Lect. 1 Third Class 25/2/2020
Auxiliary Verbs
What are 'auxiliary verbs'? The three most common auxiliary verbs are:
be, do and have
I am leaving = Leaving is the main verb. Am is the auxiliary.
She has arrived = Arrived is the main verb. Has is the auxiliary.
Do you smoke? = Smoke is the main verb. Do is the auxiliary.
Do / does / did
Do is common for forming questions and making negatives.
Did is used for do and does in the past tense. Do and does is never used for the past.
In statements
I do my homework.
You do the laundry.
We do the washing up.
They do yoga.
He/she does the cleaning.
In questions
Do I know you?
Do you live here?
Do we have time?
Do they come from Vietnam?
Does he/she drive to work?
In negative sentences
I do not. (I don't)
You do not. (you don't)
We do not. (we don't)
They do not. (they don't)
He/she does not. (he/she doesn't)
Be = am / is / are
Be can be used as an auxiliary verb or the main verb in a sentence.
Is tells us that an action is happening now or is going to happen in the future.
Be is also used to make passives.
Are is used for they and we.
Was is used for the past tense of am and is.
Were is used for the past tense of you, we and they.
In statements
I am 21.
You are Indian.
We are waiting.
They are excited
He/she is cool.
In questions
Am I in the right place?
Are you my new boss?
Are we nearly there?
Are they the best players on the team?
Is he/she old enough to go to bars?
In negative sentences
I am not. (I ‘m not)
You are not. (you aren't)
We are not. (we aren't)
They are not. (they aren't)
He/she is not. (he/she isn't)
Have = has / had
Have is used to make the present perfect tense (it is always followed by the past participle).
Has is used for the third person singular.
Had is used for past tenses especially the past perfect tense. It describes an action that began
in the past and continues into the present or that occurred in the recent past.
In statements
I have a dog.
You have something on your shirt.
We have seen it before.
They have called me three times.
He/she has lived in America.
In negative sentences
I have not. (I haven't/ I've not)
You have not. (you haven't/you've not)
We have not. (we haven't/we've not)
They have not. (they haven't/they've not)
He/she has not (he/she hasn't)
Others Other common auxiliary verbs are:
can, could, may, might, must, ought, should, and would.
These are also known as modal verbs. We use them to show obligation, possibility and
necessity.
For example:
Jack is late. He might be sleeping. (possibility)
I should clean my room today. (obligation)
I must wear a tie to school. (necessity)
Lect. 2
Naming the Tenses
Can you name the tenses? Simple Tenses
Present Simple
"I play tennis."
Past Simple
"I played tennis."
Future Simple
"I will play tennis."
Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect
"I have played tennis."
Past Perfect
"I had played tennis."
Future Perfect
"I will have played tennis."
Continuous Tenses
Present Continuous
"I am playing tennis."
Past Continuous
"I was playing tennis."
Future Continuous
"I will be playing tennis."
Present Perfect Continuous
"I have been playing tennis."
Past Perfect Continuous
"I had been playing tennis."
Lec. 3
List of Vocabulary Taught in Intermediate
Reading Practices
List of Vocabulary Taught in Intermediate Reading Practices This list contains
the vocabulary in Intermediate Reading Practices that is probably new for a
student at this level of proficiency. The vocabulary is listed alphabetically for
each of the eight lessons in the book. A good number of the words here are
from the Academic Word List, the University Word List, or the General Service
List. Multiple forms of a word (e.g., injure, injured, an injury) are given when
those forms are useful for communication or frequent in usage. Words in bold
appear on the Academic Word List. Because of individual differences in
vocabulary knowledge and cognate recognition depending on the learner’s
native language, the amount of vocabulary that is new for each student may
vary considerably. It is also important to note that research shows that
knowing one form of a word does not in any way indicate that students are
likely to know all or even most of the forms of a word. In other words, even
though the forms may look very similar (e.g., injure and injury), it is important
for learners to see and practice these different forms.
