool many analysts use to show the
flow of data in an information system. The diagram uses symbols with different
shapes to indicate how data flows in the system. They are: Process – a rounded corner rectangle External entity – a rectangle Data store – an open rectangle Data flow – an arrow
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Entity-Relationship Diagram An entity is something about which
data is stored in a database. A relationship is an association
between entities. An entity-relationship diagram
shows the entities and relationships between entities in a database.
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CASE Tools CASE – Computer Aided Software
Engineering – tools are computer based tools such as those for system development.
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A Case Study in Information System Development
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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A Case Study in Information Systems Development Sportswear Enterprises is
considering requesting a sales system analysis. The case study considers the five steps in the system development life cycle.
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Other System Development Approaches
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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Other System Development Approaches Three alternative approaches to
developing information systems: Prototyping Rapid Application Development (RAD) Object-oriented analysis and design
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Prototyping Prototyping involves the systems
analyst obtaining informal and incomplete requirements for the system and developing a prototype, which is a partial version of the system that acts like the real system but may not perform all the required functions of the system.
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Rapid Application Development Prototyping is used to determine
user requirements. CASE tools speed up the analysis
and design. The prototype is often developed
into the final system. Significant user involvement is
required.
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Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Object-oriented analysis and
design involves combining the data and processing methods usually specified in the DFD and ER diagrams respectively.
They are combined to form an object.
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Individual Information System Development
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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Individual Information System Development The five steps of the SDLC serve as
a general guide. Individual information system
planning starts when the user recognizes a problem or a need.
Must consider whether personal technical skills are adequate.
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Electronic Commerce System Development
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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Electronic Commerce System Development While similar to the steps in the
SDLC, there are notable differences: In e-commerce systems, the main
user is the customer. Software selection is limited to the
special e-commerce software.
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Electronic Commerce System Development (cont’d.) Design of an e-commerce system
involves two main parts: Front end – is what the customer sees
when they use the system. Back end – provides the capabilities
necessary for completing the customer’s order including inventory control and product distribution.
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Electronic Commerce System Development (cont’d.) Publishing the system is the
process of setting up the system on a server and making it available through the Internet.
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Business Process Reengineering
Developing and Managing Information Systems
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Business Process Reengineering Business Process Reengineering
(BPR) involves completely redesigning the business processes, which are groups of activities or tasks that accomplish things for a business.
BPR is not gradual improvement, but rather radical redesign of business processes.
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Developing and Managing Information Systems
Key Terms
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Key Terms Business Process Business Process Reengineering (BPR) CASE Conceptual Design Cost/Benefit Analysis Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram Feasibility Analysis Legacy System Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Outsourcing Packaged Software Project Team
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Key Terms (cont’d.) Prototype Prototyping Rapid Application Development (RAD) System Analysis System Design System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) System Implementation
System Maintenance System Planning Systems Analysis User Requirements
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Summary People in Information Systems
Development The System Development Process System Development Tools A Case Study of Information
Systems Development Other System Development
Approaches
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Summary (cont’d.) Individual Information Systems
Development Electronic Commerce Systems
Development Business Process Reengineering
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