Lead Partner: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Chemistry Department
Professor A.I. Zouboulis
The challenge of water being lost
Every water distribution network has two main users: (a) all kinds of consumers; and (b) the water distribution network (water losses)
What is “water use efficiency” and how it is measured?
Increase the unit water use efficiency => Increase the rate Used water / System Input Volume (SIV) => Water Losses volume reduction (e.g. water theft IS NOT water loss)
Increase the unit water use efficiency => Increase of the unit revenues(€) / System Input Volume (SIV) => Non-Revenue Water Reduction (e.g. water theft IS revenues loss)
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2
Why turn to NRW reduction? NRW=water lost & revenues & energy
Countries Supplied
population,
millions
(2002)
System Input
Volume
(SIV)
l/capita/ day
ESTIMATES OF NRW
NRW as
% of
SIV
Ratio (%) Volume, billion m3/year
Real losses Apparent
losses
Real losses Apparent
losses
Total
NRW
Developed 744,8 300 15 80 20 9.8 2.4 12.2
Eurasia (CIS) 178 500 30 70 30 6.8 2.9 9.7
Developing 837,2 250 35 60 40 16.1 10.6 26.7
Source: World Health Organisation, IB-Net. TOTAL 32.7 15.9 48.6
Countries Marginal cost of
water (US$/m3)
Average
tariff
(US$/m3)
Cost of
real
losses
Lost revenue due to
apparent losses
Total cost of
NRW
Estimated value (US$ billions/ year)
Developed 0.30 1.00 2.9 2.4 5.3
Eurasia (CIS) 0.30 0.50 2.0 1.5 3.5
Developing 0.20 0.25 3.2 2.6 5.8
TOTAL 8.1 6.5 14.6
If NRW levels are reduced by 50% only in the developing world, 90 million people would have access to water without any increase in demand or exploitation of new water resources
Revenues losses represent 25% of the investments in water works
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WATERLOSS Partners & Case Studies www.waterloss-project.eu
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Partner's
No Partner's full NAME
Partner's
official sign
Partner's
City
Partner's
Country
LP=PP1 Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki - AUTH
Thessaloniki Greece
PP2 Conseil Général des Pyrénées
Orientales - PO
Perpignan France
PP3 Water Board of Nicosia - WBN
Nicosia Cyprus
PP4 Regional Development Centre -
RDC
Slovenia
PP5 Metropolitan Area of Barcelona -
AMB
Barcelona Spain
PP6 Kozani Municipal Water &
Sewerage Utility - DEYAK
Kozani Greece
PP7 Autorità di Bacino dei Fiumi Liri-
Garigliano-Volturno - LG
Caserta Italy
PP8
University of Ljubljana-Faculty for
Civil & Geodetic Engineering -
UL
Ljubljana Slovenia
PP9 Department of Herault - DH
Montpelier France
Understanding the NRW problem in water distribution networks
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5
48,8
79,8
43,6
69,5
89,5
38,9
41,8
43,2
3,4
4,5
1,1
2,5
1,6 5,2
2,5
3,9
46,9
14,9
51,5
27,9
8,3
51,2
33,6 4
2,55
1,2
20,2
52,9
30,5
10,3
58,4
36,6
54,0
28,0
15,0
8,5
16,1
27,1
40,6
16,0
16,1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Baho Argeles Thuir WBN Castellbisbal DEYAK Melito di Napoli
SIEL
Revenue Water Apparent Losses
Real Losses NRW
MCD
Presenting the successive steps (Road map) towards WDN’s
reliable management Familiarizing with the WDS (mapping with GIS);
Understanding the way the WDS operates and reacts through monitoring (SCADA) and simulation of its hydraulic operation;
Recognizing the WDS’s problems through their symptoms;
Understanding the problems defining their causes;
Connecting the symptoms with the main or secondary causes;
Connecting the causes with the main corrective measures of the time-buying ones
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The WB assessment methodology: The 2nd modified Water Balance
System
Input
Volume
(A3)