List of Vocabulary (List1)
According to Assign, assignment
Burst Complicated, complication
Cursive
Accurate, accurately
Attack, attacker
Calculate, calculated (adj)
Conclude, conclusion
Curve
Acquire, acquisition
Attend, attendance
Calendar (UWL)
Connected, connection
Death
Ancient Author, authority
Century Contain, container,
Decide, decision
Area Average Coherent, coherence
Containment Depend, dependable,
Arithmetic Behave, misbehave
Common Convince Dependence
Around Bilingual, bilingualism
Compare, comparison
Copy, copier Design
Art, artist
Breathe, breath
(In) comparable
Couch Discover, discovery
Dozen Fear, fearful Kiss Moral Populate, population
Draw, drawing
Fly, flew, flight
Know, knew, known,
Mystery, mysterious
Postage
Enjoy, enjoyment
Frog Unknown, knowledge
Occasion, occasionally
Punch
Entire, entirety
Gallery Label Opposite Raise
Envelope Gather, gathering
Legal, illegal Order, orderly Rapid, rapidly
Equip, equipment
Guess Legible, illegible
Original, originality
Request
Equivalent, equivalence
However Literate, literature
Own, owner Responsible
Erase, eraser Huge (UWL) Main, mainly A patient, patience
Responsive
Extreme, extremely
In addition to Manner, mannerism
Perhaps Review
Famous, famously
Include, inclusion
Mention To place, placement
The same
Favourite, favouritism
Injure, injured, injury
Message, messenger
Poem, poet, poetry
Schedule
Should Solid Translate, translator,
Sufficient, insufficient
Sight
Shout Solve, solution
Translation Solid Sight
Lec. 4
Suffix
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to change the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the word. For example, the verb read is made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er. Similarly, read is made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.
Noun Suffixes:
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy
-al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal
-ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence, assurance
-dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom, boredom
-er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator
-ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism, skepticism
-ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist
-ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity
-ment condition of argument, endorsement, punishment
-ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness, testiness
-ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship, internship
-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, abbreviation
Verb Suffixes:
Suffix Meaning Example
-ate Become regulate, eradicate, enunciate, repudiate
-en Become enlighten, awaken, strengthen
-ify, -fy make or become terrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify
-ize, -ise* Become civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize
Adjective Suffixes:
Suffix Meaning Example
-able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable, abominable, credible
-al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional, coastal
-esque reminiscent of picturesque, statuesque, burlesque
-ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful
-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic
-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious
-ish having the quality of fiendish, childish, snobbish
-ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive, decisive
-less Without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless
-y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly
Answers (4)
1) Actor
2) Active
3) Action
4) Acting
5) Activities
Answers (5)
A B
Strong Coffee Full-time Job
Film Star
Drive Carefully
Fall In love
Try on A jumper
come
are coming
is having
has
think
am thinking
do not enjoy
are not enjoying
am watching
watch
is seeing
see
I love you a lot
I do not know the answer
I think you speak…..
is used
is used
Lec. 7
Question 1
"________________ exercise?" "About three times a week."
A How often you
B How often do you
C How often you do
Question 2
"____________ quit your job?" "I wanted to look for some better career opportunities elsewhere."
A Why did you
B Why you did
C Why you
Question 3
"_______________ working on?" "It looks like they're preparing a presentation."
A What are Shirley and Dana
B What Shirley and Dana is
C What do Shirley and Dana
Question 4
"________________ making? It smelled delicious?" "Her famous chicken soup! You're welcome to join us for dinner later tonight."
A What were your mother
B What your mother was
C What was your mother
Question 5
"__________________ been to?" "Four - Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile."
A How much countries you
B How many countries have you
C What countries you have
Question 6
"______________ send me the file?" "By tomorrow afternoon at the latest."
A When are you
B When you will
C When will you
Question 7
"____________ going to put all these books? There's no space in the office." "Let's see if we can store them in the basement for now."
A Where are we
B Where we
C Where will we
Question 8
"________________ want to pay $1000 for a watch?!" "Maybe because it's a status symbol."
A Why anyone
B Why would anyone
C Why anyone does
Lec. 10
List of Vocabulary Taught in
Intermediate Reading Practices
according to
accurate, accurately
acquire, acquisition
ancient
area
arithmetic
around
art, artist
assign, assignment
attack, attacker
attend, attendance
author, authority
average
behave, misbehave
bilingual, bilingualism
breathe, breath
burst
calculate, calculated (adj)
calendar (UWL)
century
coherent, coherence
common
compare,comparison,
(in)comparable
complete, incomplete
complicated, complication
conclude, conclusion
connected, connection
contain, container,
containment
convince
copy, copier
couch
cursive
curve
death
decide, decision
depend, dependable,
dependence
design
discover, discovery
dozen
draw, drawing
enjoy, enjoyment
entire, entirety
List of Vocabulary Taught in
Intermediate Reading Practices This list contains the vocabulary in Intermediate Reading Practices that is probably new for a
student at this level of proficiency. The vocabulary is listed alphabetically for each of the eight
lessons in the book.
