Prof. FUJITA, Tsuyoshi [email protected]
Director of Eco-City System Research Program,
National Institute for Environmental Science, Japan Alliance Professor of Nagoya University
Associate researcher OHNISHI, Satoshi/TOGAWA Takuya
9th Asia pacific eco-business forum in Kawasaki
2013.1.31;Eco city session
Leading toward Innovative Eco-City from Kawasaki
-from Eco-town to Eco Leading City-
Penang Shenyang Bandung
Inter-city/International knowledge sharing
Integrative Eco-
Growth Cities/regions Co-benefit smart city
Low carbon Eco-industrial development
Public
involvement Circular
Technologies
Social
System &
Regulation
Conver-
sion Collection
separation
Green Economy Innovation.
Spiral up to Eco-City
Green product chain
Kawasaki
Eco-town
Contents
3
１．Eco-town projects in Kawasaki and
Japan ・eco-town projects from 1997
・innovative circularization system from
ecotown
2.Toward Eco-city innovation from
Kawasaki ・Eco-city innovation model
・Innovation from Kawasaki ①
（from circularization to production chain） ・Innovation from Kawasaki ②
（from smart building to smart city）
Target and Accomplishment of Japanese Eco-towns
Material Flow of Traditional Industrial Parks
Symbiotic Material Flow in Eco-towns or Eco-Industrial Parks
Conventional material flow: No-circulation
Virgin materials: largely depends on import
Wastes: Disposal based on provisions of the
Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
Recycle materials: Not used
Local material circulation: no use of recycle
materials
Circular material flow of Eco-towns
Virgin materials: part of virgin materials are
substituted by recycle materials
Wastes: Disposal based on provisions of the
Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
Recycle materials: Use of recycle materials
mainly provided from outside the city
Local material circulation: to some extent
Edited by Prof. Fujita, T.，Published
by METI,,2006
Forming the basis of capacity that totally
2.18 mil t of wastes were treated
Distribution of
Japanese
Eco-towns 5
METI & MOE approved Eco-Town Plans for 26 areas as of the end of January 2006, and they provided financial support to 62 facilities
located within the appropriate areas.
Eco-town area as demonstration project for
Sound material cycle society
Eco-town Areas as demonstration projects of circular
technologies; Berkel and Fujita et. al (2009)
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Environment approved Eco-Town Plans for 26 areas as of the end of January 2006, and they provided financial support to 62 facilities located within the appropriate areas.
Distribution of Total Investment
60 projects in 24 Eco-Towns
165 billion JPY or 1.6 bil. US$
Distribution of Total Investment
Subsidy projects in 24 Eco-Towns
60 billion JPY or 600mil. US$
investment
(60 projects in 24 Eco-Towns)
Chiba (9)
27%
Kawasaki (5)
16%
Omuta (2)
13%
Bingo (2)
12%
Kitakyushu (7)
5%
Tokyo (1)
4%
Sapporo (3)
4%
Naoshima (2)
3%
Akita (4)
3%
Toyama (4)
2%
Hyogo (1)
2%
others (20)
9%
investment subsidy
(60 projects in 24 Eco-Towns)
Chiba (9)
31%
Kawasaki (5)
21%Omuta (2)
6%
Bingo (2)
7%
Kitakyushu (7)
6%
Tokyo (1)
2%
Sapporo (3)
6%
Naoshima (2)
2%
Akita (4)
4%
Toyama (4)
2%
Hyogo (1)
3%
others (20)
10%
6
Evaluation of 90 Circular Facilities in 26 Eco-towns
7
Reduction of Virgin Materials; 900,000.ton /yr
CO2 Emission Reduction 480,000 t-CO2/yr
Circular use ration of by-product 92% Intra-eco-town circulation ratio 61%
CRs procured from
within the same Eco
Town Plan regions
(830) 64%
CRs procured from outside the Eco Town Plan
region but within the prefecture
CRs procured from outside the
prefecture
Procurement areas unknown
CRs procured
(1,300) 100%
CRs utilized
(1,200) 92%
Recycling residue disposed of
(470) 36%
Supply areas unknown
(Unit: 1,000 tons)
CRs used as energy,
or reduced in volume
Resources circulated within the
Eco Town Plan regions
(580) 45%
Resources circulated outside the Eco Town Plan regions but within the prefecture
FPs/RMs
produced
(780) 60%
Outside the Eco Town Plan regions
but within the prefecture
Outside the prefecture
Eco Town Plan regions
Recycling residue disposed of (60) 5%
Resources circulated outside the prefecture
(70) 5%
(130)
10%
(310) 24%(40) 3%
(70) 5%
(110)9%
(6) 0%
Accomplishment from eco-town
(1)Social system to promote the
circularization of wastes and
recycle
(2)Agglomeration effects of material
industries and circularization
industries
8
Assembly Consumption
Landfill
Waste
Resource
Excavation Processing
End- of Pipe Treatment
Technologies
Alternative technologies for circular economies;
resource circulation
Hard
Environ.
