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Introduction toIntroduction to
Airport EngineeringAirport EngineeringAirport EngineeringAirport Engineering55. , . , 66. Lecture . Lecture
2626 1010 201220122626. . 1010. . 2012 2012 0303. . 1010. . 20122012
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Introduction toIntroduction toIntroduction toIntroduction to
Airport EngineeringAirport Engineeringp g gp g g
Text BooksText Books-- Planning and Design of Airports ThirdPlanning and Design of Airports Third-- Planning and Design of Airports, Third Planning and Design of Airports, Third
Edition Edition AuthorsAuthors: Robert Horonjeff and Francis : Robert Horonjeff and Francis X Mckevey McGrawX Mckevey McGraw Hill Book CompanyHill Book CompanyX. Mckevey, McGrawX. Mckevey, McGraw--Hill Book Company.Hill Book Company.
-- Civil Engineering Hand Book , Civil Engineering Hand Book , AuthorAuthor: W. F : W. F Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.Indiana.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Introduction toIntroduction toIntroduction toIntroduction to
Airport EngineeringAirport Engineeringp g gp g gGuidelines & RegulationsGuidelines & RegulationsAerodromes, Annex Aerodromes, Annex 1414 to the convention of to the convention of International Civil Aviation, International International Civil Aviation, International Aviation Administration Montreal QueAviation Administration Montreal QueAviation Administration, Montreal, Que, Aviation Administration, Montreal, Que, Canda. Second EditionCanda. Second Edition--July July 19951995..Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation,Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation,Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation, Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation, Federal Aviation Administration. Washington, Federal Aviation Administration. Washington, D.C, Advisory Circular AC No.:D.C, Advisory Circular AC No.:150150//53205320--66D D Airport Design, Federal Aviation Airport Design, Federal Aviation Administration. Washington, D.C, Advisory Administration. Washington, D.C, Advisory Circular AC No :Circular AC No :150150//53005300--1313
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Circular AC No.:Circular AC No.:150150//53005300--1313
Introduction toIntroduction toIntroduction toIntroduction to
Airport EngineeringAirport Engineering
A i ti O i tiA i ti O i ti
p g gp g g
Aviation OrganizationsAviation OrganizationsAircraft Characteristics Related to Aircraft Characteristics Related to Airport DesignAirport DesignAirport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationRunway SystemRunway SystemStructural Design of Airport PavementsStructural Design of Airport Pavements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONSAVIATION ORGANIZATIONSAVIATION ORGANIZATIONSAVIATION ORGANIZATIONSThe Organizations directly involved in U S andThe Organizations directly involved in U S andThe Organizations directly involved in U.S. and The Organizations directly involved in U.S. and
international airinternational air--carrier transportation and general carrier transportation and general aviation activity have an important influence onaviation activity have an important influence onaviation activity have an important influence on aviation activity have an important influence on
airport development as well as on aircraft airport development as well as on aircraft operationsoperationsoperations.operations.
These organizations can be classified into fourThese organizations can be classified into fourThese organizations can be classified into four These organizations can be classified into four groups, namely,groups, namely,
international government agenciesinternational government agencies federalfederalinternational government agenciesinternational government agencies, , federal federal agencies, agencies, state agenciesstate agencies andand industry or trade industry or trade
organizationsorganizationsProf. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
organizations.organizations.
