LearningLearning

Chapter ReviewChapter Review

In Classical Conditioning, In Classical Conditioning, the best results occur when the best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is the conditioned stimulus is presentedpresenteda. After the unconditioned a. After the unconditioned stimulusstimulusb. At the same time as the b. At the same time as the unconditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulusc. Alonec. Aloned. Before the unconditioned d. Before the unconditioned stimulusstimulus

Answer: DAnswer: DBefore the unconditioned Before the unconditioned

stimulusstimulus

Who pioneered research in Who pioneered research in classical conditioning?classical conditioning?

a.a. Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

b.b. Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

c.c. Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura

d.d. B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner

Answer: BAnswer: BIvan PavlovIvan Pavlov

An unpleasant consequence An unpleasant consequence that decreases the that decreases the

frequency of the response frequency of the response that produced it is calledthat produced it is called

a.a. Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

b.b. PunishmentPunishment

c.c. Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

d.d. Avoidance learningAvoidance learning

Answer: BAnswer: BPunishmentPunishment

In classical conditioning, In classical conditioning, the responses that are the responses that are

conditioned areconditioned area.a. VoluntaryVoluntary

b.b. InvoluntaryInvoluntary

c.c. OperantOperant

d.d. imitativeimitative

Answer: BAnswer: BInvoluntaryInvoluntary

A subject responding to a A subject responding to a second stimulus similar to second stimulus similar to

the original CS is an the original CS is an example ofexample of

a.a. DiscriminationDiscrimination

b.b. PreconditioningPreconditioning

c.c. GeneralizationGeneralization

d.d. tastetaste

Answer: CAnswer: CGeneralizationGeneralization

A child saying “Daddy” only A child saying “Daddy” only to his father is an example to his father is an example

ofofa.a. ExtinctionExtinction

b.b. DiscriminationDiscrimination

c.c. GeneralizationGeneralization

d.d. An unconditioned responseAn unconditioned response

Answer: BAnswer: BDiscriminationDiscrimination

Things that meet people’s Things that meet people’s needs, such as food, are needs, such as food, are

examples ofexamples ofa.a. ExtinctionExtinction

b.b. Secondary reinforcersSecondary reinforcers

c.c. Primary reinforcersPrimary reinforcers

d.d. shapingshaping

Answer: CAnswer: CPrimary ReinforcersPrimary Reinforcers

Spontaneous recovery Spontaneous recovery can occurcan occur

a.a. When the unconditioned When the unconditioned stimulus is extinguishedstimulus is extinguished

b.b. When the conditioned When the conditioned stimulus starts again.stimulus starts again.

c.c. After systematic After systematic desensitizationdesensitization

d.d. As a result of latent learningAs a result of latent learning

Answer: BAnswer: BWhen the conditioned When the conditioned stimulus starts again.stimulus starts again.

Which of the following Which of the following types of learning involves types of learning involves

cognitive factors?cognitive factors?a.a. Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

b.b. Latent learningLatent learning

c.c. Operant conditioningOperant conditioning

d.d. Programming learning.Programming learning.

Answer: BAnswer: BLatent LearningLatent Learning

Something that produces a Something that produces a response.response.

Answer: Answer: StimulusStimulus

Form of classical Form of classical conditioning in which food conditioning in which food

comes to be avoided.comes to be avoided.

Answer: Taste AversionAnswer: Taste Aversion

Method of teaching Method of teaching complex behaviors by complex behaviors by

breaking them down into breaking them down into manageable parts.manageable parts.

Answer: ShapingAnswer: Shaping

Type of schedule in which Type of schedule in which reinforcement occurs every reinforcement occurs every time the behavior occurs.time the behavior occurs.

Answer: Continuous Answer: Continuous ReinforcementReinforcement

Type of learning that Type of learning that occurs when a person occurs when a person observes and imitates observes and imitates

others.others.

Answer: Observational Answer: Observational Learning.Learning.

What psychologist What psychologist pioneered research on pioneered research on observational learning?observational learning?

Answer: Albert BanduraAnswer: Albert Bandura

Through operant Through operant conditioning, people learn conditioning, people learn

to controlto controla.a. Voluntary responsesVoluntary responses

b.b. Involuntary biological Involuntary biological behaviorsbehaviors

c.c. Unconditioned responsesUnconditioned responses

d.d. Unconditioned stimuliUnconditioned stimuli

Answer: AAnswer: Avoluntary responsesvoluntary responses

Learned reactions that Learned reactions that follow one another in follow one another in

sequence.sequence.

Answer: Response Answer: Response Chains.Chains.

Training an organism to Training an organism to remove or terminate an remove or terminate an

unpleasant stimulus.unpleasant stimulus.

Answer: Escape Answer: Escape Conditioning.Conditioning.

Most psychologists suggest Most psychologists suggest that punishment is not the that punishment is not the

best way to deal with a best way to deal with a problem because itproblem because it

a.a. May cause children to learn to May cause children to learn to hit.hit.

b.b. May cause children to run away.May cause children to run away.

c.c. Does not teach the correct way Does not teach the correct way to act.to act.

d.d. Does all of the aboveDoes all of the above

Answer: DAnswer: DAll of the above.All of the above.

Classical or Operant?Classical or Operant?

Because taking exams in the past Because taking exams in the past has always led to failure and has always led to failure and humiliation, Sam gets nervous humiliation, Sam gets nervous and nauseous whenever the and nauseous whenever the teacher announces that they’re teacher announces that they’re about to take a quiz.about to take a quiz.

Answer: Classical!Answer: Classical!

True or False?True or False?

Smiles and approval are Smiles and approval are secondary reinforcers.secondary reinforcers.

Answer: False.Answer: False.

True or False?True or False?

Cognitive psychologists view Cognitive psychologists view learning as mechanical.learning as mechanical.

Answer: FalseAnswer: False

True or False?True or False?

The psychologist most closely The psychologist most closely associated with operant associated with operant conditioning is Sigmund conditioning is Sigmund Freud.Freud.

Answer: FalseAnswer: False

Schedule of reinforcement in which a Schedule of reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced after a set behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses. Like when a number of responses. Like when a video store promises a free rental video store promises a free rental with every 5 paid rentals.with every 5 paid rentals.

What is a Fixed-Ratio?What is a Fixed-Ratio?