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Learning Analytics: On the Way to Smart Education
Dr. Griff RichardsAthabasca University
Moscow, 08 October 2012
60oN
49oN
Distance LearningIn Canada
- Is growing, especially in K-12 public schools
-15% of 2008 high school graduates in BC took at least one on-line course
-Increase in “Blended Learning”, online activities for F2F courses.
-Increasing concern for course quality and student retention
Athabasca, Alberta
Learning Engagement
The more a learner interacts with the content and with their peers about the content, the more they are likely to internalize it, and remember it...
(Richard Snow, 1980)
Learning engagement promotes student retention and academic success.
(George Kuh,2001) • Engagement is “action based on internal
motivation”• Can not directly measure engagement• Must look for external traces, actions that
indicate interest, and involvement (NSSE)
Learning Engagement
CAUTION: Engagement
• Arum & Roska (2011)• Students who studied
alone had higher marks than students studying in groups.
• Engagement that is not task-focused is unlikely to improve learning.
Interaction Equivalency Theory(Garrison & Anderson,1995)
The quality of the interaction is more important than the source
CourseContent
Instructor
Other learners
4 places to improve learning
CourseContent
Instructor
Other learners
1. Clearer designs
2. CollaborativeLearning activities3. Less lecturing, more
mentoring
4. More study skills
Hybrid or Blended Learning?
Face toFace On-Line
The use of online technologies to augment face to face delivery.-> replaces some F2F “face time” (forums save classroom space)-> uses LMS to track assessments and assignments-> uses technology in class e.g. pop quizzes, collaboration tools
Analytic Measures
Engagement is inferred from activity.• Student interaction with Online
systems leaves an “exhaust trail” of their activity
• Learning Analytics is not a statistical sample, it is all the data for all learners
• Questions: What patterns to look for? How to interpret them?
• LMS interaction data e.g. Moodle discussion
• Extract linked list• Plot interactions
in star map
Example: Snapp
Does Activity = Engagement ?
Beer (2010) plotted total LMS interactions with academic grades. Does activity = engagement?
Is Blackboard more engaging than Moodle?
Limitations: Activity Outside LMS
• As learners become engaged, they move to more engaging channels: email, Elluminate, Skype
• This activity is not tracked by LMS.
• No data available.
LMS
Interpretation of Analytics
• Data patterns require investigation• Quantitative data requires interpretation
--> make and test hypotheses--> create useful models
• When we measure something we risk changing it.– e.g. If learners know we count hits they may
make meaningless hits to fool the system.
Analytics for Learners!
• The same analytics should be able to provide easy to understand information dashboards for students.
Analytics for Learners
SIGNALSArnold (2010) inserted a traffic light on each student’s course page to provide guidance on course success. A/B C D/F
Dashboard for Faculty
Arnold (2010) reported 14 % shift from D’s to C’s & B’s. Same number of withdrawals, but W’s occurred earlier before damaging student grade point averages.12% increase in students requesting assistance. N=220
How to start: Analytics for online & blended learning?
• Measuring something is the first step• “Better to measure something than to
measure nothing” (Scrivens)
• Need more data than just page hits. We also need to ask learners about their experience, what worked, what needs improvement.
Dynamic Evaluation Model (Richards & Devries,2011)
» Preparation Conduct Reflection
• Design
• Facilitation
• Learning
Analytics at the activity level
Dynamic Evaluation Model
» Preparation Conduct Reflection
• Design
• Facilitation
• Learning
Timely feedback enables quick fixes
If Analytics, Then What?
• If analytics show students are failing, is there a moral obligation to help them?
• If analytics show a course has weaknesses, is there a business obligation to fix it?
• If analytics reveal weak instruction, who is responsible to intervene?
• If analytics are inaccurate, who fixes them?• What about privacy & ethics? Who owns the
data? Who has the right to see it?
Learning Analytics: On the Way to Smart(er) Education
Dr. Griff RichardsAthabasca [email protected], 08 October 2012