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONSAVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATIONINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATIONINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
ICAOICAOICAOICAO
FEDERAL AGENCIES OF U.S. GOVERNMENTFEDERAL AGENCIES OF U.S. GOVERNMENT
CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARDCIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD CABCAB
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION FAAFAA
NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD NTSBNTSB
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONSAVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
STATE AGENCIESSTATE AGENCIESThe States are involved to varying degrees in the many The States are involved to varying degrees in the many aspects of aviation, including financial assistance, flight aspects of aviation, including financial assistance, flight
safety enforcement aviation education airportsafety enforcement aviation education airportsafety, enforcement, aviation education, airport safety, enforcement, aviation education, airport licensing, accident investigation, zoning, and licensing, accident investigation, zoning, and
environmental controlenvironmental controle o e ta co t oe o e ta co t o
INDUSTRY AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONSINDUSTRY AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONSINDUSTRY AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONSINDUSTRY AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONSThere are many groups involved in the technical and There are many groups involved in the technical and promotional aspects of aviation. The following is a promotional aspects of aviation. The following is a
partial list of those groups that are primarily concerned partial list of those groups that are primarily concerned with airport aspects of aviation. with airport aspects of aviation.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONSAVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
INDUSTRY AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONSINDUSTRY AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS
1.1. Aerospace Industries Association of America Aerospace Industries Association of America (AIA)(AIA)22 Ai ft O d Pil t A i tiAi ft O d Pil t A i ti (AOPA)(AOPA)2.2. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)(AOPA)3.3. Air Line Pilots Association Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA)(ALPA)44 Airport Operators Council InternationalAirport Operators Council International (AOCI)(AOCI)4.4. Airport Operators Council International Airport Operators Council International (AOCI)(AOCI)5.5. Air Transportation Association of America Air Transportation Association of America (ATA)(ATA)6.6. American Association of Airport Executives American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE)(AAAE)pp ( )( )7.7.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft Characteristics Related Aircraft Characteristics Related to Airport Designto Airport Design
Landing
to Airport Designto Airport DesignLanding
Area
AirportTerminal
Airport
System AreaSystem
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft Characteristics Related to Aircraft Characteristics Related to Airport DesignAirport DesignAirport DesignAirport Design
ICAO - Airport ClassificationThe ICAO uses a two element references code to
classify the geometric design standards for airports.classify the geometric design standards for airports.
The code element consists of a numeric and alphabetic designation.
The code number 1 through 4 classify the length ofThe code number 1 through 4 classify the length of the runway available and the code letters A
through E classify the wingspan and outer mainthrough E classify the wingspan and outer main gear wheel span for the aircraft for which the airport
h b d i dProf. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
has been designed.
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft Characteristics Related to Airport Aircraft Characteristics Related to Airport DesignDesignDesignDesign
ICAO - Airport ClassificationCode Element Code Element 22Code Element Code Element 11
Outer mainOuter mainWingWingCodeCodeRunway LengthCode Outer main Outer main Gear Wheel Gear Wheel
Span (m)Span (m)
Wing Wing Span (m)Span (m)
Code Code LetterLetter
Runway Length (m)
Code Number
< < 44..55< < 1515AALess than 8001
44 55 -- << 661515 -- << 2424BB800 - <12002 44..55 661515 2424BB800 12002
6 6 -- < < 9924 24 -- < < 3636CC1200 - < 18003
99 -- < < 14143636 -- < < 5252DD1800 and more4
99 -- < < 14145252 -- < < 6060EE
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft Characteristics Related to Aircraft Characteristics Related to Airport DesignAirport Design
Aircraft characteristics are essential for th l i d d i f i tthe planning and design of airports.
Aircraft weight is important forAircraft weight is important for determining the thickness of the runway,
t i d t d ittaxiway, and apron pavements, and it affects the takeoff and landing runway
length requirements at an airport.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
The ingspan and the f selage lengthThe wingspan and the fuselage lengthinfluence the size of parking aprons, which in
turn influences the configuration of the terminal buildings.g
Size also dictates the widths of runway and taxiways and the distances between these
traffic ways, and it affects the required y , qturning radius on pavement curves.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Th it hThe passenger capacity has an important bearing on facilities within and
adjacent to the terminal buildings.
