Equus caballus

http://www.oaksequine.com/EQUINE%20WELLNESS%202.asp

Current Issues• Equine slaughter ban

– Unintended consequences• Economy

– Starving, neglected horses

• Limited laws: Penal Code– 597. Cruelty to Animals– 597.1 Animals in specified places

w/o care or attention– 597f Abandoned or neglected

animals; Duties of public authorities; Euthanasia

Equine Welfare / Current Issues• Neglect / Starvation

– If >50% of BW lost, prognosis poor– Abrupt re-feeding can metabolic

problems, death (cardiac, respiratory, renal) • Starved body takes protein from muscles AND

vital organs such as heart, GI• Usually 3-5 days following 1st meal

Horse Teeth• Males always have canines, females rarely or small• Full mouth (adult teeth) at ~5 years old• Teeth erupt continuously @ ~3mm/year• Adult teeth:

– P1 @ 6m-1y (wolf tooth)– M1 @ 1y– M2 @ 2y– P2 @ 2.5y– I1 @ 2.5y– P3 @ 3y– I2 @ 3.5y– M3 @ 3.5-4y– P4 @ 4y– I3 @ 4.5y– Galvayne’s Groove starts @ 9-10y & all the way down by 20y

• http://www.aaep.org/health_articles_view.php?id=318

Wave Mouth glaciervet.com/Dentistry%20Page.html

Dental Equipment http://www.equinebladesdirect.com/product.aspx?subcatid=41

http://www.cappsmanufacturing.com/store/scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=214

Recommended Dental Care

• Annual veterinary exam if no problems• Float as needed – manual, power• ALWAYS recommend exam if horse is:

– Losing weight– Dropping food– Dysphagia / difficulty eating– Swelling, mouth pain, foul odor– Handling / riding problems (teeth can affect bit)

Rostral hookwww.equinemedcenter.com/.../default.asp?pid=58

Equine Dentistry:What does the vet need?

• Manual floats• Power float, extension cord, power source• Sedation – xylazine/dexmeditomidine, butorphanol• Oral speculum• Head stand• Bucket• Large oral dosing syringe• Chlorhexidine• Dental elevators (tooth removal)

Dental Floats

Photo source: http://www.wunderground.com/blog/DataPilot/comment.html?entrynum=9 ; http://www.equinebladesdirect.com/product.aspx?newproduct=true

Name the veterinary device

Photo source: http://www.equinespecialties.net/speculum/capps-full-mouth-speculum/

Health Concerns

Legs and Bellies (Orthopedic & GI)• Colic• Injuries/ Lacerations• Lameness

– http://www.equipodiatry.com/podiatry.html

Teeth and Eyes• Dentistry • Ocular infection or injury

Gaits

• Four natural gaits:

Walk - 4 beat Trot – 2 beat

Canter – 3 beat Gallop – 4 beat

Complete Book of the Horse p32

Recommended foot care

• Adult hoof growth = ~3/8” (9mm) per month• Hooves need trimming every 6-8 weeks• Critical to have competent, honest farrier

• If laminitis, poor conformation, may need therapeutic shoes

Lameness

• Front end lameness

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d_3087d0b8&feature=related• Hind end lameness

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsFdBTGdPyw&feature=related

Lameness:What does the vet need?

• History, physical exam• Hoof testers• Hoof pick• Hoof knife(s)• Hoof nippers• Location to trot horse & assistant

Lameness:What does the vet need?

• Portable x-ray machine & plates, distance cassette holder, block(s), lead apron & gloves, metal wire & tape

• Bupivicaine• 3ml syringes, 25g needles• Sterile gloves, scrub• Bandaging material

Wikipedia image

Lameness:What does the vet need?

•Phenylbutazone “bute”•Flunixin (Banamine)•Penicillin / antibiotic

Hoof testers

Photo source: valleyvet.com

Hoof knife

Photo source: http://www.equinenow.com/store-item-26203

Hoof pick

Photo source: http://www.moonrakerqh.com/tack/grooming.html

Hoof nippers

Photo source: valleyvet.com

Portable radiograph machine

Vetxray.com

Xrayprocessing.com

Portable radiograph machine

Equinepodiatry.com, dragonflyequine.com

Injury / Laceration:What does the vet need?www.oceanstateequine.com/equineemergencies.html

