Math and String Classes

Lecture 9

Naveen Kumar

Constructing Objects

new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30)Detail: – The new operator makes a Rectangle object– It uses the parameters (5, 10, 20, and 30) to initialize

the data of the object– returns the object

Usually the output of the new operator is stored in a variable Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);

Constructing Objects

Default constructor

new Rectangle() // constructs a rectangle with its top-left corner// at the origin (0, 0), width 0, and height 0

Example

import java.awt.Rectangle; public class Move{public static void main(String[] args) {

Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); // Move the rectangle

box.translate(15, 25); // Print information about the moved rectangle

System.out.println("After moving, the top-left corner is:"); System.out.println(box.getX()); System.out.println(box.getY());

} }

Random class

Random r = new Random(); int i = r.nextInt(int n) Returns random int ≥ 0 and < n int i = r.nextInt() Returns random int (full range) long i = r.nextLong() Returns random long (full range) float f = r.nextFloat() Returns random float ≥0.0 and <1.0 double d = r.nextDouble() Returns random double ≥ 0.0 and < 1.0 boolean b = r.nextBoolean() Returns random double (true ,false)

double x; x = Math.random(); // assigns random number to x

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import java.util.Random;

Object References

Describe the location of objects The new operator returns a reference to a new object

Rectangle box = new Rectangle(); Multiple object variables can refer to the same object

Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);Rectangle box2 = box;box2.translate(15, 25);

Primitive type variables ≠ object variables

Cast

(typeName) expression

Example: (int) (balance * 100)

Purpose: To convert an expression to a different type

7

Constants: final

A final variable is a constant

Once its value has been set, it cannot be changed

Named constants make programs easier to read and maintain

Convention: use all-uppercase names for constants

final double QUARTER_VALUE = 0.25;final double DIME_VALUE = 0.1;

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Constants: static final

static is used with class members If constant values are needed in several methods, declare them

together and tag them as static and final Give static final constants public access to enable other classes to

use thempublic class Math{. . .public static final double E = 2.7182818284590452354;public static final double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;}

double circumference = Math.PI * diameter; (call without object)9

Syntax : Constant Definition

In a method: final typeName variableName = expression ;

In a class: accessSpecifier static final typeName variableName = expression;

Example: final double NICKEL_VALUE = 0.05; public static final double LITERS_PER_GALLON = 3.785; Purpose: To define a constant in a method or a class10

Increment, and Decrement

items++ is the same as items = items + 1 items-- subtracts 1 from items

++a; --a; a++; a--;

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Arithmetic Operations

/ is the division operator

If both arguments are integers, the result is an integer. The remainder is discarded– 7.0 / 4 yields 1.75– 7 / 4 yields 1

Get the remainder with % (pronounced "modulo")7 % 4 is 312

The Math class

Math class: contains methods like sqrt and pow

To compute xn, you write Math.pow(x, n)

However, to compute x2 it is significantly more efficient simply to compute x * x

To take the square root of a number x, use the Math.sqrt; for example,

Math.sqrt(x)

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Java.lang.Math

Mathematical Methods in Java

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Math.sqrt(x) square root

Math.pow(x, y) power xy

Math.exp(x) ex

Math.log(x) natural log

Math.sin(x), Math.cos(x), Math.tan(x) sine, cosine, tangent (x in radian)

Math.round(x) closest integer to x

Math.min(x, y), Math.max(x, y) minimum, maximum

java.lang.Math methods

Constants: E, PI

sin(_), cos(_), abs(_), tan(_), ceil(_), floor(_), log(_), max(_,_), min(_,_), pow(_,_), sqrt(_), round(_), random(), toDegrees(_), toRadians(_)

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Self Check

What is the value of 1729 / 100? and 1729 % 100? What does the following statement compute ?

double average = 20 + 25 + 30 / 3; What is the value of Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2))

in mathematical notation?Answers 17 and 29 Only 30 is divided by 3. To get the correct result, use

parentheses. Moreover, if all three are integers, you must divide by 3.0 to avoid integer division:(20 + 25 + 30) / 3.0

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Calling Static Methods

A static method does not operate on an object double x = 4;double root = x.sqrt(); // Error

Static methods are defined inside classes

Naming convention: Classes start with an uppercase letter; objects start with a lowercase letterMathSystem.out

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Static Method Call

ClassName. methodName(parameters)

Example: Math.sqrt(4)

Purpose: To invoke a static method (a method that

does not operate on an object) and supply its parameters18

Self Check

Why can't you call x.pow(y) to compute xy ? Is the call System.out.println(4) a static

method call?