Authorized
Consumption
(A14=A10+A13)
Billed
Authorized
Consumption
(A10=A8+A9)
Billed Metered Consumption
(A8) Revenue
Water
(A20=A8+A9)
Revenue Water (water billed
& paid for)
(A24=A8+A9-A23) Billed Un-metered
Consumption
(Α9) Water billed but NOT PAID
for (apparent NRW) A23
Unbilled
Authorized
Consumption
(A13=A11+A12)
Unbilled Metered Consumption
(A11) Non Revenue
Water (NRW)
(A21=A3-
A20)
Accounted for Non Revenue
Water
(A26=A3-A24-A23-A25)
Unbilled Un-metered
Consumption
(A12)
Water Losses
(A15=A3-A14)
Apparent
Losses
(A18=A16+A17)
Unauthorized Consumption
(Α16)
Customer Meter Inaccuracies
& Data Handling Errors
(A17)
Real Losses
(A19=A15-A18) Water Losses generating
revenues (MCD) A25
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Kanakoudis, V. and Tsitsifli, S., (2010), “Water volume vs. revenues oriented water balance calculation for urban water networks: the “Minimum Charge Difference” component makes a difference!”, Int. Conf. “Water Loss”, IWA, Sao Paolo,Brazil, 6-9 June
NRW Components
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8
NRW
Unbilled Metered
Consumption Unbilled
UnMeteredConsumpti
on
Water theft & Illegal Use
Data Handling
Errors
Meter & MeteringInaccura
cies
Leaks &
Breaks
Tank Overflo
ws
Unbilled
Authorized
Consumption
Apparent
Losses
Real Losses
Confronting the NRW problem
Existing Apparent Loss
Economic Target For
Apparent LossMeter
ReadingErrors
Water Accounting
Errors
Wa
ter
Th
eft
Me
ter
Un
de
r- R
eg
istra
tion
Pressure Management
Active Leakage Control
Speed and
Quality of Repairs
Potentially Recoverable
Real Losses
Unavoidable Annual Real
Losses
Pipeline and
AssetsManagement
Current Annual Real Losses
Economic Annual Real Losses
170 IWA PIs (Alegre et al., 2006)
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PIs / Number PIs / Number PIs / Number
Water Resources (WR) 4 Operational (Op) 44 Financial (Fi) 47
Personnel (Pe) 26 Inspection & maintenance of physical assets 6 Revenues 3
Total Personnel 2 Instrumentation calibration 5 Costs 3
Personnel per main function 7 Vehicle availability 1 Composition of running costs per type of
costs 5
Technical services personnel per
activity 6
Electrical & signal transmission equipment
inspection 3
Composition of running costs per technical
function activity 6
Personnel qualification 3 Mains/valves/service connections rehabilitation 3 Composition of capital costs 2
Personnel training 3 Inspection & maintenance of physical assets 2 Investment 3
Personnel helath & safety 4 Pumps rehabilitation 2 Average water charges 2
Overtime work 1 Operational Water Losses 7 Efficiency 9
Quality of Service (QS) 34 Failure 6 Leverage 2
Service coverage 5 Water metering 4 Liquidity 1
Public taps & standpipes 4 Water Quality monitoring 5 Profitability 4
Pressure & continuity of supply 8 Physical (Ph) 15 Economic Water Losses 2
Quality of supplied water 5 Treatment & Storage 3 Composition of running costs per main
function of water undertaking 5
Customer complaints 9 Pumping 4
Service connections & meter
installation & repair 3
Transmission & distribution 2
Meters 4
Automation & control 2
During WATERLOSS project 75 out of 170 IWA PIs were identified as the most “important” ones. A prioritization process took place
11 derived from existing PIs
Symbol Performance Indicator Meaning Formula Units
Op45(a-i) RL per pipe material RL/pipes length of the same material (a-i) A19/C32(a-i) m3/km
Op46(a-i) RL per pipe diameter RL/pipes length of the same diameter (a-i) A19/C33(a-i) m3/km
Op47(a-i) RL per pipe material/diameter
RL/pipes length of same material & diameter (a-i)
A19 C34(a-i) m3/km
Op51 AL per roof tank AL/ number of roof tanks A18/C26 m3
