Learning Goal 1: Explain what was significant about the organization of the Ottoman Empire and describe the impact the Ottomans had on global trade. (TEKS/SE’s 1D,7D) OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Transcript
Learning Goal 1: Explain what was significant about the organization of the Ottoman Empire and describe
the impact the Ottomans had on global trade. (TEKS/SE’s 1D,7D)
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
STUDY THE MAP… WHAT EMPIRE WAS HERE BEFORE? WHAT CITIES DO YOU RECOGNIZE?
WHAT RELIGION/RELIGIONS?
THE OTTOMANS
Ottomans: •Turks from Central Asia -Rulers of the ISLAMIC world in the 13th century Known for: -Great horseman -Great warriors
-Hired as mercenaries or “military contractors” for the Caliphs
-Mongol Invasions pushed the Turks further west AWAY from Mongolia
-End of the 13th century -Turks set up their first empire in the region (Seljuk Empire) which eventually fell to the Mongol invaders
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The Turks – the Ottomans are Turks – came from Central Asia. Ironically, before the first millennium, there were no Turks in the general vicinity of the country that’s now named for them. The Turks were the great horsemen of the Eurasian steppe. In fact, archaeologists think that the horse may originally have been tamed in this region, possibly by one of the Turkic peoples. Nomadic life, as we know from world history, is subject to flux, especially in times of famine and war. Whenever a famine would cause resources to become scarce, the more powerful tribes of the steppes would seize territory controlled by weaker tribes and so on down the line until someone would ride out of the steppe in search of someplace that sort of thing didn’t happen. What the Mongols have to do with the Turks is that the Mongols were the undisputed masters of the steppes, and their consolidation of power began driving the Turkic peoples further west away from Mongolia and toward the areas that are now named for them: the Kazaks, Uzbeks, Turcomen, and Azeris are all Turkic peoples. Under the Abbassid Empire, around the 1st millennium, the superior Turkish horsemen were used as what we would now politely call “military contractors” – they were, essentially, hired wholesale as the cavalry forces by the Caliph. As rivals to the Abbassids rose, they would hire their own Turks, or they would hire the Caliph’s forces away from him, and in the end, the Abbassid empire didn’t really control much more than what is now central Iraq. In terms of long term settlement, though, that began at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This battle rather obliterated Byzantine power in eastern Anatolia, along what is now the border with Iran and Syria, and the Turks moved in to fill the void. By the end of the 13th century, the Turks had been pushed even further east by the power vacuum left by the retreating Byzantine forces, as well as by the encroachment of Mongol forces. In other words, a weak Byzantium left Anatolia open for invasion, but the real push was to get out of the way of the Mongols wreaking havoc across Central Asia, Persia, and into Syria where they were finally turned back at the Battle of Ayn Jalut. By this point, the Turks had reached the Mediterranean. They set up the first empire in the region – the Seljuk Empire. It consolidated power in the region under Turkish control for the first time. However, this was short lived as the Seljuk state was decimated by the Mongol invasions. Kurds along with Saladin finally stopped the Mongols. What was left was a string of little petty principalities that would war with each other and the rump of the Byzantine Empire.
4th crusade 1202-1204 •Western European Crusaders attack and loot Constantinople •Beginning of the end of the Byzantine Empire
BYZANTINE EMPIRE WEAKENS
OTTOMAN RISE TO POWER 1299
Osman I: •Founder of the Ottoman empire •Warrior Chief •Unites Turks & begins conquest in Anatolia (Turkey) •Takes land from Byzantine Empire •Ruled 1299-1324 •Rulers of the Ottoman empire became known as SULTANS •Osman gave his name to the empire (in Arabic, Osman is spelled “Othman”, and the Venetians were unable to pronounce the “th” and pronounced the term “Ottoman”
Presenter
Presentation Notes
One of these little principalities was ruled by a bey, or nobleman, named Osman. Around the beginning of the 14th century he, like all of the others, was jostling for control, and he wound up on the winning side. He attracted support from other noblemen, and even managed to pull in some local Byzantine lords who had been neglected by the authorities. Was able to provided access to the trade routes and provide security to the people. By the time of his death, he had established a ruling dynasty that would continue unbroken until 1922. Osman gave his name to the empire (here’s how: in Arabic, Osman is spelled “Othman” – the Turks pronounce the Arabic letter “th” as an “s.” The Venetians were unable to pronounce the “th” dipthong and pronounced the term “Ottman,” which eventually became “Ottoman.”). Ruled in an area overlooking Bursa and conquered Bursa and made it his capital.
THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE 1453
Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror) •1453 – Captured Constantinople •Siege lasted 8 months
•Emperor of Byzantine Empire plead for help from European Christians - no response. •Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire*
•1453 Turks conquered the city of Constantinople making it their capital and renaming it Istanbul*
•Istanbul becomes capital city of the Ottoman Empire •The Sultan and his lavish court ruled the entire empire from the capital city
Sultan Mehmet II's entry into Constantinople, painting by Fausto Zonaro
THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
•Under Mehmet II & successors the Empire continued to expand •Took control of the Eastern Mediterranean •Ottoman Empire is center of trade between Europe & Asia* •Ottomans now the Middle-Men of global trade •Reunited most of the Muslim world under their rule after Mongol rule*
GROWTH OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE
HEIGHT OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1526
Suleiman I (Suleiman the Magnificent) - r. 1520-1566
•Under Suleiman the Ottoman Empire reached its height •By 1526 had conquered Balkans, Greece, Hungary, & almost captured Vienna •By the mid 1600’s Ottomans ruled an empire nearly the size of the Roman Empire
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Following the consolidation of the Balkans, Sultan Beyazid turned his attention to taking over the remaining Turkish states. Eastern Europe not well regarded by Catholic Europe by this time. Beyazid and his successors rebuilt the empire and took it to the edge of the Danube. It was his grandson, Mehmed II, who conquered Constantinople in 1453. Was at it’s greatest when it was expanding.
THE JANISSARIES
Janissaries: soldiers of an elite group of Ottoman troops who were paid for their service - Superior training - Recruiting system called the devshirme, or
boy-tribute system. * - conguered areas would be trained as
soliders*
- Once recruited and converted to Islam they were trained and educated* - They were looked at carefully and then
placed in certain positions within the army - Well taken care of led to little rebellion
ORGANIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Presenter
Presentation Notes
So, in order to do that, let’s look at some of the institutions within the Empire, how it was structured, and what made it so efficient as a military and governing machine. The armed forces were led by elite troops called Janissaries (from the Turkish Yeni Cheri – new soldiers). The corps was originally founded around 1380 and was relatively small, but grew over time. Janissaries were full time soldiers, paid a cash wage during both war and peace, and also received and part of the spoils of war. The idea of a standing permanent army was new – European countries didn’t have standing forces. They were expensive to maintain—remember, at this time, most knights and footsoldiers had to bring their own weapons and armor to war. The original Janissaries were archers, but adopted firearms by the 15th century. Musket soldiers were more effective than cavalry equipped with swords and spears, but required the intensive training that only a standing army could undertake – this is why, even though they were similarly outfitted, Ottoman troops had the advantage of superior training. They also had an elaborate support system: road engineers, an auxiliary corps entrusted with setting up and breaking down camp, cooking for the camp, and a logistical corps to manage weapons and ammo. They had a medical corps of Muslim and Jewish physicians, and organized field hospitals. Part of the way in which the Janissary corps were able to maintain such discipline and loyalty from their troops was the way in which they were recruited. In 1432, Sultan Murad II introduced the devshirme, or boy-tribute system. Every three years, officers would go into the villages of Greece and the Balkans to select Christian youth for service in the sultan’s army. They would go into poor villages and basically offer up a life of plenty for children who were given over to the service of the state. Sons who were the only children were exempted, as were the children of widows. After the recruits were chosen, they would march to Istanbul where they would be formally welcomed with a feast before being sent to work on an Anatolian farm to build up their muscles and learn Turkish. From there, they would be formally converted to Islam, and then sent to schools. Every aspect of a young man’s personality and physique were scrutinized: his intelligence, looks, organization, bearing, piety, physical strength, psychological strength, etc. to determine which of the branches of the Sultan’s service he was best suited for. The advantages of this system were numerous. As the Sultan’s personal slaves, members of this corps had more rights than many classes of free men. This gave them special standing and power—there was very little incentive to leave the service because it would be a step down. Because of their recruiting system, there was no hereditary succession—their children were born Muslims and could not be enslaved, hence they were ineligible for the service. Wanted troops that were loyal to the state- family links broken when they were recruited in. No reason to be out for themselves. And they lived lives of relative security and luxury. Had absolute loyalty to the state, despite any in fighting. They built up as much as they could during their lifetimes, jostled for better positions, and when they died what didn’t go to the family went into the state treasury. Ensured that no one became more powerful than the sultan.