A good number of the words here are from the Academic Word List, the University Word
List, or the General Service List. Multiple forms of a word (e.g., injure, injured, an injury) are
given when those forms are useful for communication or frequent in usage. Words in bold
appear
on the Academic Word List (see page xii for more information).
Because of individual differences in vocabulary knowledge and cognate recognition depending
on the learner’s native language, the amount of vocabulary that is new for each student
may vary considerably. It is also important to note that research shows that knowing one form of
a word does not in any way indicate that students are likely to know all or even most of the
forms
of a word. In other words, even though the forms may look very similar (e.g., injure and injury),
it is important for learners to see the and practice these different forms.
Lesson 1 L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 345
envelope
equip, equipment
equivalent, equivalence
erase, eraser
extreme, extremely
famous, famously
favorite, favoritism
fear, fearful
fly, flew, flight
frog
gallery
gather, gathering
guess
however
huge (UWL)
in addition to
include, inclusion
injure, injured, injury
instead (of)
joke
kiss
know, knew, known,
unknown, knowledge
label
legal, illegal
legible, illegible
literate, literature
main, mainly
manner, mannerism
mention
message, messenger
might
moral
mystery, mysterious
occasion, occasionally
opposite
order, orderly
original, originality
own, owner
a patient, patience
perhaps
to place, placement
poem, poet, poetry
polite, impolite
populate, population
postage
punch
raise
rapid, rapidly
request
responsible
responsive
review
the same
schedule
serious, seriously, seriousness
should
shout
sight
similar, similarity
solid
solve, solution
song, sing
sort
sufficient, insufficient
translate, translator,
translation
unique
Lesson 2 absent, absence
accident
act, action, actor
add, addition
adult, adultery
alike
alligator
almost
alone
although
ant
anybody
appliance
approximately, approximate
area
argument, argumentation
arrange, arranged
assassinate, assassination
ash
available, unavailable
aware, awareness
beach
because
belong, belonging
bite
blend, blender
blind, blindness
blood, bleed, bloody
bone, boneless
branch
broad
butterfly
camel
capital, capitalize,
capitalization
careful, carefully, careless
caterpillar
choose, chose, chosen,
a choice
circular
classify, classification
climate
climb, climbing (adj)
continent, continental (UWL)
controversial (controversy)
cork
counterfeit
current, currency 346 _ L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y
damage
defend, defense
delicate
desert
dessert
distance
distinguish, distinguishable
economy, economic,
economics
embarrass, embarrassment
especially
geography, geographic(al)
(UWL)
giraffe
gorilla
government, governmental
grateful
grave
gray
half
health, healthy
horn
image, imagine
insure, insurance
jump
large, larger, largest
laugh, laughter
lightning
load, loaded, unloaded
lock, locked, unlocked
mammal
marine
market
mature, maturity
measure, measurement
method, methodology
mix, mixer, mixture
monkey
mosquito
needle, needlelike
nest, nesting
occur, occurrence
once
percent, percentile,
percentage
pleasant, unpleasant
precious
prevalent, prevalence
prevent, prevention
previous, previously
property
protect, protection, protected,
unprotected
puzzle, puzzling
reptile
reserve
restrict, restriction, restrictive
result, resulting, resultant
routine, routinely
scissors
seed, seedless
shape, shapely, shapeless
sheep, sheepish
skill, skilled, skillful
skin, skinless
somebody
source (resource, resourceful,
resourcefulness)
specific, specifically
texture, textured (UWL)
thread
thunder, thundering
tiny (UWL)
tornado
violent, violence
watermelon
whale
width
wing, wingless
wool
Lesson 3 able, unable, ability, inability
achieve, achievement
actually, actual
adapt, adaptation
adhere, adhesive
advantage
allow, allowance
automatic, automatically
(UWL)
battery (UWL)
better, best
biography, biographical
biology, biological (UWL)
bizarre
blade
blind
boring (UWL)
bother, bothersome
bulb
capital
catalog (UWL)
cement
certain, certainly
childhood
code
commit, commitment
compress, compression
condition, conditionally
consist (of)
create, creation, creative,
creatively
crime, criminal
cross
dark
deaf
decade L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 347
demonstrate, demonstration
desire, desirable
detail, detailed