Technologies
Green Purchase
Green Procurement
Cleaner Production
Waste Regulation
Reuse Recycle
Regulation/ Subsidy
Recycle Technologies
Soft
Social
Technologies
Substitutive Processing
0
0
1
3
12
19
25
35
42
49
59
60
60
12
13
19
24
29
35
49
60
72
84
91
97
104
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
～'96
'97
'98
'99
'00
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
'06
'07
'08
subsidied not subsidied
package waste electric waste food waste debris automobile waste others
Package Recycling Law ('95)
Electric Appliance Recycling Law ('98)
revision of Waste Management Law ('97)
Food Waste Recycling Law and Construction Material Recycling Law ('01)
Automobile Recycling Law ('02)
Eco-town program('97―)
revision of Waste Management Law ('00)
revision of Waste Management Law(’03/04)
Recycle Facilities in 26 Eco-towns and Legislation System
for Waste Management and 3R Promotion
waste collection and product supply scale and
transportation distance • Wastes with high added-value are with relatively long transport distances
Plastics, paper, oil, electronic wastes • Products with demand in large volumes and locally are with shorter transport distances
RDF, feedstock for steel and cement production, construction materials, feedings, fertilizer
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
feces
debris
assorted MSW
food waste
wood
incineration ashes
automobile
glass
sludge
assorted ind waste
metal scraps
electronic waste
waste plastics
waste paper
used oil
shredder dust
Average transport distance (km/t-waste)
Waste collected within prefecture
presentage of waste collected within prefecture
average transport distance
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
0% 50% 100%
RDF
feedstock for steel …
feedstock for cement …
feeding
construction material
fusil ash
fertilizer
others
metal
wooden products
wood chips/charcoal
plastic resin
glass/cullet
oil
paper/pulp
Average transport distance (km/t-waste)
product delivered within prefecture
Plastic and paper
Other organic
Construction
Metal
Oil
Glass and others
Chen, Fujita et.al.,
J. of Ind. Ecology,
Vol.16(1), 2012
Accomplishment from eco-town
(1)Social system to promote the
circularization of wastes and
recycle
(2)Agglomeration effects of material
industries and circularization
industries
12
22
22.2
22.4
22.6
22.8
23
23.2
23.4
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
To
tal
cost
s (b
illi
on
JP
Y/y
r)
Numbers of hosting cities
Without capacity constraint
With capacity constraint
• Example model outputs: – Results of the standard scenario in 2025
• Over 1/3 cheaper than new pre-treatment facilities built in each municipality
13
transportati
on costs
30%
operation
costs
27%
constructio
n cost
4%
cost of
incineratio
n
39%
Modeling results: Cost and scale
里海
循環資源の流れ
再資源化製品や再生エネルギーの流れ
里地里山（農山村）林業、農業、畜産業、
観光業
○バイオマス系の循環資源の地域内循環
漁村漁業・水産業
中都市
大都市
○都市系の循環資源（廃棄物）を都市内で循環利用
○動脈産業の基盤を活用し多様な循環資源を利活用
○循環産業や動脈産業の集積拠点などと連携しながら適正規模で資源循環
○エコタウンなどの静脈産業の集積基盤を活用し多様な循環資源を利活用
都市・近郊地域循環圏
里地里山里海地域循環圏
循環型産業（広域）地域循環圏
動脈産業地域循環圏
里地里山里海地域循環圏
小都市
循環型産業集積拠点
循環型産業集積拠点
循環型産業集積拠点
循環型産業集積拠点
動脈産業集積地
14
地域の循環社会基盤（資源再生・処理施設、循環型動脈産業施設）の立地・集積と廃棄物の発生分布など地域特性を活かす地域循環圏の整備による重層的な「循環の環（わ）」
(1)里地里山里海 地域循環圏 農山漁村を中心とした循環圏で、農村水産業に由来するバイオマス資源の地産地消的な利活用を推進する。
（2）都市・都市近郊 地域循環圏 人口集積の多い都市エリアでは多種多様な循環資源を排出します。都市近郊の農村地域の連携も含め、循環型産業集積地（エコタウン等）や動脈産業の集積エリアとも連携をはかりながら、 効率的な資源循環を 構築する。
(3)動脈産業 地域循環圏 セメント、鉄鋼、非鉄精錬製紙等の基幹産業の基盤やインフラをこれまで以上に活用しながら、循環資源を大量に抱えもつ大都市エリアとの物流システム等を高度化せ、より効率的な循環システムの構築やエネルギーの利活用システムを高度化。