Op52 AL per roof tank volume (AL/roof tanks volume)*100 (A18/C30)*100 %
Op53 AL per water meter AL/number of water meters A18/E6 m3/water
meter
Op54 ALI (Apparent Losses Index)
AL/5% of Water Sales A18/(0,05*G3)
Op55(a-i) WL per water resources [WL/Water abstracted from the same resource (a-i)] *100
{A15/(ΣA27(a-i))} *100
%
Op58 NRW per connection (NRW*1000)/(number of service connections * assessment period)
(A21*1000)/C24/H1
lt/connection/ day
Op59 NRW per mains length NRW/mains length A21/C8 m3/km
mains/year
Op60(a-i) Mains failures per main’s type
[(Number of failures of the same material a of mains during the assessment period x 365) / assessment period]/mains length of the same material (a-i)] x 100
[(D79a*365)/H1/C32(a-i)]
Νο./km/year
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31 new PIs Symbol Performance Indicator Meaning Formula Units
Op48(a-i) RL per pipe age RL/pipe length with the same age (a-i) A19/C35(a-i) m3/km
Op49(a-i) RL per roughness coefficient RL/roughness coefficient (a-i) A19/C36(a-i)
Op50 RL - pressure RL/average operating pressure A19/D34 m3/m
Op56(a-i) WL % water use (domestic,
industrial, commercial) (WL/same kind water use (a-i)) *100 (A15/E14(a-i))*100 %
Op57 WL per buildings height WL/average buildings height A15 / C27 m3/m
Op61
Leakage energy or Energy loss due to leakage (sum of the
leaks-related energy loss and additional energy required to
overcome leakage)
the sum of energy loss through leaked water and the additional energy required to overcome
friction with the increased flow rate needed to overcome leakage (difference between the actual energy dissipated in friction losses and the value
of friction losses in a leak-free network)
(D77+D73-D74)/ D78
Op62 Standards compliance (energy delivered to users/minimum required
useful energy)*100 (D75/D76)*100 %
Op63 Carbon Footprint per SIV Carbon Footprint produced during WS
process/SIV D72 / A3 tnsCO2/m3
Op64 Meter replacement (flow meters replaced/total number of flow
meters)*100 (D69/C10)*100 %
Op65(a-i)
Assessment of failures according to type of material
and fittings in mains and service connections
failure rates (for each type of failure) in No of failures (a-i)/total No of devices
D80(a-i)/ C31
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31 new PIs (cont.) Symbol Performance Indicator Meaning Formula Units
Op66 Elasticity of Losses related to
operating pressure
[(Initial RL minus Final RL)/Initial RL]/[(Initial pressure minus final pressure)/initial pressure]
(ΔA19/A19)/ (ΔD34/ D34)
m3/m
Op67
Elasticity of failures occurrence rate related to the
operating pressure
[(Initial mains & service connections failures - final mains & service connections failures)/
Initial mains & service connections failures]/[(Initial pressure - final pressure)/initial
pressure]
[Δ(D28+D29)/ (D28+D29)]/ (ΔD34/D34)
failures/m
Op68 Number of days to respond to
repair leakage events
Total No of days to respond to repair leakage events/total number of repairs occurred
D70 / D71 days/
repairs
Ph16 Inhabitants per water meter Number of inhabitants / number of water meters E5/E6
Ph17 Energy per volume Energy used / SIV D68 / A3 KWh/m3
Ph18 <5 years old Domestic water
meters rate
(domestic water meters <5 years old/ total water meters)*100
(C28/E6)*100 %
Ph19 5 to 10 years old Domestic
water meters rate
(domestic water meters 5 -10 years old/total water meters)*100
(C29/E6)*100 %
Ph20 >10 years old Domestic water
meters rate
(domestic water meters >10 years old/total water meters)*100
(C37/E6)*100 %
QS35 Residential Consumption size (Residential Consumption/ total
consumption)*100 (E12/A14)*100 %
QS36 Commercial Consumption size (Commercial Consumption/total
consumption)*100 (E13/A14)*100 %