The r n a length infl ences to a largeThe runway length influences to a large part the land area required at an airport.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Components of Aircraft WeightComponents of Aircraft Weight
O ti E t W i htO ti E t W i htOperating Empty WeightOperating Empty Weight
The basic weight of the aircraft includingThe basic weight of the aircraft, including crew and all the necessary gear required for flight b t not incl ding pa load and f el Theflight, but not including payload and fuel. Theoperating empty weight is not a constant for a passenger aircraft, but varies with the seating
configuration. Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
g
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Zero Fuel WeightZero Fuel WeightComponents of Aircraft WeightComponents of Aircraft Weight
Zero Fuel WeightZero Fuel Weight
The operating empty weight + PayloadThe operating empty weight Payload
PayloadPayloadPayloadPayload
A term which refers to the total revenue-A term which refers to the total revenueproducing load. This includes the weight of
passengers and their baggage mail express andpassengers and their baggage, mail express and cargo.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Components of Aircraft WeightComponents of Aircraft Weight
Maximum Structural payloadMaximum Structural payloadMaximum Structural payloadMaximum Structural payload
The maximum load which the aircraft is certified to carry, whether this load be passengers, cargo,
or a combination of both.or a combination of both.
Theoretically, the maximum structural payload is the difference between the zero fuel weight and
the operating empty weight. Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
t e ope at g e pty e g t
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Components of Aircraft WeightComponents of Aircraft Weight
Maximum Structural Takeoff WeightMaximum Structural Takeoff WeightMaximum Structural Takeoff WeightMaximum Structural Takeoff Weight
The maximum Weight authorized at brakeThe maximum Weight authorized at brake release for takeoff. It excludes taxi and run-up fuel and includes the operating empty weight, trip and reserve fuel and p y g p
payload.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Ma im m Ramp WeightMa im m Ramp WeightComponents of Aircraft WeightComponents of Aircraft Weight
Maximum Ramp WeightMaximum Ramp Weight
The maximum Weight authorized for ground maneuver, including taxi and run-up fuel. As , g pthe Aircraft taxis between the apron and the
end of the runway it burns fuel andend of the runway, it burns fuel and consequently loses weight. The difference
between the max structural takeoff weight andbetween the max. structural takeoff weight and the max. ramp weight is very nominal, only a
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
few thousand pounds.
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Maximum Structural Landing WeightMaximum Structural Landing Weight
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Maximum Structural Landing Weight Maximum Structural Landing Weight jettisonjettisonjj
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Maximum Structural Landing WeightMaximum Structural Landing Weight
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft Characteristics
Maximum Structural Landing WeightMaximum Structural Landing Weight
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Average Distribution of Weight Components Average Distribution of Weight Components for Passenger Turbinefor Passenger Turbine--Powered Aircraft, Powered Aircraft, %% of of gg ,,
Takeoff WeightTakeoff WeightOperatingOperating Fuel Fuel
reservereserveTrip fuelTrip fuelPayloadPayloadOperating Operating
empty empty weightweight
RangeRangeweightweight
446624246666Short Short RangeRange 446624246666RangeRange
MediumMedium44212116165959
Medium Medium RangeRange
55424210104444Long Long RangeRange
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaRange = Distance that an aircraft can fly without refueling
Aircraft Characteristics Aircraft Characteristics Ch t i ti f P i i l T tCh t i ti f P i i l T tCharacteristics of Principal Transport Characteristics of Principal Transport
AircraftAircraft
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsCh t i ti f P i i l T t Ai ftCh t i ti f P i i l T t Ai ftCharacteristics of Principal Transport AircraftCharacteristics of Principal Transport Aircraft
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsCharacteristics of Principal Transport AircraftCharacteristics of Principal Transport AircraftCharacteristics of Principal Transport AircraftCharacteristics of Principal Transport Aircraft
An examination of the table reveals someAn examination of the table reveals some information:
The maximum takeoff weight varies from 79.000 lb (~36 000 kg) to 775 000 (~ 350 000 kg)lb (~36.000 kg) to 775.000 (~ 350.000 kg).
