Leadership Concepts Mohsin Rasheed Lahore Leads University , Lahore Pakistan 10/17/2014 This paper includes brief introduction of subject leadership, How We Can defined it? And what does it involve? Leadership and management, leaders and follower relationship is also discussed. A brief discussion is through on the theories and philosophy of leadership, the practical importance, and learning through leadership are discuses brusquely and critically .Finally the effective leadership Characteristics is given and what the future of leadership focuses should be is also included.
Transcript
Leadership Concepts Mohsin Rasheed
Lahore Leads University , Lahore Pakistan
10/17/2014
This paper includes brief introduction of subject leadership, How We Can defined it? And what does it involve? Leadership and management, leaders and follower relationship is also discussed. A brief discussion is through on the theories and philosophy of leadership, the practical importance, and learning through leadership are discuses brusquely and critically .Finally the effective leadership
Characteristics is given and what the future of leadership focuses should be is also included.
Leadership Concepts
Table of Contents
Introduction of leadership .........................................................................................................3
Definition of Leadership.............................................................................................................3
What leadership involves?.........................................................................................................4
Leaders and follower .................................................................................................................5
Academic and Practical Importance Of The topic ....................................................................5
Leadership and management ....................................................................................................6
Leadership as a philosophy (Theories of Leadership): .............................................................. 6
Lack of previous study on leadership; ...................................................................................... 6
Mohsin Rasheed* Lahore Lead University, Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract;
This paper includes brief introduction of subject leadership, How We Can defined it? And what does it involve? Leadership and management, leaders and follower relationship is also discussed.
A brief discussion is through on the theories and philosophy of leadership, the practical importance, and learning through leadership are discuses brusquely and critically .Finally the effective leadership Characteristics is given and what the future of leadership focuses should be, is also included.
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Introduction; While
taking about the Nature of
Leadership it is necessary
to known about the
meanings of leadership.
What does leadership
means? Leadership is a
topic of interest from ancient
times, but scientific study begins in our age as 21th century. Leadership is common interest of historians and philosophers from very beginning of the history, now the management and small organizations owners and handlers are also interested in it. One authority on the subject has concluded that leadership is one of the most observed and least understands phenomena on earth (Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus) ¹. Leadership is a complex subject in its nature due to this reason the leadership is not define clearly on a systematic way of representation. In ancient time the heroic type of leaders are mostly demanded and they handle by their personality traits in differ circumstances, the environment where the stress level is more, where the most lead and direction is needed. But in today world the heroic view is challenged and much more programs are arranged to understand the real nature of the leadership.
Definition of Leadership Definition of Leadership is not simple process, concept
of leadership is in continuous improvement, innovation and debating in today's world of philosophers
and
Researcher, a lot of job and areas are understand and in functions. But a lot of work will have been done. Numerous Arthur defines Leadership as influence relationship
among leaders and followers how intent real changes that reflect their mutual purposes. (Joseph Rust) "Influencing others to do activities to fulfill a shared goals"². Do you know what make a leader? "It is the man or woman who can persuade people to do what they ought to do- which they sometime do not do-without being persuaded. They also must have the ability to persuade people to do what they do not want to do and like it". (Carpenter, 2007) ³ 'the Leadership is a process by which individuals and individuals in a position of responsibility (a) discern a desire future for the community based on collaboration with members of that community and aligned with their widely held socially contracted principles and values, and (b) facilitate the realization of the future through decision making, goal setting, persuasion and setting an example of services to one another and to common good".(Carpenter, 2007) ⁴
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What
leadership involves?
Leadership involves
according to the definition
'an influence relationship
among leaders and
followers who intend real
changes and outcomes
that reflect their
shared purposes. ' (Richard L daft) ⁵ it involve the following concepts and elements;
Influence intention
Followers
Shared Purpose Change
People Activity
Figure 1 what leadership involves
Source: Richard L.Daft, Leadership an experience pp.5
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Leaders and
Followers Leaders and
follower relationship is
not passive only. Leaders
are not only involve into
the
accomplishment of an objective, they will also have a positive impact on their follower a good follower will not be a "yes people" (Richard L Daft)⁶But sometime leaders are not only influence the followers, followers are also have influence on leaders. Leaders may be different but the qualities for an effective leadership are the same as those needed to be an effective follower.⁷Followers maybe leaders in some other area and acting like followers, and followers may be leaders and leaders may be followers, so alignment between both the interests should be exits as one party may be acting two roles at a time. Leadership is common Interest of leaders and followers at its best, every one fully engaged and accepting higher level of responsibility.