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31 new PIs (cont.) Symbol Performance Indicator Meaning Formula Units
QS37 Low pressure-related
complaints rate
(No of water low pressure-related complaints/total No of complaints)*100
(F27/F15)*100 %
QS38 Low pressure-related
complaints per service
No of pressure-related complaints/No of water meters
F16/E6
QS39 Grade of consumer's
satisfaction
(satisfied customers/total population served)*100
(F24/F1)*100 %
QS40 Tap water Grade of
satisfaction
(satisfied customers drinking tap water/total population served)*100
(F25/F1)*100 %
QS41 Water taste Grade of
satisfaction
(customers affected by the taste and chlorination of potable water/total population served)*100
(F26/F1)*100 %
QS42 Grade of employees valuation
of customer's satisfaction
Grade of employees valuation of customer's satisfaction
(F28/B1)*100 %
Fi48 MCD per RL (MCD/RL)*100 (A25/A19)*100 %
Fi49 MCD per connection MCD/number of connections/assessment period
(days) A25/C24/H1
m3 /conn./ day
Fi50 Accounted for NRW per NRW (Accounted for NRW/NRW)*100 (A26/A21)*100 %
Fi51 Energy costs per volume Energy cost (€)/SIV (m3) G11 / A3 €/m3
Fi52
Willingness to pay index (consumer's sensitivity to
issues of water shortage and drought)
cost to safeguard water supply/authorized consumption during the assessment period
G59/A14 EUR/m3
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Development of a Decision Support System (DSS)
WATERLOSS ultimate aim was to develop a decision support system serving to support utility managers in the development and implementation of the NRW reduction strategies
The main advantage of the DSS is that it is very flexible, being able to include any Indicator system for the identification of the status of a WDS
The DSS : forms the WDS WB to determine possible NRW sources; Uses a PIs database consisting of existing and new PIs developed, based
on conditions met across the Mediterranean (environmental/social/health factors, water quality problems etc.), to assess the WDS performance;
uses PIs weighting factors to prioritize efficient NRW control measures; and
Considers their environmental impact to suggest the most cost-effective ones.
The DSS has been validated/re-adjusted, using pilot areas thoroughly selected.
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Operating Level Determination
• Estimation of the 2nd modification of the IWA Water Balance • Estimation of the NRW and its components
Operating Level Evaluation
• Identification of the necessary variables • Calculation of the PIs
Evaluation Assessment Procedure
• Benchmarking based on the “self learning” capacity of the DSS
NRW reduction measures prioritization criteria
CRITERION A. Cost effectiveness of the measure in terms of the Benefit/Cost Ratio during a predetermined study period (T).
CRITERION B. Cost of implementing the measure in terms of € need to be invested during a predetermined study period (T)
CRITERION C. Water saving effectiveness of the measure in terms of m3 saved (or generating revenues that otherwise would be lost) in terms of %SIV.
CRITERION D. Time restrictions regarding the implementation of the NRW reduction measure.
CRITERION E. Public Annoyance.
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Using the NRW reduction measures database
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Decision tree
WATERLOSS Decision Support System
www.waterloss-project.eu
The DSS is available to any water utility wishing to fully and reliably evaluate its water distribution network
Water Losses Management = Saving Water, Energy and Revenues
Every water drop not only counts, but it worths more and more every day!
www.waterloss-project.eu