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Collapse of communism in
Eastern Europe: Poland
By Matteo Guasone
Learning Questions
What were the reasons for the collapse of Communism in Poland?
To what extent was Pope John Paul II responsible for the collapse of communism in Poland?
Vocab Władysław Gomułka
Edward Gierek
Solidarity
Pope John Paul II
Lech Walesa
General Jaruzelski
Odwilz
George Weigel
Francis Rocca
Michael Joseph
Preview Activity
What does this source suggest?
Poland before Communism
End of WW2 USSR liberates Poland from Nazi control
Yalta conference demands for free elections, but Stalin manipulates them
Instalment of a Communist style government, Polish People’s Republic under Bolesław Bierut, but Communism not as influent as in other Eastern European countries due to Catholic Church
The Polish Thaw Relaxation
From Stalin’s death 1953 to 1956
Around the World (Dookoła Swiata)
Students wanted to be part of the global youth culture
“We were coming out of the era of fear and nonsense.” Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Ended with Polish October in 1956, Gomułka appointed leader
Władysław Gomułka Became leader in 1956
Anti-Stalinist, was expelled by the party in 1951
Got to power in 56 after Beirut died, supported by Khrushchev, appointed by a divided PUWP
Agreed with USSR that if he followed Soviet foreign policies, he could have decided his own domestic reforms:
EX. Decreased the number of collective Farms to 10%
In 1960’s shifted to conservatism in terms of economical policies
Strong relations with China
Gomulka’s Social reforms
Creation of workers’ councils
Freedom of speech and artistic expression
Freedom of religion, also for the Catholic church
Free Schools and Universities (even if of communist philosophy)
Free health care
Gomulka’s Economic Reforms
Modernization of industry which was still backwards.
Had to borrow heavily from the west
No Political reform on Industries was made
Mainly concentrated on Agriculture
Reversed Collectivization: Land was broken down into smaller sections, which
were owned by farmers Food production decreased drastically in 1968, led
to shortages
Gierek’s rise to power
Gomulka was replaced by Gierek after the December strikes due to drastic increase in food prices.
Gierek was a great speaker and had many friends in the west, which allowed him to easily borrow loans.
1973-Oil crisis- Gierek had to higher the prices of oil which resulted into new strikes.
The production of consumers goods decreased
June 2, 1979-The Turning Point in Polish History
Pope John Paul II, the first Polish Pope, was the first Pope to enter a communist state.
At first government didn’t want him to come, but the pressure among people was too high.
On June the 2nd, Pope JPII arrived in Warsaw for an eight day pilgrimage.
KGB was afraid of the Pope
Source
“The pope is our enemy. Due to his uncommon skills and great sense of humor he is dangerous,
because he charms everyone, especially journalists. Besides, he goes for cheap gestures in his relations with the crowd, for instance, puts on a highlander's hat, shakes all hands, kisses
children. . . . It is modeled on American presidential campaigns. . . Because of the
activation of the Church in Poland our activities designed to atheize the youth not only cannot diminish but must intensely develop. . . In this respect all means are allowed and we cannot
afford any sentiments."( Yuri Andropov)
The Pope Speaks To His People
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obR-__x4-uE
Solidarity After the Gdansk Shipyard strike, Lech Walesa an
electrician, became the leader of the Solidarity trade union thanks to the help of the Pope.
Called for improved wages and conditions
Due to the Pope’s influence results were: Recognition of Solidarity Right to strike Increased wages Reduced censorship Catholic church re-allowed By 1981, according to Weigel, solidarity reached 8
million members
General Wojciech Jaruzelski
• Became leader in late 1981
• Against Solidarity
• Martial Law Declared in 1981:Walesa imprisonedSolidarity Banned
• In June Pope meets Jaruzelski, one month later Martial Law lifted, but Solidarity was still an illegal trade union
The Fall Of Communism 85-89
85- Food prices increased, Solidarity organises 10 strikes in the biggest industries of the country
86-Radical economical reforms were implemented, but useless as crisis continued to rise
87-Gorbachev DEMANDS SOLIDARITY to form an organization to carry out his reforms
88-More Strikes by solidarity. The whole coal industry went on strike. Solidarity legalized.
March 1989 Solidarity agrees with gov. a series of reforms, and to hold free political elections
August 1989
Elections resulted into a clear victory for solidarity
Tadeusz Mazowiecki became prime minister, he was a member of Solidarity
First non-communist leader to be elected in over 40 years in Eastern Europe
What were the most
determining factors in the fall
of communism?
The Satellite states
Leaders Of the USSR
“Race” with USA
THE END