Answers x is a number, not an object, and you cannot

invoke methods on numbers No–the println method is called on the object

System.out19

Strings

A string is a sequence of characters Strings are objects of the String class String constants:

"Hello, World!" String variables:

String message = "Hello, World!"; String length:

int n = message.length(); Empty string: ""

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Concatenation

Use the + operator: String name = "Dave";String message = "Hello, " + name;

// message is "Hello, Dave" If one of the arguments of the + operator is a

string, the other is converted to a string String a = "Agent";int n = 7;String bond = a + n; // bond is Agent7 21

Converting between Strings and Numbers

Convert to number:int n = Integer.parseInt(str);double x = Double.parseDouble(x);

int num = Integer.parseInt("1234");

Convert to string:String str = "" + n;str = Integer.toString(n); String str = String.valueOf(num);22

Substrings

String greeting = "Hello, World!";String sub = greeting.substring(0, 5);

// sub is "Hello"

Supply start and end positions, end is not included

First position is at 023

Self Check

Assuming the String variable s holds the value "Agent", what is the effect of the assignment s = s + s.length() ?

Assuming the String variable river holds the value "Mississippi", what is the value of river.substring(1, 2)? and river.substring(2, river.length() - 3)?

Answers s is set to the string Agent5 The strings "i" and "ssissi"

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Frame Windows

The JFrame class JFrame frame = new JFrame();

frame.setSize(300, 400);frame.setTitle("An Empty Frame");frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);frame.setVisible(true);

import javax.swing.*;

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Frame program

import javax.swing.*; public class frame{

public static void main(String[] args){

JFrame frame = new JFrame(); final int FRAME_WIDTH = 300; final int FRAME_HEIGHT = 400; frame.setSize(FRAME_WIDTH, FRAME_HEIGHT); frame.setTitle("An Empty Frame"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); frame.setVisible(true);

}}26

Self Check

How do you display a square frame with a title bar that reads "Hello, World!"?

How can a program display two frames at once?

Answers Modify the EmptyFrameViewer program as follows:

frame.setSize(300, 300);frame.setTitle("Hello, World!");

Construct two JFrame objects, set each of their sizes, and call setVisible(true) on each of them

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Drawing Shapes

paintComponent: called whenever the component needs to be repainted:

public class frame1 extends JComponent{

public void paintComponent(Graphics g){

// Recover Graphics2DGraphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;

. . .}

} 28

Drawing Shapes

Graphics class lets you manipulate the graphics state (such as current color)

Graphics2D class has methods to draw shape objects

Use a cast to recover the Graphics2D object from the Graphics parameter Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);g2.draw(box);

java.awt package29

Rectangle Drawing Program Classes

frame1: its paintComponent method produces the drawing frame: its main method constructs a frame and a frame1, adds the

component to the frame, and makes the frame visible – Construct a frame– Construct an object of your component class:

frame1 component = new frame1();– Add the component to the frame

frame.add(component); However, if you use an older version of Java (before Version 5), you must make a slightly more complicated call: frame.getContentPane().add(component);

– Make the frame visible

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An example (produce a drawing with two boxes)

import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.Rectangle; import javax.swing.JPanel; import javax.swing.Jcomponent; /** A component that draws two rectangles. */

public class frame1 extends Jcomponent { public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; // Recover Graphics2D Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); // Construct a rectangle andg2.draw(box); // draw it box.translate(15, 25); // Move rectangle 15 units to the right and 25 units down g2.draw(box); // Draw moved rectangle } }31

Create frame and add drawing

import javax.swing.JFrame; public class frame { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame frame = new JFrame(); final int FRAME_WIDTH = 300; final int FRAME_HEIGHT = 400;frame.setSize(FRAME_WIDTH,FRAME_HEIGHT); frame.setTitle("Two rectangles");frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);frame1 component = new frame1(); frame.add(component); frame.setVisible(true);

} }32

Self Check

How do you modify the program to draw two squares? How do you modify the program to draw one rectangle and one

square? What happens if you call g.draw(box) instead of g2.draw(box)?