develop, development
device (UWL)
diligent, diligence
distant, distance
document, documentary,
documentation
earn
edge, edgy
emotion, emotional (UWL)
encyclopedia, encyclopedic
engine, engineer, engineering
escape
establish, establishment
even
event
except, exception, exceptional
excess, excessive
execute, execution
exist, existence
experiment, experimental
explode, explosion
fail, failure
flavor, flavorful
force, forceful
fortunately, unfortunately
(fortune)
fuel (UWL)
gain, gainful
genius
globe, global
govern, government
groove
hard-working
hobby
increase
industry, industrious
ink
install, installation
invent, invention, inventor
iron
ironic
lantern
local
magnet, magnetic (UWL)
minimize
motivate, motivation (motive)
murder
nickname
obstacle
odor, odorless
operate, operator, operation
opinion
orchestra
partially
pedestrian
permanent, permanence
perspiration
physical
plug, unplug
preceding (precede)
primary
primitive
process
produce, production,
productive
promise
punish, punishment
quote, quotation
rare, rarity
relate, a relationship,
a relative
relative, relatively
remain
remove, removal
reveal, revelation
reward, rewarding
scratch
shave
select, selection
semester
signal
society, societal
spirit
split
storage
succeed, success, successful
such
terrible
therefore
though
thought, thoughtful
through BUT thorough
throughout
transmit, transmitter,
transmission
transport,
transportation
value, valuable
vary, variety
volume
wallet
weigh, weight
whole, wholesome
worse
Lesson 4 accept, acceptance
achieve, achievement
adjacent
adjust, adjustment
admit
advertise, advertisement
affect (v), effect (n)
(effective, affected)
agree, agreement 348 _ L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y
alarm, alarming
allow, allowance
amend, amendment
amount
annoying, annoyance
appoint
architecture, architect
argue, argument
ashamed
assess, assessment
astonish, astonishment
attract, attraction
based (on)
behind
bright
border, bordered
bug
capable
carve
characteristic
coast, coastal, coastline
colony, colonial, colonize
condition, conditional
confession
convince, convincing
corresponding,
correspondent,
correspondence,
correspond
crash
defeat
defendant
develop, developed,
undeveloped, development
destination
diamond
disconnect
displace, displacement
distinct, distinctive
enforce, enforcement
enhance, enhancement
entertain, entertainment
extend, extension
flat
foreign, foreigner
forthcoming
(to) found
further
generate, generation
govern, government, governor
haste, hasty, hastily
honest, dishonest
humid, humidity
improve, improvement
income
invest, investment
involve, involvement
lift
magnificent magnificence
manage, management
measure, measurement
movement, movement
multiple
nearly
ongoing
pillow
plateau
powerful
prepayment
profit, profitable
purpose, purposeful
rank
reference, referent
refund, refundable
scenery, scenic, scene
settle, settlement
solutions
somewhat
sophisticated
stain
state, statement, stately
statistics
storm
supply
surround, surrounding(s)
temperature, temperate
thief
treat, treatment
trial
tropical (UWL)
trust
turtle
twins
unbeatable
wealth, wealthy
Lesson 5 agriculture, agricultural
approve, approval
artificial, artificiality
assassin, assassinate,
assassination
atom, atomic
attach, attachment
attempt
atract, attraction
avoid, avoidance
battle, battlefield
bitter, bitterly
blockade
bridge
buckle
canal
candidate, candidacy
canyon L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 349
censor, censorship
census, consensus
characteristic,
characteristically
citizen, citizenship
command, commanding
companion, companionship
compose, composer
conflict, conflicting
constitution, constitute
construction
dam
damp, dampness
debate
destroy
district
divide, division
drought
earthquake
edge, edgy
elect, election
elevator
emotion, emotional (UWL)
encourage, encouragement
envelope
expand, expanding,
expansion
(to) face
float, floatation
flood
general, generality, generalize
hinder, hindrance
honor, honorable
inspire, inspiration
invade, invasion (UWL)
(to) last, lasting
lie [in a place]
lungs
member, membership
mess, messy
missile
mission, missionary
multiple
narrow
nation, national, nationalize,
nationally
nearby
neglect, neglectful
neutral, neutrality
nowadays
obvious, obviously
offend
official, officially
origin, original, originally
passage, passageway,
passages
path
period, periodic, periodically
persuade, persuasion
prejudice, prejudicial
prescribe, prescription
prison, prisoner
