Lect 17_Urban Land Use Planning Theories Introduction to Town Planning

7/28/2019 Lect 17_Urban Land Use Planning Theories Introduction to Town Planning

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LECTURE 17

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING THEORIES/MODELS

Lecturer: Atif Bilal AslamDepartment of City & Regional Planning

University of Engineering & Technology, LahoreDecember 31, 2009


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Six processes at work in a city

Concentration differential distribution ofpopulation and economic activities in a city,and the manner in which they have focused

on the center of the cityDecentralization the location of activity

away from the central city

Segregation the sorting out of population

groups according to conscious preferencesfor associating with one group or anotherthrough bias and prejudice


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Six processes at work in thecity

Specialization similarto segregation onlyrefers to the economic sector

Invasion traditionally, a process through

which a new activity or social group entersan area

Succession a new use or social groupgradually replaces the former occupants

The following theories/ models wereconstructed to examine single cities and donot necessarily apply to metropolitancoalescences so common in todays world


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Concentric zone model

Developed in 1925 by Ernest W.Burgess

A model with five zones.


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A model with five zones.

Zone 1

The central business district (CBD)

Distinct pattern of income levels out to thecommuters zone


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Zone 2

Characterized by mixed pattern of industrialand residential land use

Rooming houses, small apartments, andtenements attract the lowest incomesegment

Often includes slums and skid rows, many

ethnic ghettos began here Usually called the transition zone


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Zone 3 The workingmens quarters

Solid blue-collar, located close to factories

of zones 1 and 2 More stable than the transition zone around

the CBD

Often characterized by ethnicneighborhoods blocks of immigrants who

broke free from the ghettos Spreading outward because of pressure

from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing


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Zone 4

Middle class area of better housing

Established city dwellers, many of whom

moved outward with the first streetcarnetwork

Commute to work in the CBD


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Zone 5

Consists of higher-income families clusteredtogether in older suburbs

Located either on the farthest extension ofthe trolley or commuter railroad lines

Spacious lots and large houses

From here the rich pressed outward to

avoid congestion and social heterogeneitycaused by expansion of zone 4


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Critics of the model Pointed out even though portions of each

zone did exist, rarely were they linked to

totally surround the city Burgess countered there were distinct

barriers, such as old industrial centers,preventing the completion of the arc

Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist,overemphasized residential patterns anddid not give proper credit to other landuses


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Chicago, Burgesss HomeTown


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Sector model

Homer Hoyt, an economist, presentedhis sector model in 1939

Maintained high-rent districts wereinstrumental in shaping land-usestructure of the city

Because these areas were reinforced

by transportation routes, the patternof their development was one ofsectors or wedges


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Sector model


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Sector model

Hoyt suggested high-rent sector wouldexpand according to four factors

Moves from its point of origin near the CBD,

along established routes of travel, towardanother nucleus of high-rent buildings

Will progress toward high ground or alongwaterfronts, when these areas are not used forindustry

Will move along the route of fastesttransportation

Will move toward open space


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Sector model

As high-rent sectors develop, areasbetween them are filled in Middle-rent areas move directly next to them,

drawing on their prestige

Low-rent areas fill remaining areas Moving away from major routes of travel, rents

go from high to low

There are distinct patterns in todays citiesthat echo Hoyts model

He had the advantage of writing later thanBurgess in the age of the automobile


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Multiple nuclei model

Suggested by Chauncey Harris and EdwardUllman in 1945

Maintained a city developed with equal

intensity around various points The CBD was not the sole generator of

change


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Equal weight must be given to:

An old community on city outskirtsaround which new suburbs clustered

An industrial district that grew from anoriginal waterfront location

Low-income area that began because of

some social stigma attached to site


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Rooted their model in four geographicprinciples

Certain activities require highly specialized

facilities Certain activities cluster because they profit

from mutual association

Certain activities repel each other and will notbe found in the same area

Certain activities could not make a profit if theypaid the high rent of the most desirablelocations


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Feminist critiques

Most criticisms of above models focusor their inability to account for all thecomplexities of urban forms

All three models assume urbanpatterns are shaped by economictrade-offs between

Traditional models that assume aspatial separation of workplace andhome are no longer appropriate


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Latin American model

More complex because of influence oflocal cultures on urban development

Difficult to group cities of thedeveloping world into one or twocomprehensive models

Latin American model is shown in

next slide


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In contrast to todays cities in the U.S., theCBDs of Latin American cities are vibrant,dynamic, and increasingly specialized

A reliance on public transit that serves thecentral city

Existence of a large and relatively affluentpopulation closest to CBD


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Outside the CBD, the dominant componentis a commercial spine surrounded by

the elite residential sector These two zones are interrelated and called the

spine/sector Essentially an extension of the CBD down a

major boulevard Here are the citys important amenities parks,

theaters, restaurants, and even golf courses

Strict zoning and land controls ensurecontinuation of these activities, protecting elitefrom incursions by low-income squatters


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Inner-cityzone of maturity

Less prestigious collection of traditionalcolonial homes and upgraded self-built

homes

Homes occupied by people unable toparticipate in the spine/sector

Area of upward mobility


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Zone of accretion Diverse collection of housing types,

sizes, and quality

Transition between zone of maturity andnext zone

Area of ongoing construction and change

Some neighborhoods have city-provided

utilities Other blocks must rely on water and

butane delivery trucks for essentialservices


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Zone of peripheral squattersettlements

Where most recent migrants are found

Fringe contrasts with affluent andcomfortable suburbs that ring NorthAmerican cities

Houses often built from scavengedmaterials

Gives the appearance of a refugee camp


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Zone of peripheral squatter settlements Surrounded by landscape bare of vegetation

that was cut for fuel and building materials

Streets unpaved, open trenches carrywastes, residents carry water from longdistances, electricity is often pirated

Residents who work have a long commute

Many are transformed through time into

permanent neighborhoods

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Lect 17_Urban Land Use Planning Theories Introduction to Town Planning

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