(4)循環型産業 （広域）地域循環圏 小型の廃家電リサイクルなどを、動脈産業地域循環圏との連動をはかりながら、レアメタルの回収などで優位性の持つシステムを形成。
Design methodology for cities and regions with
appropriate circularization system
Material Transpor
tation Waste Mining Process
Electricity
Establishment of social system and business model along supply chain from mining to waste for low carbon and sound material cycle society
Consumption
Social system to sustain the circularization in Eco-towns
Cleaner production
Design for Env. Green purchasing
Co-processing, Heat/energy recovery
resource circularization in the region
Green/regional consumption
Regional credit
Green supply chain management in integrated urban and regional area
Red stand
for social
system
Logistic for circularization/Monitoring system
15
Contents
16
１．Eco-town projects in Kawasaki and
Japan ・eco-town projects from 1997
・innovative circularization system from
ecotown
2.Toward Eco-city innovation from
Kawasaki ・Eco-city innovation model
・Innovation from Kawasaki ①
（from circularization to production chain） ・Innovation from Kawasaki ②
（from smart building to smart city）
17 17
Industrial Symbiosis and Urban Industries to empower
cities by circularization (Kawasaki and Kitakyushu are pioneers in 1997→26 cities)
18
Accumulation Effect by IS; 2.accumulation effect in
Kawasaki Eco-town Accumulation of material (arterial) industries and recycling (vein) industries with
geographical proximity enables Eco Town district to establish material and energy
circularization. This collaboration has made a variety of wastes and by-product
exchange in this district and industrial waste exchange from other region be possible.
Bio/life science
Power generation & material industry Treatment or recycling facility
City
Kawasaki Synergy Network（current situation）
19
コペンハーゲンから約100km、人口：市街地16500人、市域：48000人 火力発電所を中心とする、異業種間の廃熱、副産物利用ネットワークを先駆的に形成
火力発電所
資料提供：カルンボー産業共生センター
Industrial Symbiosis in Kalundborg, DENMARK カルンボー市（デンマーク）の産業共生
Industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg Bio/life science
Power generation & material industry Treatment or recycling facility
City
21
Industrial symbiosis Urban symbiosis
Wa
ter/w
aste
/by-
pro
du
ct
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
kt
Treated water
Slag
Sludge
Biomass
Gypros
Sulphur
Fly ash
Comparison between Kawasaki and Kalundborg
ＴＪ
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Kalundborg Kawasaki
Hot water
Heating
ＴＪ
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Kalundborg Kawasaki
Heat
He
at &
en
erg
y
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
kt
Gypsum
Waste paper
Waste plastic
Metal
22
170
9,900
12,800
30,300
22,700
川崎港
川崎市
幸区
川崎区
鶴見区
JR鶴見
線
JR南武線
JR東海道線
浮島I C
川崎浮島JCT
首都高速
湾岸線
首都高速横羽線
東京湾アクアライン
132
409
15
357
1
357
357
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
エネルギー消費量
（原油換算/TJ）
排熱発生量
（原油換算/TJ）
Steel work
Waste
heat
Waste heat networking among industries with proximity to power generation
エネルギー供給源～1.5km
エネルギー供給源～3km
Incineration
Chemical
Waste
heat
Paper
LNG
Power
generation
Biomass
Power
generation
Waste
heat
Kawasaki Synergy Network（Future scenario）
LNG
Power
generation
Waste
heat
Waste
heat
TJ
Energy demand
Waste heat potential
Refinery
Chemical
Power
generation
23
近隣地区Ａ
（住宅・業務系）
近隣地区B
(住宅系)
熱供給・制御センター 機能（将来案）
ごみ焼却 工場
業務、研究開発区域
6.7ha
環境、ライフサイエンス
研究開発区域
6.7ha
業務、商業交流区域
6.7ha
河川
流通区域
物販施設
研究・業務施設
交流・ 物販施設
ホテル
流通区域
研究・業務施設 緑地