Academic and Practical Importance Of The topic; Leadership is essential
and Reality for today's business as well as Other Organization , Leadership not comes in
canes ,in the beginning the leader work behind the scene, before they come with the marvelous
outcome. Then gradually they become
a trend and a name of dignity and courage. Numerous examples can be quote here related to title the leaders who fail before they succeed as; akio Mortia of Morita co- founded Sony. The first product of company was a rice cooker, it burned the rice. However, this didn't stop him from moving on for building good products. Bill Gates, before success of Microsoft Gates started a business called Traf-O-Data which was not accomplish by him and Harvard dropped him out. But he builds the Microsoft. He became one of the three most
famous and richest men in the world. Concept of leadership is important not only to one type of organizations ,all industries ,services NGO and even our homes ,societies ,school, university, need leader at every level of act of life and their role brining a new world for us. Leadership brings change and change is very necessary for the entire universe, as the time stay, it will be the end, so leadership is a ship of innovation and change delivering. Leadership becomes a reality of life every discipline need it Leadership and management are very necessary for an effective outcomes and high performance. Leadership is not management and management is not leadership. Leadership can't replace management. Management can be define as process of generating organizational goal and objective on the basis of vision and mission , effectively and efficiently managing their resources to achieves these goals or object. Functionally it involves a process of organizing, staffing, leading and controlling organization and these objectives.
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Agenda
Direction
Alignment
Relationships
Personal qualities
Outcomes
Leadership Creating vision and strategy keeping an eye on the horizon
creating shared culture and values Helping Others develop Reducing boundaries
Focusing a people-inspiring and motivating followers Based on personal power Acting as Leader: coach ,facilitation
Emotional Connections, initiative, inspiring ,involvement listening and exhorting/inspiring suggesting new ideas/new ways
Creates Change
Management Planning and Budgeting Keeping an eye on the bottom line.
Organizing and Staffing Directing and Controlling Creating boundaries
Focusing on products and services Based on a position of Power/authority Acting as boss: controlling
Emotional distance Discipline Talking/Lecturing/telling Ensuring compliance- checking and feeding back Maintain Stability
Source: Adapting From Shoemaker and Russo (1993)
Leadership as a philosophy (Theories of Leadership):
Every matter, subject, thing develop and passed side by side with time. Leadership is not a matter of new century; it was in debate from very beginning. The word 'leader' is believed to date from the 14th century Middle English 'leder' a quality of character. The suffix '-ship' is also derived from Middle English meaning 'to shape'. So the word leader-ship, literally means 'to shape character', Leadership is today's most observed phenomena it includes societies, organizations and globalizations aspects. Leadership is not Accidental it is Intentional leaders should shift themselves from old paradigm that value control, stability and homogeneity ,but it is sometime very difficult to go out of methods and practice have made them and their organizations successful in the past.⁷ Now how to shift from old paradigm into new one ? Is a new gate way to study it will vary from organization to organizations, but the one thing will be common that is leaders and their skills. Importance of leadership in 21st Century, already mention that leadership is most observed phenomena on earth, so the existence of leadership is importance. We see large number of group of leaders how is leading the world ,in today's age the leader of USA are well known as leading most of countries and brands organizations are take on the personality of their
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leaders. To maximizing the performance key leaders and their style of leadership required. Leadership is key human resources in any organization. We generally think of companies competing by mean of their products or services or market shares .but the leaders' are behind the scene effect. 'Leaders give birth to effect followers (employee) result to quality products and ultimately result to company success. Now, being a sole of management the leadership in management cannot be overemphasized.'⁸The introduction of leadership in management got thing done. Teamwork is necessary in e1very field of management, leadership make teams and teams' leaders. Leadership assigned authorizes to both the individuals and make their relation good. Leadership is essential for obtaining successful work accomplishment. A leader establishes personal relationship his followers and tries to fulfill their needs .if a question are asked as why human group follows a particular person. The answer will only in one word because he/she is a leader and reasons are trait, style, skill and influence of that leader. The basic of leadership haven't changed over the last 100 years, while core element of leadership don't change .as we enter the 21st century the role of 'Alpha persons' is very much in questions .no doubt traditionally minded books on how to lead will continuous d. But leadership is no more far from everyone it is for every one now. [Note-1]