Answers Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 20); Replace the call to box.translate(15, 25) with

box = new Rectangle(20, 35, 20, 20); The compiler complains that g doesn't have a draw method

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Applets

This is almost the same outline as for a component, with two minor differences:

– You extend JApplet, not JComponent– You place the drawing code inside the paint method, not inside

paintComponent

To run an applet, you need an HTML file with the applet tag

You view applets with the appletviewer

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JApplet

/*<APPLET CODE="frameapplet.class" WIDTH=350 HEIGHT=200></APPLET>*/import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.Rectangle; import javax.swing.JApplet; /** An applet that draws two rectangles. */ public class frameapplet extends JApplet { public void paint(Graphics g) { // Prepare for extended graphics

Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; // Construct a rectangle and draw it Rectangle box = new Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30); g2.draw(box); // Move rectangle 15 units to the right and 25 units down box.translate(15, 25); // Draw moved rectangle g2.draw(box);

} } 35

Graphical Shapes

Rectangle, Ellipse2D.Double, and Line2D.Double describe graphical shapes

We won't use the .Float classes

These classes are inner classes–doesn't matter to us except for the import statement:

import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D; // no .Double

Must construct and draw the shape Ellipse2D.Double ellipse = new Ellipse2D.Double(x, y, width, height);g2.draw(ellipse); 36

Drawing Lines

To draw a line:

Line2D.Double segment = new Line2D.Double(x1, y1, x2, y2);

or

Point2D.Double from = new Point2D.Double(x1, y1);Point2D.Double to = new Point2D.Double(x2, y2);Line2D.Double segment = new Line2D.Double(from, to);

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Self Check

Give instructions to draw a circle with center (100,100) and radius 25 Give instructions to draw a letter "V" by drawing two line segments Give instructions to draw a string consisting of the letter "V"

Answers g2.draw(new Ellipse2D.Double(75, 75, 50, 50); Line2D.Double segment1 = new Line2D.Double(0, 0, 10, 30);

g2.draw(segment1);Line2D.Double segment2 = new Line2D.Double(10, 30, 20, 0);g2.draw(segment2);

g2.drawString("V", 0, 30);

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Upper-left corner, Width , Height

Colors

Standard colors Color.BLUE, Color.RED, Color.PINK etc.

Specify red, green, blue between 0.0F and 1.0F Color magenta = new Color(1.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F); // F = float

Set color in graphics context

g2.setColor(magenta);Color is used when drawing and filling shapes

g2.fill(rectangle); // filled with current color

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Self Check

What are the RGB color values of Color.BLUE? How do you draw a yellow square on a red background?

Answers 0.0F, 0.0F, and 0.1F First fill a big red square, then fill a small yellow square inside:

g2.setColor(Color.RED);g2.fill(new Rectangle(0, 0, 200, 200));g2.setColor(Color.YELLOW);g2.fill(new Rectangle(50, 50, 100, 100));

Note: Use import java.awt.Color;40

Drawing Graphical Shapes

Rectangle leftRectangle = new Rectangle(100, 100, 30, 60);

Rectangle rightRectangle = new Rectangle(160, 100, 30, 60);

Line2D.Double topLine= new Line2D.Double(130, 100, 160, 100);

Line2D.Double bottomLine= new Line2D.Double(130, 160, 160, 160);41

Reading Text Input

A graphical application can obtain input by displaying a JOptionPane

The showInputDialog method displays a prompt and waits for user input

The showInputDialog method returns the string that the user typed String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter x");double x = Double.parseDouble(input);

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An Example

import java.awt.Color; import javax.swing.Jframe; import javax.swing.JOptionPane; import javax.swing.JComponent;

public class ColorViewer { public static void main(String[] args) {

JFrame frame = new JFrame(); final int FRAME_WIDTH = 300; final int FRAME_HEIGHT = 400; frame.setSize(FRAME_WIDTH, FRAME_HEIGHT); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

String input; // Ask the user for red, green, blue values input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("red:"); double red = Double.parseDouble(input); input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("green:"); double green = Double.parseDouble(input); input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("blue:"); double blue = Double.parseDouble(input);

Color fillColor = new Color( (float) red, (float) green, (float) blue); ColoredSquarecomponent = new ColoredSquare (fillColor); frame.add(component); frame.setVisible(true); } }43

Example cont.

import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.Rectangle; import javax.swing.JComponent;

public class ColoredSquare extends Jcomponent {private Color fillColor; public ColoredSquare (Color aColor) { fillColor = aColor; }

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; // Select color into graphics contextg2.setColor(fillColor); // Const and fill a square whose center is center of the window final int SQUARE_LENGTH = 100; Rectangle square = new Rectangle((getWidth() - SQUARE_LENGTH) / 2, (getHeight()SQUARE_LENGTH) / 2, SQUARE_LENGTH, SQUARE_LENGTH); g2.fill(square); }

}44