propose, proposal
provide, provision
province, provincial (UWL)
quite
react, reaction, reactive
reelect
refuse, refusal
regardless
reside, resident
respiration
secret
series
shallow
shocked
slave, slavery
slightly
sponsor, sponsorship
statistics, statistical
striped
stunned
survey, surveyor
tense
tough, toughness
tradition, traditional,
traditionally
treaty (UWL)
turbulent, turbulence
violent, violence
weak
Lesson 6 abbreviated, abbreviation
aboard
adequately
administer, administration
(UWL)
annual, annually
apply, application
approaching
bound
bribe
CPR
chin
confident, confidence
create, creative, creation
crew
crowd, crowded
deceive, deceptive, deceitful
deficient, deficiency
degree
dependent, independent
differ, difference, different,
differently
disease
disrupt, disruption 350 _ L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y
accent
acquire, acquisition
anniversary
bare, barely
beneath
beneficial
cavity
collapsed
college
consequently, consequence
considerably
constantly
corporation
crowded
crucial
curious, curiosity
curly
current, currency
definite, definitely, definitive
despite
device
devised (UWL)
diagram (UWL)
distraught
Lesson 7 drown, drowning
effect, effective, effectively
efficient, efficiently
emergency
equivalent, equivalence
especially
estimate, estimation
evident, evidence, evidently
excellence, excellent
exhale
expend, expendable
experience, experiential
explain, explanation
explosive
extremely
factors
final
forbid, forbidden
forecast, forecaster
funnel
gap
gentle, gently
grade
hide
ignore, ignorance
illustrate, illustration
injure, injury
innovate, innovative,
innovation
leak
least
liberal, liberalism
locate, location
lotion
major, majority
material, materialistic (UWL)
missing
negate, negation
normal, normally
obedience, obedient
objective
outcome
owe
passenger
patience
pay, payment
pearl
perceive, perception
pertain, pertinent
pinch
plus
potential
predict, prediction
presence
profession, professional
proficient, proficiency
receipt
resurgent, resurgence
resuscitate, resuscitation
scare
search
scent
section
select, selection, selective,
selectively
sequence, sequential
series
shark
shelter
site
slide, slid
spinach
sufficient, sufficience
suitable
suppress (UWL)
surge
survive, survival
tame
thunderstorm
tornado
unaided
unaware
underestimate
unpredictability
usage (UWL)
vehicle, vehicular
victim, victimize
wave
weak, weakness L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 351
aim
ancestor
ankle
announcement
appear
arrow
autograph
basic, basically
calories
cancer
childish, childishness
comprehend, comprehension
concerned
conscious
decrease
digest, digestion (UWL)
donor
drowsy
Lesson 8 edition
erosion, erode
exact, exactly
express, expression
fade, faded
familiar, familiarity
figure, figurative
filthy
forecaster
form, forming
fought
freedom
frequent, frequently
function, functional
funds
guide (guideline)
headquarters
hired
honeymoon
host
humble
imply, implication
invisible
isolated, isolation
issued
join
jungle
loneliness, lonely
majority
margin, marginal
maximum (UWL)
merge, merger
nap
national, nationalize
nationality
native
naughty
niece
option, optional
organization
otherwise
overall
portion
portrait
proud
purchase, purchased
pyramid
quality
quarreled
quite
recall
recognizable, recognize
recognize
rely on
remote
replace, replacement
require, requirement
reveal
revolve, revolution (UWL)
rid, riddance
role
scene, scenic
scold
sculptor
several
share
shrimp
signal
significant, significance
skip
slender
sole
speeding
straight
stress, stressful
structure, structural
style, stylish
subtitle
summary, summarize
support, supportive
symbol, symbolize
system, systematize
tender
thereby
tomb
toward
triangle
typical
upset
on the verge of
version
vice-versa
view
wise, wisely
enables
enlarge
equal, equally
essential
explain
extended
flexible
foolishly
giant
hectic
indispensable
ingredients
inhabit, inhabitants
inherited
interact
interrupted
layered
mayor
meals
memorize
memory
opportunity
originated
pattern
peel, peeled, unpeeled
perform
persuasion
poet
political
politician
precisely
pressure
promote
proof
pulse
pump
race
rage
recipient
recommend
recover
reduce
regulate
relax, relaxation
respond, response
rob, robbery
selfish
separate
shatter, shattered
shift
skeleton (UWL)
snack
soil
spread
squeezes
stage
substance
superior (UWL)
sweeten
syllable
task
theory, theories
transfuse, transfusion
undercook
universal
useless
various
vegetarian
vision
well-developed