The maximum number of passengers varies fromThe maximum number of passengers varies from 65 to 500.
Runway lengths for typical airline aircraft vary from 6000 ft (~1800 m) to 12.000 ft (~3600 m).
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
o 6000 t ( 800 ) to 000 t ( 3600 )
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsCharacteristics of Principal Transport AircraftCharacteristics of Principal Transport AircraftCharacteristics of Principal Transport AircraftCharacteristics of Principal Transport Aircraft
It will be noted that the heavier an aircraft, the longer it is and the greater is itsthe longer it is and the greater is its
wingspan
And as the range of an aircraft is increased, the proportion of trip fuel to takeoff weight
increases while the percentage of payloadincreases, while the percentage of payload decrease.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsWh l C fi tiWh l C fi tiWheel ConfigurationWheel Configuration
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Wheel ConfigurationWheel Configuration
Example Example 11: BOEING : BOEING 747747--200200
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Wheel ConfigurationWheel Configuration
Example Example 22: BOEING : BOEING 757757--200200
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsSt ti W i ht th M i G d th NSt ti W i ht th M i G d th NStatic Weight on the Main Gears and the Nose Static Weight on the Main Gears and the Nose
GearsGears
The distribution of the load between the main d th d d th tgears and the nose gear depends on the type
of aircraft and the location of the center of gravity of the aircraft.
F i ht th i i ftFor any gross weight there is a maximum aft and foreword center of Gravity to which the
aircraft can loaded for flight in order to maintain Stability.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
maintain Stability.
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsSt ti W i ht th M i G d th NSt ti W i ht th M i G d th NStatic Weight on the Main Gears and the Nose Static Weight on the Main Gears and the Nose
GearsGearsThe distribution of the weight between the
nose and main gears is not constantnose and main gears is not constant.
For the design of pavements it is normallyFor the design of pavements it is normally assumed that 5 percent of the weight is
supported on the nose gear and the remaindersupported on the nose gear and the remainderon the main gears.
Thus if there are two main gears, each gear supports 47 5 % of the total weight
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
supports 47.5 % of the total weight.
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsSt ti W i ht th M i G d th NSt ti W i ht th M i G d th NStatic Weight on the Main Gears and the Nose Static Weight on the Main Gears and the Nose
GearsGears
For example if the takeoff weight of an aircraftFor example, if the takeoff weight of an aircraft is 300,000 lb, each main gear is assumed to
support 142 500 lbsupport 142,500 lb.
If the main gear has four tires it is assumedIf the main gear has four tires, it is assumed that each tire supports an equal fraction of the weight on the gear in the example 35 625 lbweight on the gear, in the example 35,625 lb.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft CharacteristicsAircraft CharacteristicsM i L di G Di iM i L di G Di iMain Landing Gear DimensionsMain Landing Gear Dimensions
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationAirport Configuration
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport ConfigurationAirport Configuration
The number of runways depends on the l f t ffi d th i t tivolume of traffic, and the orientation
depends on the direction of the wind and depe ds o t e d ect o o t e d a dsometimes on the area available for
airport developmentairport development.
The terminal buildings servingThe terminal buildings serving passengers should be located so as to provide easy and short access to the
runwaysProf. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
runways.
Airport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationTh i t bThe airport can be
divided into two Landing
Area
principal elements:
Th l diTerminal
AreaThe landing area(runways and
Area
taxiways)
Th t i lThe terminal area(apron, buildings, car parking areas,
hangers, etc).Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
hangers, etc).
Airport ConfigurationAirport Configuration
The airport system, however, induces a third element namelyinduces a third element, namely,the procedures and technique
governing the control of air traffic in the air space surrounding thethe air space surrounding the
airport (commonly referred to as terminal air traffic control).
T th th th l tTogether these three elements constitute the airport system.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
co st tute t e a po t syste
Airport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationI l th d th tiIn general, the runways and the connecting
taxiways should be arranged so as to:1- provide adequate separations in the air traffic patternpattern.
