Leading the way on WMA - RMACESWarm Mix Asphalt, A European Overview 11 Denver, Feb’10 Warm Mix...

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DelftUniversity ofTechnology

Leading the way on WMA…A European overview

Niki Kringos

Assistant ProfessorMechanics of Infrastructure MaterialsDelft University of Technology, The Netherlands

2Warm Mix Asphalt, A European Overview

Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

- production temp 100 – 150 oC (HMA: 150 - 190 oC)

The basic principles


Denver, Feb’10

(FHWA)

Warm Mix Asphalt




Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt


- viscosity reduction via additives or foaming:- mineral additives (e.g. zeolites- crystalline hydrated aluminium silicates)

slow and steady release of moisture, controlled foaming- wet aggregates or fines- organic additives (e.g. FT wax, amide & montan wax)

melting range 100 -145 oC (natural wax 70 oC)- ready-mix binders- foamed bitumen 80-100 oC

inject cold water in hot bitumen & heated aggregates



Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix AsphaltThe basic principles

Romonta normal

….

….Asphaltan A/B

LEABSasobit

special foam equipmentLT asphalt…Licomont BS 100

coated aggregates & moist finesEBEAspha-minDEUREX BS 120/140

soft & hard foamedWAM (shell)naturalPEWAX E11B

Foam techniquesZeolitesWax


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

• Total 2008 HMA production

The numbers…

(million tons)

Total:333 9(USA Total:440)

42

5125

6 9

6

42932

8

157

5 10

5

33

3

27

2

(European Asphalt Pavement Association-2010)


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix AsphaltThe numbers…

300

350

400

450

500

550

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Year

Mto

ns H

MA

pro

duct

ion

USAEurope


Denver, Feb’10


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

2006 2007 2008Year

Mto

ns C

old

Bitu

min

ous

Mix

es

TurkeyFranceSwitzerlandSpainSweden

13%

5%

10%1%2%


Denver, Feb’10


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Austria

Czech

Rep

ublic

Denmark

France

German

yLu

xembo

urgNeth

erland

sNorw

ayPort

ugal

RomaniaSpa

inSwed

en

% re

cycl

ed a

spha

lt

UnboundColdHalf WarmHot & Warm

(EAPA 2010)

Year ‘07


Denver, Feb’10


(EAPA 2010)

Year ‘08

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Belgium

Czech

Rep

ublic

Denmark

France

German

y

Italy

Netherl

ands

Norway

Roman

iaSpa

inSwed

enSwitz

erlan

dTurk

ey

% of new H/WMA with RAP


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

• Annual WMA production

The numbers…

(million tons)0.95*

0.5

0.02

0.1 0.13

0.8*

0.601.0

(European Asphalt Pavement Association-2010)

0.85

20072008

0.63

0.76

0.050.00.0

(3%)

(2%)

(% w.r.t. HMA)

(7%)

(<1%)

(13%)

(<1%)


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

• sustainable development concerns (RAP)• reduction of energy • fuel savings• reduction of CO2 emissions (a.o.GHG)• dust reduction• welfare of workers• improvement of field compaction• longer paving seasons• shorter maintenance disruptions• longer haul distances• less aging potentially longer lasting• …

The motivation for using it….

….but what are the most important incentives to choose for WMA?


Denver, Feb’10

• Population density in The Netherlands: 460 people/km2 (~1200/mi2)

Warm Mix AsphaltThe motivation for using it….

-> fast road opening after construction/maintenance


Denver, Feb’10

• EU(2008): 2020 a reduction of 20-30% GHG(maximum offsetting 55%- Clean Development Mechanisms)


Dutch government (2010): costs -

sustainability -environment -


Denver, Feb’10

• CE marking: 1 March 2008


(Conformité Européenne)

“certifies that a product has met EU consumer safety, health or environmental requirements”


Denver, Feb’10



“ functional testing”

- stiffness

- fatigue

- rutting

- moisture

end of empirical mix-design

room for innovative materials


Denver, Feb’10




Denver, Feb’10




Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

2006:

- Shell WAM foam

- 110-120 oC

- 900t over 1.3 km

- 3.5m width, 3 layers

- -35% fuel

- -30% GHG

- -55% fine dust

- -30% fumes

- -30% energy

Many examples

Since 1999 >>60ktons WAM foam Norway & Sweden


Denver, Feb’10

• Aggregates 1-2 % moisture uptake (USA: -5%)• Modification & blending routines (USA: PG grades - aging)• Workmanship warranties• Evaluation system for new materials• Performance testing as part of mix design• Batch plants & smaller drum plants (USA: large drum plants) • Contractors have R&D facilities• …

Warm Mix AsphaltDifferences between Europe and USA

(FHWA scanning program, Feb 2008)


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

- moisture issues (foam)

…some remaining challenges


Denver, Feb’10

Wet aggregates

Attack on the aggregate-mastic bondθ

0.0

1.0

0.5

WMA via moisture


Denver, Feb’10

θ0.0

1.0

0.5

Wet aggregates

Attack on the aggregate-mastic bond

WMA via moisture


Denver, Feb’10WMA via moisture

Attack on the aggregate-mastic bond


Denver, Feb’10

(a)

(b)

100 mm

150 mm

20 mm

4 mm

bestone/granieten schijf

laag mastiek

waterbad

WMA via moisture



Measuring moisture damage to the aggregate-mastic bond


Denver, Feb’10

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Time [weeks]

Stre

ngth

[MP

a] Combi 1Combi 2Combi 3Combi 4Combi5Combi 6

granitebestoneθ

θ0.0

1.0

WMA via moisture


Denver, Feb’10

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Moisture content [-]

Dam

age_

S [-

]

Combi 1Combi 2Combi 3Combi 4Combi 5Combi 6

( )if ifd fθ θ θ= α( ) ( )S

0

Sd 1

Sθ

θ = −

WMA via moisture



Mastic moisture susceptibility!




Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

- moisture issues (foam)- cracking, healing, rutting (wax)



Denver, Feb’10

Z-distance (nm)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

ΔZ-

defle

ctio

n (n

m)

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

Z-distance (nm)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

ΔZ-

defle

ctio

n (n

m)

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

WMA via wax


Denver, Feb’10

10 μm

WMA via wax

10 μm

de-waxed bitumen


Denver, Feb’10

60 μm

x

y

xyσ

WMA via wax


Denver, Feb’10

60 μm

x

y

xyσ

WMA via wax


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix AsphaltThe basic principles

Romonta normal

….

….Asphaltan A/B

LEABSasobit

special foam equipmentLT asphalt…Licomont BS 100

coated aggregates & moist finesEBEAspha-minDEUREX BS 120/140

soft & hard foamedWAM (shell)naturalPEWAX E11B

Foam techniquesZeolitesWax


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

- moisture issues (foam)- cracking, healing, rutting (wax)- production tons/hours is important for energy consumption- CO2 footprint of additives



Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt…carbon footprint measurement


Denver, Feb’10

Warm Mix Asphalt

- moisture issues (foam)- cracking, healing, rutting (wax)- production tons/hours is important for energy consumption- CO2 footprint of additives- possible alterations in plants (LEAB, LTA)- costs- laboratory vs field conditions- long-term performance (data & models)



Denver, Feb’10

Aggregate Interface Region Mastic

Models for long term predictions


Denver, Feb’10Meant to be?

Computer Aided Pavement Analyses

CAPA


Denver, Feb’10

Leading the way on WMA…A European overview

Niki Kringos

Assistant ProfessorMechanics of Infrastructure MaterialsDelft University of Technology, The Netherlands

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