Leadership in Teams and Decision Groups
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Philipp SchmittnerSharon ThomasSebastian MaulerDaniel BuchtaTobias JahnckeFahd Nawaz
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Outline
I. What is a team?
II. Determinants of Team Performance
III. Types of Team and how to lead them
IV. Guidelines for team building
V. What are decision groups
VI. Determinants of group process
VII. Leadership functions in meetings & who should lead them
VIII. Guidelines for leading a meeting
IX. Conclusion
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Teams Heterogeneity & complementary skills
What is a team
Team Performa
nce
Team Types
Guidelines
Teambuilding
Decision process
Leadershp in
meetings
Guidelines
meetings
Conclusion
Little role interdependence among members
Groups
What is a team?
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Determinants of Team Performance
• Commitment to shared objectives Motivation of the members to attain shared goals Leadership: Articulating an appealing vision, explaining why a task is important, involving
members in planning strategies
• Shared mental models Common understanding about assumptions and cause-effect relationships Leadership: Support members to identify their assumptions about cause-effect relationships,
reach agreement
• Member skills & role clarity Understanding of what to do, how to do it, and when it must be done Leadership: Feedback and coaching, influence the selection of new members, clearly explain
members responsibilities
4
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
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Determinants of Team Performance
• Internal Organization and Coordination Design of work roles and the assignment of people organized to use skills Extent to which the interdependent activities are synchronized Leadership: Planning the efficient use of personnel and resources, schedule and sequence
activities
• External Coordination Adjust activities to actions of interdependent units inside or outside the organization Leadership: Maintaining a network of contacts and encourage members to develop their own
network, identify threats and opportunities
• Resources and political support Budgetary funds, tools and equipment, supplies and materials, and facilities Leadership: Lobbying with superiors, planning the resources and budgets, defending the
reputation of the team
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
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Determinants of Team Performance
• Mutual trust and cooperation Share information & resources and help each other Cooperation is linked to the extent to which members identify with the team Leadership: Team building activities
• Collective efficacy and potency Shared belief that the team is capable of achieving specific tasks Leadership: Express optimism and confidence in the team, set realistic targets opportunity to
experience success, celebrate progress
Different determinants of team performance are linked with each other (e.g. involving membersin planning strategies)
6
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
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Cross Functional Teams
Composed of Experts from various functional areas who work cooperatively towards some organizational goal
Harley-Davidson Motor Co. uses cross-functional
teams from start to finish in their business.
Technical Expertise
Project Management
Skills
Interpersonal Skills Political Skills Cognitive
Skills
Skills required to Lead a Cross Functional Team
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
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Self-managed Teams
Google lets its engineers and
developers work in their
own self-regulated
teams
Role of a leader in a self-managed team
Operates with a high level of autonomy without a manager
considerable discretion over: setting of team goals how work is achieved internal performance issues distributing the work decision making and problem solving
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
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Virtual TeamsMicrosoft has used virtual teams to support major global corporate customer sales and post sales services
Competencies and skills required to lead a Virtual Team
• Manages across different cultures• Coaches and monitors job performance • Builds and maintains trust• Ensures the appropriate use of information technology
An interdependent group of individuals who predominantly use technology to communicate, collaborate, share information and coordinate their efforts in order to accomplish a common work-related objective
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
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What kind of team do you want?
• The best performing team ever!
• Cohesiveness
• Mutual cooperation
• Identification
What does your team need?
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
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How can you make your team fulfill these criteria?
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
Facilitate team learning
Team building procedures
Best performing team ever!
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How can you make your team fulfill these criteria?
What is a team Determinants of Team
Performance
Types of Team and how to lead
them
Guidelines for team building
Determinants of group process
Leadership functions in
meetings & who should lead them
Guidelines for leading a meeting Conclusion
Facilitate team learning
Team building procedures
Best performing team ever!
Ceremonies and rituals
Encourage and facilitate social interaction
Tell people what’s going on!
Common interests and values
Process analysis sessions
Symbols Alignment sessions
Incentives
After activity reviews
Dialogue sessions
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How can you make your team fulfill these criteria?
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
Facilitate team learning
Team building procedures
Best performing team ever!
© F r a n k f u r t – S c h o o l . d e
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
Teams Heterogeneity & complementary skills
Little role interdependence among members
Groups
Teams vs. Groups
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Decision Making in Groups
Quality depending on group member contribution
Longer process
Advantages Disadvantages
1
2
Wider knowledge and experiences
1
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
Little role interdependence among members
Groups
Process problems, e.g. hasty decisions, member inhabitation and polarization
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Determinants of Group Processes
Status differentials
Cohesiveness
Member diversity
Emotional maturity
Group size
Communication technology
Physical environment
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
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Leadership Functions in Meetings
Leadership role in a meeting can be shared, but usually one designated discussion leader has primary responsibility for conducting the meeting
17
Challenge:
Find the right balance between…
• being active and passive to facilitate decision process
• task oriented and relationship oriented leadership behavior (Task Function & Group Maintenance Function)
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
© F r a n k f u r t – S c h o o l . d e
Task and Group Maintenance Function
18
Task Function• Process Structuring• Stimulating communication• Clarifying communication• Summarizing• Consensus testing
Skill, proper timing and the right balance in both areas is crucial to effective leadership in a meeting!
Group Maintenance Function• Gatekeeping• Harmonizing• Supporting• Standard Setting• Process analyzing
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
© F r a n k f u r t – S c h o o l . d e
Bradford (1976) identified two viewpoints on who should perform the two functions (task / group maintenance) and their relative priority:
Leader-centered view vs. Group-centered view
Two Viewpoints on Leadership in Decision Groups
19
Responsibility for Group
leader responsible shared by leader & group
Control over final Choice
held by leader vested in group
Leader position power
emphasized & guarded de-emphasized
Task oriented functions
carried out by leader shared by leader & group
Group-Maintencance functions
not done systematically emphasized & shared with group
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
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Guidelines for Leading Meetings
20
Listen carefully if your meetings are like this!
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
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Guidelines for Leading Meetings
Inform people about necessary preparations
Share essential information with group
members
Describe the problem without implying the
cause or solution
Allow ample time for idea generation and
evaluation
Separate idea generation from idea
evaluation
Successful meeting
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
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Guidelines for Leading Meetings
Successful meeting
Encourage and facilitate participation
Encourage positive restatement and idea
building
Use systematic procedures for solution
evaluation
Encourage efforts to reach consensus when
feasible
Encourage members to look for an integrative
solution
Clarify responsibilities for implementation
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Leadership functions in a meeting: Make sure that both task function and group
maintenance function are addressed
Leading a meeting is easy. But for leading an effective one, the leader
has to apply certain guidelines!
Sharon
Leaders can improve team performance by influencing the determinants in a
positive way
All types of teams need a leader, but not necessarily with
the same type of leadership style
Tobi
What is a team
Types of Team
and how to lead them
Guidelines for team buildin
g
Determinant
s of group proces
s
Leadership
functions in
meetings & who should
lead them
Guidelines for leadin
g a meetin
g
Conclusion
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Discussion on the Video
• To which view on leadership in decision groups Leader-centered or Group-centered) does the professor tend? Why?
• Which view would you prefer as a leader? Have you made any expriences with a leader that tended towards one the view points?
• Can you think of situations where the Leader-centered view might be more appropriate?
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Further Discussion
• What are your experiences with team-building events?
• What are some implications of the telecommunications and computer technologies for leadership in teams, now and in the future?
• Why is leadership more difficult in cross-functional teams than in traditional functional teams?
• What can a leader do to improve decision-making processes in a group meeting?