Lack of previous study on leadership; Leadership literature begin from personality
era of leaders, the trait approach is first which was under consideration. One question leads
the people from very beginning of civilizations
and people have sought answers to this question as what make a leader and why to be leaders?(Henman, 1937)⁹
You may find a number of studies on leader and leadership. Philosophers, psychologists, political scientists, produced extensive literature. A lot of work have been done ,but still there is no approach of theory which can be said as universal theory of leadership, no formula for producing leaders are present ,a number of good practices or adopt but there are just good practice. One debate still present about successful management and effective leadership as these are alternative of one and others. There exists an important gap in academic literature of leadership; in 1948 Ralph Stogdil published a review of one hundred twenty -four studies and surveys that had appeared in print between 1904 and 1947. Researchers in these studies identified characteristics such as
initiative, social dominance and persistence as general qualities of effectual leaders, but unfortunately, no common list of specific leadership trait are present. Stogdil discover and uncover a common list of leadership qualities and in consistent findings .By doing so many Researchers discontinuous their efforts to identify leadership qualities in light of stogdil. Stogdill's later work build on the following conclusion from the literature search as he concludes;
Note 1 This is not the quote of any one.
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"A person does not become a leader by virtue of the possession of some combination of traits, but the pattern of personality dynamics, or patterns, rather than specific traits that are advantages to the person in a leadership role (Stogdil.1985)." 'In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in examining leadership trait from distinguish leaders from non-leaders, locke and Kirkpatrick identified a number of traits.
Exhibit 2.1 Personal Characteristics Of leaders
Personal Characteristics Energy Passion Physical Stamina Intelligence And Ability Intelligence, cognitive ability knowledge Judgment, decisiveness Personality Optimism Self-confidence Honesty and integrity Enthusiasm Charisma Desire to lead Independence
Social Characteristics Sociability, interpersonal skills Cooperativeness Ability to enlist cooperation Tact, Diplomacy Work-Related Characteristics Drive ,Desire to excel Responsibility in pursuit of goal Persistence against obstacles, tenacity Social Background Education Mobility
Source: Richard L.Daft, Leadership An experience pp.5
As other discipline of philosophy the controversies among the leadership theorists also exists some trait theorists view traits as "convenient Constructs that used to describe patterns of behavior" (Ryckman, 1985).Behavior approaches as the situational approaches on the other hand denied the influence of difference attributing all various between persons to fortuitous demands of the environment ' (Stogdil.1984,p.82).behavior is more easily understand as compare to the traits, which make leadership easy to achievable with the same way no universal list of leadership trait exists, behaviors associated with great leadership are not consistent either. B.F Skinner most important philosopher of behavior influenced is genetic but not by existence of sprit within the body (skinner 1974, p.167) organizational circumstances gives way for autocratic or democratic behavior as suggested by the Tannenbaum and Schmit talking about boss-center or subordinate centered. First study made in Ohio state university as "consideration" and "initiating" was main focus .improve by the university of Michigan on taking it into new and improve direction, all these studies including leadership ( managerial ) Grid are developed sole on the influence. All these study involves controversies due the different in the leadership influence on different people as the circumstance vary from place to place and the change appeal to leadership toward new directions and leaders are result of change in culture and societies . Today's mangers are mostly leaders there is a new claim on the leader generating institution
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that most of the manger are not leader in other words the institute are unable to generate the leaders . The issue is worthwhile and claim is true. A lot of practice is made a number of work is done, due to nature of the leadership, every effort is less and every work is little.