スマート
資源循環拠点
鉄鋼
セメント
河川水利用 ヒートポンプ
下水利用 ヒートポンプ
熱集約 センター機能
広域への熱供給
太陽光発電 ・熱供給
電力供給
連携環境 研究機能
(案)
下水処理水
熱導管（温冷水） ・地域熱供給
熱導管（温水）
（地下:雨水貯留施設） ホテル
研究・業務施設
中水・雑用水利用
焼却ごみ
再生樹脂
廃プラ
・廃雑紙
食品
廃棄物
食品加工
工場
下水処理場
熱導管 （蒸気・高温水・温水）
メタン 発酵施設
都市ガス
Source: 環境都市機能検討会（NIES他 ）
24
街区のモデル化と
政策シナリオ
保水性
舗装
高反射
性塗料
屋上緑化
壁面緑化
ビル群高さ
24
Image of low carbon and energy model district by
collaboration between industry and city
■ 熱需要と熱源のマッチングには、個別対応・ネットワーク化・需要操作等による多様な組合せが考えられる。
自治体の特性に合せてマッチングのタイプを整理し、分析シナリオを構築してポテンシャル推計を行っていく。
市街地集約
市街地集約
市街地集約
Ａ.熱源単体＋地区・街区の組合せ Ｂ.熱源ネットワーク＋需要地側 ネットワークでの組合せ
Ｃ.需要操作（熱源側へ市街地誘導） による、コンパクト型での組合せ
成行き供給・蓄熱槽設置により個々の熱源と需要を、小さな 単位で対応づけて需給に導く
臨海部の豊かな熱源群と需要側 のＤＨＣ、ＣＧＳ保有ビルを連結し 強固な熱需給ネットワークを形成
熱源に近く利便性に優れ、併せて 災害危険度の低い立地を選択して 市街地をコンパクト化誘導していく
昨年度の低炭素ポテンシャル推計手法（ステージ2）に代入
自治体または区全体の低炭素化（目標値）に対する貢献率が推計される
Energy symbiosis network planning in Kawasaki City
(株)アバン・アソシエーツ計画本部 谷口知史副部長 作成 25
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ｍｔ－ＣＯ２
Actual performance (Kawasaki Steem-Net Co.)
Waste heat supply／deman ＝ Kawasaki Steem-Net Co.)
Waste heat supply／demand ＝３％
Waste heat supply／demand＝５％
When industries with geographical proximity to power generation utilize waste heat, we could estimate 400,000t-CO2 emission reduction by alter the fossil fuel to waste heat.
10
facilities
X% 46 facilities
X%
46 facilities
3%
46 facilities
5%
Kawasaki Synergy Network（Future scenario）
26
Strategic Business Models for Environmental Innovation
From Smart Buildings to Low-Carbon, Circulatory Cities
Area effects and network effects that interact with individual technologies to produce synergy
can be achieved by moving up from energy management at the individual building level to
efficient management of supply and demand at the area level and management of land use
and facility locations at the city level.
Demonstration with building
clusters Network development within
the city
Network development by the
city
Local hybrid heat and power
supply system
Supply-demand coupling’
energy management
Zoning for low-carbon facilities
Energy-efficient buildings
Smart meters
ー
External air supply
through BEMS
Co-generation
Carbon credits
Low-carbon energy
monitoring network Capping and trading
Guiding industrial
location close to
cities (compact
cities)
Social institutional
systems in red
27
Integrative low carbon planning
systems to compile eco-towns,
urban sectors
【たとえば、事業評価として】
地域の物質循環や廃棄物発生，環境負荷の分布を測定して，モデル事業の効果を定量的に把握することのできる統合的な評価システム（地
理情報システムの活用）
【たとえば、モデル事業として】
地域での廃棄物を地域で循環する「地域循環」の社会実験モデル事業． （案）一般廃棄物、産業廃棄物、農業系廃棄物を合わせて循環性状によりで組み合わせて収集・地域再資源化
【たとえば、制度として】
産業政策，環境政策と加えて，都市開発や道路・下水道・インフラなどの都市政策，港湾政策の統合組織と都市スケールでの循環支援政策
Carbon Free Industrial Symbiosis
District
循環基盤、産業基盤を活用して、都市の資源効率向上、低炭素化を進める総合的な低炭素・資源循環の拠点地区・地域の形成
28
Accumulation Effect by IS for the future; 3.low-carbon
district as a hub in Eco-towns
Contents
29
１．Eco-town projects in Kawasaki and
Japan ・eco-town projects from 1997
・innovative circularization system from
ecotown
2.Toward Eco-city innovation from
Kawasaki ・Eco-city innovation model
・Innovation from Kawasaki ①
（from circularization to production chain） ・Innovation from Kawasaki ②
（from smart building to smart city）
Penang Shenyang Bandung
International knowledge sharing
Integrative Eco-
Growth Cities/regions Co-benefit smart city
Low carbon Eco-industrial development
Public
involvement Circular
Technologies
Social
System &
Regulation
Conver-
sion Collection
separation
Green Economy Innovation.
