LearningLearning

Our next chapter is on learning...Our next chapter is on learning...

As high school seniors, if you could write to As high school seniors, if you could write to your past self as a freshman entering high your past self as a freshman entering high school, what advice would you give yourself? school, what advice would you give yourself? Consider your experiences thus far, the Consider your experiences thus far, the lessons you have learned, and the situations lessons you have learned, and the situations you wish you had handled better or would you wish you had handled better or would have preferred not to have experienced at all. have preferred not to have experienced at all.

This entry MUST be at least ONE full This entry MUST be at least ONE full page.page.

True or FalseTrue or FalseBecoming sick from eating a certain food can

be a genuine learning experience.If you are afraid of snakes, it may help to

surround yourself with them.Negative reinforcement is the same thing as

punishment.People who watch a lot of violence on

television are more likely to be violent themselves than people who watch less violence on television.

http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/08/e08expand.html

http://watchdocumentary.com/watch/discovering-psychology-episode-08-learning-video_1f745f1c9.html

Why are A's better than Why are A's better than B's?B's?Why do certain old songs evoke a rush of sensations that you used to feel back when the song was popular?

Classical conditioningClassical conditioningConditioning --> learningStimulus --> something that

produces a responseResponse --> a reactionLearning that takes place when

an originally neutral stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response because of its association with an unconditioned stimulus

Wait, what????

Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov’s Experiments

Ivan PavlovIvan PavlovPavlov and the salivating dogs...Can dogs "learn" to salivate to

ANY stimulus that signaled meat or food?

Important concepts Important concepts Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) -

a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic

Unconditioned response (UCR) - the automatic response

Conditioned stimulus (CS) - a stimulus that has come to elicit a CR because it has been associated with the UCS

Conditioned response (CR) - a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral, or meaningless

Everyday applications of Everyday applications of Classical ConditionsClassical ConditionsCan openersCar alarmsScents

Key Concepts…Key Concepts…Acquisition – developing a new,

learned responseExtinction - when a conditioned

stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus, it will eventually lose its ability to evoke the CR

Spontaneous recovery - occurs when a previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after a period of time

Continued...Continued...Generalization - the act of

responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar

Discrimination - the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other

CC & CognitionCC & Cognition

Taste aversions - a learned avoidance of a particular food

Little Albert!!!Little Albert!!!

Classical conditioning and Classical conditioning and fears/habitsfears/habits

FloodingSystematic desensitizationCounterconditioning

Crash Course Review

CC in Practice

“ “Quiz” Quiz” 1. In Your own words, define UCS, UCR, CS, CR.1. In Your own words, define UCS, UCR, CS, CR.2. Develop a fear of teddy bears by using the 2. Develop a fear of teddy bears by using the principles of classical conditioning.principles of classical conditioning.Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CRIdentify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR3. What could be done to extinguish this fear?3. What could be done to extinguish this fear?

Do Now: ReviewDo Now: ReviewAnswer in your notebooks…Answer in your notebooks…

1. Describe Pavlov’s experiment by identifying the four parts…UCS, UCR, CS, CR.

2. Who was Little Albert?3. What is generalization?4. What does “conditioning” mean?

Section 1 ReviewSection 1 ReviewAnswer in your notebooks…Answer in your notebooks…

Describe Pavlov's experiment with dogs using the following terms: UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.

Explain what is meant by extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination in classical conditioning.

Define flooding, systematic desensitization, & counterconditioning in your notebooks!

Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CRIdentify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the

apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

2. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.

3. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

4. John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat.

Discussion...Discussion...How can we influence people's

behaviors?How do we increase/decrease

the occurrence of various behaviors?

Provide 2 examples

Operant ConditioningOperant ConditioningActions have consequences that can either increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur.

ReinforcementReinforcement

The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again

Primary reinforcers - food, waterSecondary reinforcers - grades,

money, attention, social approvalB.F. Skinner http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4

Is negative reinforcement Is negative reinforcement and punishment the same and punishment the same thing???thing???

+ vs. -+ vs. -Positive reinforcement -

increases the frequency of the behavior (most effective for elementary-age children)

Negative reinforcement - increases the frequency of the behavior by taking away something bad

PunishmentPunishment

Unwanted events that decrease the frequency of a behavior

- does not teach alternate acceptable behavior - tends to only work when guaranteed - may try to leave situation than change

behavior - can create anger and hostility - may be imitated as a way of solving problems - sometimes accompanied by unseen benefits

that make the behavior more likely to be repeated

CC ReviewCC ReviewANSWER QUESTIONS IN NOTEBOOKSANSWER QUESTIONS IN NOTEBOOKS

1. Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with the salivating dogs yielded information about …

2. What’s spontaneous recovery again??? 3. In Ivan Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus?

4. A person’s mouth watering at the thought of a meal is a(n) …

5. In Watson’s experiment with “Little Albert,” Albert was conditioned to fear not only white rats, but anything white and furry. What is this an example of?

Schedules of Schedules of ReinforcementReinforcementContinuous reinforcement -

reinforcement of a behavior every time the behavior occurs

Partial reinforcement – behavior that is not reinforced every time; behaviors tend to last longer if no longer reinforced

Schedules...Schedules...

Fixed interval - the first target response after a fixed amount of time has passed is rewarded

Variable interval - varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements (pop quizzes)

Fixed ratio - a fixed number of target responses must be made before a reward is given

Variable ratio - the number of target responses required for a reward changes (lottery tickets)

* extinction also occurs in operant conditioning

Answer on a separate sheet Answer on a separate sheet of paper...of paper...1. Explain the difference between

classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

2. Name four types of reinforcers.3. How are fixed schedules of

reinforcement different from variable schedules?

4. How do parents and teachers use rewards and punishments to influence behavior? Give an example of each.

Applications of Operant Applications of Operant ConditioningConditioning

Shaping - a technique in which successive approximations of a behavior are reinforced They see me

rollin’…

Latent LearningLatent Learning

Learning that is hidden until it is needed

Cognitive maps Learning may not

be evident until reinforcement is given (Tolman’s rats)

Observational Learning

"Do what I say not what I do?"

Albert Bandura

Dependent On…Dependent On…AttentionRetention

Ability to reproduceMotivation

Who are your role Who are your role models???models???

By the time you graduate…you have By the time you graduate…you have spent more time watching TV than spent more time watching TV than sitting in school.sitting in school.

The average US student has witnessed about 8000 murders and well over 100,000 violent acts by the end of elementary school.

Aggression can be learned Aggression can be learned through observation. There is through observation. There is a correlation... It is NOT a a correlation... It is NOT a cause- effect relationship.cause- effect relationship.

Section 3 ReviewSection 3 ReviewHow might studying a cookbook

for fun be a form of latent learning?

Provide an example of observational learning that takes place in school.

Has observation of violence through the media affected YOUR behavior?

PQ4R MethodPQ4R MethodBased on ACTIVE LEARNING!(handout!)

Journal #7 due Friday, Journal #7 due Friday, March 27March 271. What is your earliest memory?

Approximately how old were you? Describe.

2. What is your most memorable high school memory?

DEBATE!!!DEBATE!!!Is punishment an effective

method of discipline to modify behavior???

Remember: If you are on the PRO or CON side…be ready to present your side with supporting evidenceJury Members – 2 sources must be summarized relating to either side of the debate. Include source.