Effective Leadership Characteristics:
1-'Leadership is a Collective
phenomenon'(Hogan & Kaiser, 2005)¹⁰;
Leadership not only include the leaders but also the influencing people that are called follower is a name of collective effort made by both Leader's influence measured by the capacity or work done by his follower, toward the direction set by that leaders. History tells that how the big structure, innovation, was and today's organizations are building, create, win and made not only be leader but a positive behavior of followers.
2- Effective Leadership Encourage "Group and teams".
The effective leadership is that which encourage the performance based on the teams and group in organizations. Leadership should be define in terms of the ability to build and maintain a group that performs well relative to its competition.(Hogan & Kaiser, 2005)¹¹
3- Transformational leadership is effective;
The transformational leadership is effective than other style of leadership. Leadership should be transformational, studies shows that leadership is close indicators of leadership effectiveness as it involve, different management activities which make and create interaction between team and team leaders, as motivation, subordinate satisfaction, and performance monitoring, studies based on interviews and observation, (descriptive research) find that in a Varity of different situating of day to day management of team and organization as a whole(Yukl, 1999).¹²
Characteristics proposed by different Leaders and their need for effective
leadership: The debate is present whatever the leaders should be possess leaders should be
poses one type of traits or other all these debate end on point, that is measure this effectiveness, the probable answer will be by measuring new clearly and efficiently he fulfilled ( or achieve this goal) . On this basis, we can say one individual and second is group phenomena. Now the leader should be fit for both of this format. Now which characteristics a leaders have should lead toward fulfillment of objective of an organization in long run. Some of the characteristics in these regards as;
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Extraversion;
This characteristics of leader is strongly related to the social leadership(Judge, Bono, Ilies, &Gerhardt, 2002).¹³ the leaders should be emerge himself in a group and increase the performance which result the effective outcomes. Extraverts appeal that the leaders should be active, assertive and energetic(Judge et al., 2002)¹⁴.
Openness;
Openness leads to creativity, which appeal to be an important skill of effective leaders. This is contained in (Yukl, 1998) list of leaders, which is basically on Stogdil (1994) earlier study.
Productive;
Leaders productivity is through its influence on his team and his team' performance is being cooperation, as cooperation is related to effective leadership characteristics.
Performance;
Leadership is for performance and outcomes, so the leader will only be leader when he combined all his traits, skill, style and behavior toward his core objective that is performance. The audience (the outer world) only gives clamping when the performance will be there.
Future Directions Leadership is world most observed, phenomena as earlier mentions,
is one subject in whom the studies are made on the topic what will be the future direction
leadership?
Numbers of studies are made, almost every research paper give future direction. Leadership is defined ,style are discussed ,theories are developed ,skills are brought into practice, but according to my view only one things need future research how the charismatic/ transformational leadership is helpful in organizational matters? For this purpose ,the transitional method of research like survey-based design ,not be use only nor the limited to other designs longitudinal, qualitative , as well as use multiple mixed method studies.
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Leadership Learning: If a question is asked what is learnt about
leadership? Or what is my understanding about leadership, while learning, a
question was in my mind, is any
alternative for leadership exists? A study was made on 'substitutes for leadership' by the title " Substitute for leadership; their meaning and measurement by Steven kever in university of southern California ,and john M. jermier ,the Ohio state university on the ground on organizational Behavior and human performance in 1978. Leadership style, approaches, methods, theories and concepts are challenged. The one question which comes into mind, is it necessary to be a leader for organizational success? was given negatively and take opposite side in the above research .the conflicts are exists among the Arthur, and it should be as a nature of philosophy .leadership is a soul of society ,which join people together and it is a blood for accomplishment of a tactic and complex objective in fast and reliable manner. The only reason is leadership is appeal to the mind and heart .This is victory of leadership among others discipline, as men are not machinery. Every systematic produce will be useless to run this social animal so only thing is leader and his influence. This is called leadership .Today's research and philosopher bringing this concept for every individual.
"Effective leadership is not about making speeches or being liked; leadership is defined by results not attributes."¹⁵
Peter Drucker
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