MILLETS
Millet: community of non-Muslims organized by religion and/or ethnicity with in the Ottoman Empire -Millets handled religious issues and kept detailed records -Millets helped to reduce conflict between different religious groups * -Conversion to Islam wasn’t encouraged because the taxes on non-Muslims were so valuable
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Another strength of the Ottoman system was the multi-ethnic nature of the state. The Ottomans were interested in effective forms of self-government, and frequently when conquering a new territory left most of the administrative system in place (as long as it was deemed effective). The Ottomans organized their society in a couple of ways. All able bodied men were expected to be part of an organized retinue. They would either belong to a military regiment; a religious fraternity; a village government hierarchy; or they were part of a trade guild. Religious order was easy: you were either Muslim, or you belonged to a millet, which was a legal structure organized on religious lines. As long as these millets did not come into conflict with Islamic organizations and society, kept up tax payments, and behaved in a peaceful manner, its leaders were left to run their own affairs. Millets were established simply: All Orthodox Christians were under the leadership of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople, who was personally given wide ranging secular and religious control over his flock by no less than Sultan Mehmed II “Fatih.” All other Christians were under the administration of the Gregorian Patriarch, such as the Armenian population, the gypsies, Assyrians, Syrians, Egyptians, and others. The Jews had their own millet. Ottomans were very good record keepers- millets handled religious issues ie marriage, birth records, On religious life: conversion in the Balkans was relatively slow and rare – it tended to be an urban phenomenon. In the 16th century, for example, we have church records suggesting that only about 300 families in any given year converted to Islam, and nearly all of them were residents of towns or cities. Conversion was not particularly encouraged, as taxes levied on non-Muslims were more valuable to the state.
GUILDS
Guilds: groups of artisans who produce the same goods (ex: baker, shoemaker) Role: -Distributed material -Set price -Cared for members -The guilds regulated the quality and price of manufactured goods
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Organization of tradesmen and not along lines of religion or ethnic lines, but along lines of craft- builders, bakers, seamstresses. The guilds regulated the quality and price of manufactured goods, they would find you a place to live, and they could protect you financially and legally during hard times. Took care of their own, pensions to family if worker died, economic crisis then assistance came from the state. Yes rival guilds. Had to pay a membership (insurance or union). Meetings, hierarchy, went on strike for better working conditions. Lower class status was not exclusive to non-Muslims. Lower classes made up of Jews, non-Muslims and Muslims. Rarely did anyone move up be one step in social status.
-Ottomans were the middlemen in the trade* - They facilitated a large trade network that dominated Istanbul and controlled overland trade routes -the Ottomans were happy to stay and collect customs -Europeans wanted to find their own roads and trade routes to avoid going through and paying taxes to the Ottomans*
OTTOMAN IMPACTS ON TRADE
Presenter
Presentation Notes
One response was engagement- Venician painting of Venicean ambassadors in Damascus. Ottomans were middlemen in the trade , collecting off the customs duties. The shippers were Genoan, Venitian, Spanish, Greek, etc. stopped at Vienna, had Europeans following with Ottoman armies- then the Europeans adapt the technology and use it later to conquer. Europeans became better at sea travel and trade. So they wanted to find their own in roads to trade, while Ottomans were happy to stay land based and collect customs.
•After Suleiman the Magnificent died the •Empire went into gradual decline
•1571 – Battle of Lepanto •1st major defeat for the Ottomans
•1683 – failed to capture Vienna…again
•Ottoman was no longer Invincibility
•Also: •Govt. corruption & mismanagement •Economic problems – Europeans had discovered new sea routes to go around the Ottomans (no longer the middle man!)
DECLINE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Battle of Lepanto
Causes Effects
Turks had been brought in by the Abbasids as mercenaries. They gained military strength and political power, especially after the Mongols were no longer a threat.
The Turks developed a very unique and effective system of administration (devshirme), a military structure (janisarries) that lasted until 1922.
At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Turks obliterated a weakened Byzantine power in eastern Anatolia.
The multiethnic state was also organized around a religious structure (millet) that ensured against conflicts between Muslims and other religious groups.
By the end of the 13th century, a weak Byzantium left Anatolia open for invasion, but the real push was to get out of the way of the Mongols who were finally turned back at the Battle of Ayn Jalut.
Controlling Anatolia and Constantinople put the Ottomans at the crossroads of overland trade routes and the Ottomans acted as middle men to support this trade.
In 1453 the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople making it their capital and renaming it Istanbul.
The Ottomans reaffirmed the power of the Muslim World (after the devastation by the Mongols).
Osman gave his name to the empire (in Arabic, Osman is spelled “Othman” ,the Venetians were unable to pronounce the “th” and pronounced the term “Ottman).
The Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Post-Classical era and the Turkish nomadic ways ended.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE RISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
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