• Sedation• Lidocaine 2%• Syringes/needles• Bucket• Scrub and solution – chlorhexidine /

betadine• Gauze• Warm water

Injury / Laceration:What does the vet need?www.oceanstateequine.com/equineemergencies.html

• Needle drivers• Needles – reverse cutting, sharp!• Metzenbaum scissors• Suture, often on a reel, a couple sizes is nice• Penicillin• Tetanus Vx• Tetanus antitoxin• SMZ-TMP• Banamine• Phenylbutazone

Colic• Rolling, happy• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U78KnKiBo-4&NR=1

Abdominal pain / discomfort• Rolling, colic• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNtE3vIvics&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqlBRbK8K9k&feature=related

Colic:What does the vet need?

• History, physical exam• Stethoscope• Rectal thermometer• Stomach tube• Drench pump• Bucket• Warm water• OB sleeve, lube

Colic:What does the vet need?

• Mineral Oil – 1-2 gal• Magnesium sulfate (magnalax)• Psyllium • Teat cannula or 18g x 1.5” needle• Lavender Top Tube (w/ EDTA)• Red Top Tube (no additives)• 14g x 5.5” IV catheter• IV fluid administration set• IV fluids (5L bags)

Colic:What does the vet need?

• Banamine• Buscopan• Xylazine 100mg/ml• Butorphanol• Acepromazine

Contagious / Infectious Equine Dz

• Streptococcus equi equi• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis• Equine Herpes Virus• Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) – regulatory dz

Infectious Disease / Outbreak:What does the vet need?

• Boots• Boot brush• Coveralls or Tyvek suit• Bag for dirty laundry• Disinfectant for shoes and hands• History, physical exam• Stethoscope• Rectal thermometer

Health Certificate (CVI)Certificate of Veterinary Inspection

Health Certificate:What does the vet need?

• Adequate time before shipment/transport!• Physical Examination with DVM• Coggins / EIA test

– Coggins form filled out – Syringe(3ml or 6ml), needle (20g x 1”)– Red Top Tube (serum)

• Health Certificate– FILL IN AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE IN ADVANCE

Western Equine Encephalitis• Also Eastern, Venezuelan (WEE, EEE, VEE)www.lawestvector.org/WEE.htm

West Nile Viruswww.uwyo.edu/ces/entomology/mosquitoes.htm

Culex mosquito

Tetanus

http://cs.thehorse.com/blogs/working-with-morocco-horses/default.aspx?PageIndex=3

http://www.equestrianoutreach.com/Equestrian-Outreach-Disease-Illnesses-Equine-Tetanus-(Lock-Jaw)-Page.html

http://anaerobicinfections.blogspot.com/p/anaerobes-have-been-involved-in.html

Rabies

http://equinevetblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/rabies.html

Horse with rabies. Image Credit: http://www.horsecity.com/images/111003/

EHV

http://www1.vetmed.lsu.edu/SVM/AboutSVM/News/2011/May/item29954.html

http://www.ca.uky.edu/gluck/biblioehv1.asp

Strep. equi, ‘Strangles’

www.horsetrust.org.uk/.../

www.equidblog.com/.../strangles/

Recommended Vaccinationshttp://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ceh/currenthealth.cfm

• Rabies• 3-way (EWT) – EEE, WEE, Tetanus +/- VEE• WNV (West Nile Virus)

Depending on risk:• S.equi, Influenza

Pregnant mares:• EHV – vaccinate at 5, 7, & 9 months of gestation

Wellness Clinic:What does the vet need?

• Vaccinations– Rabies– 3way (EWT)– WNV– Syringes (3ml), Needles (20g x 1”)

• Dewormer– Ivermectin (Eqvalan w/ oral dosing syringe)

Wellness Clinic:What does the vet need?

• Sheath cleaning– Handler to hold horse– Handheld container for warm water– Gauze or paper towels to clean– Sheath cleaner or dilute chlorhexidine +/- vegetable oil

– +/- stocks – +/- sedation

• Nasolacrimal duct flushing– Saline– Nasal catheter, syringe or curve-tip syringe

Center for Equine Health – UCDhttp://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ceh/

CDFA http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/Animal_Health/Horses_Equine_Health.html

Equine Nutritionhttp://www.summit-equine.com/Resources.html

Equine Terminology

http://www.equipodiatry.com/glossary.html

AAEP glossary

http://www.aaep.org/glossary_terms.htm