Spiral up to Eco-City
Green product chain
Kawasaki
Eco-town
Related Publication Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Satoshi Ohnishi, Minoru Fujii, Yong Geng；The Impact of Scale, Recycling Boundary, and Type of Waste on Symbiosis and Recycling: An Empirical Study of Japanese Eco-Towns, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol.16(1), pp.129–141, February, 2012
Minoru Fujii, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Xudong Chen, Satoshi Ohnishi, Naohisa Yamaguchi；Smart Recycling of Organic Solid Wastes in an Environmentally Sustainable Society, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol.63, pp.1-8, June, 2012
Xudong Chen, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Kebin Liu, Minoru Fujii, Junyi Wang, Bing Xue；Effects of Environmental Education on Waste Separation Performance: Experimental Study in Shenyang University, China, Journal of Cleaner Productions, submitted March 28th, 2012
Yujiro Hirano, Tsuyoshi Fujita；Evaluation of the impact of the urban heat island on residential and commercial energy consumption in Tokyo, Journal of Energy, Vol.37(1), pp.371-383,01,2012
Satoshi Ohnishi, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Xudong Chen, Minoru Fujii；Econometric Analysis of the Performance of Recycling Projects in Japanese Eco-Towns, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.33(1), pp.217-225, September, 2012
Xudong Chen, Fengming Xi, Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita ; The Potential Environmental Gains from Recycling Waste Plastics: Simulation of Transferring Recycling and Recovery Technologies to Shenyang, China, Journal of Waste Management, Vol.31(1) pp.168-179, January 2011
Yong Geng, Tsuyoshi Fujita ,Xudong Chen; Evaluation of Innovative Municipal Solid Waste Management through Urban Symbiosis: A Case Study of Kawasaki, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.18, pp.993-1000, 07,2010
Shizuka Hashimoto, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yong Geng, Emiri Nagasawa；Realizing CO2 Emission Reduction through Industrial Symbiosis: A Cement Production Case Study for Kawasaki, Journal of Conservation and Recycling, Vol.54(10), pp.704-710, 08,2010
Rene Van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Minoru Fujii；Quantitative Assessment of Urban and Industrial Symbiosis in Kawasaki, Japan, Environmental Science & Technology , Vol.43, No.5, 2009 ,pp.1271-1281,0129.2009
Rene van Berkel, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Shizuka Hashimoto, Yong Geng；Industrial and Urban Symbiosis in Japan : Analysis of the Eco-Town Program 1997-2006；Journal of Environmental Management, vol.90,pp.1544-1556,2009
Questions? [email protected]
Environmental Technologies:
Spreading throughout Asia from Local Demonstrations
Designate model districts generating social value from low carbon and circularization, and create
pioneer social frameworks that use technology clusters and enhance their effectiveness. Convert
national land management systems and develop policy packages for the rest of Asia through the
selection of priority areas at the municipal level and through the construction of networks.
Neighborhood
example
Sensor
Controller Actuator
GAMS TRNSYS
Sensor
Controller Actuator
GAMS TRNSYS
Demonstration in
model district
Network expansion
in the city
Conversion to national
system
Expansion into Asia
Feedback on environmental innovation
Technological
development
Cost
reduction
Busi-
ness
Framework
design
Subsidies,
regulation
Gove-
rnment Flexible administration
of special zones, etc. Support through local
laws, etc.
Elevation to
international
standards
Makeover of national framework
Production
to order
Planned
production
Efficient
production
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都市・地域の環境イノベーション戦略
市場で取引される環境価値はごく一部にすぎない。低炭素化や資源循環は長期的、広域的な価値を持つが、この内部化の仕組み。
「環境市場メカニズム」；環境事業支援、環境規制、環境プレミアム価格等外部費用を内部化する「環境市場化」
「環境基盤形成サポート」環境問題の深刻化による将来の必要性が高く、整備に時間がかかる環境インフラ（ハードとソフト）
＊ハードな環境基盤；資源循環輸送インフラ、高効率コンパクト都市、高効率素材製造業 等
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