2- cause the least interference and delay in the landing, taxiing, and takeoff operations.
3- provide the shortest taxi distance possible from3 provide the shortest taxi distance possible from the terminal area to the ends of runways.
4 id d i l di i f4- provide adequate taxiways so landing aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible to the t i l
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
terminal area
Runway Configurations & Runway SystemRunway Configurations & Runway System
Runway SystemRunway System
The Runway System at an airport consists The Runway System at an airport consists of theof the structural pavementstructural pavement,, thetheof the of the structural pavementstructural pavement, , the the
shouldersshoulders, , the blast padthe blast pad, and , and the runway the runway f tf t
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
safety area.safety area.
R S tR S tRunway Configurations & Runway SystemRunway Configurations & Runway System
Runway SystemRunway System
St t l P tStructural Pavement supports the aircraft with respect to structural load, maneuver ability,load, maneuver ability, control, stability and other operational andother operational and dimensional criteria
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Distribution of the aircraft movements on theDistribution of the aircraft movements on theRunway Configurations & Runway SystemRunway Configurations & Runway System
Distribution of the aircraft movements on the Distribution of the aircraft movements on the RunwayRunway
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport Zurich/ SwitzerlandAirport Zurich/ SwitzerlandRunway Configurations & Runway SystemRunway Configurations & Runway System
Airport Zurich/ SwitzerlandAirport Zurich/ Switzerland
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
R S tR S tRunway Configurations & Runway SystemRunway Configurations & Runway System
Runway SystemRunway System
Th Sh ld djThe Shoulder adjacent to the end of the
structural pavement resists jet blast erosionresists jet blast erosion
and accommodates maintenance andmaintenance and
emergency equipment.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
R S tR S tRunway Configurations & Runway SystemRunway Configurations & Runway System
Runway SystemRunway System
The blast pad is an area designedThe blast pad is an area designed to prevent erosion of the surfaces adjacent to the end of the runwaysadjacent to the end of the runways which are subjected to repeated jet
blast The ICAO requires a 100 ftblast. The ICAO requires a 100 ft (~30m) blast pad as a minimum
length It can reach 400 ft (120m)length. It can reach 400 ft (120m)depending on the type of Aircrafts.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Configurations & Runway SystemRunway Configurations & Runway System
The runway safety area is an area
Runway SystemRunway SystemThe runway safety area is an area which is cleared, drained. It includes
the structural pavement, shoulders and blast pad. It must be capable of
supporting emergency and maintenance equipment as well asmaintenance equipment as well as
providing support for aircraft should be veer off the pavement for one reason orveer off the pavement for one reason or another. The minimum length of this area required according to ICAO is 275
ft (~83m) beyond each end of the runway. It can reach 1000 ft (300m) depending on the type of Aircrafts
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
depending on the type of Aircrafts.
Runway ConfigurationRunway Configuration
Many runway configurations g
exist.
MostMost configurations
areare combinations
of several basicof several basic configurations.
The basic configurations
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
are:
Runway ConfigurationRunway ConfigurationSingle RunwaySingle RunwaySingle RunwaySingle Runway
Runway
This is the simplest of the runway configurations
Hourly Capacity (in VFR conditions) =
50 100 operations50 – 100 operations
In (IFR) conditions = 50 – 70 operations( ) p
VFR = Visual Flight Rule
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
IFR = Instrument Flight Rule
Runway ConfigurationRunway ConfigurationE l f Si l RE l f Si l RExamples for a Single RunwayExamples for a Single Runway
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway ConfigurationRunway Configuration
Parallel RunwaysParallel Runways
Two and four parallelTwo and four parallel runways are common
Spacing: Close = (700 –2500 ft), Intermediate =)(2500 – 4300 ft), far =(4300 ft and more). ( )threshold
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
E l f P ll l RE l f P ll l RRunway ConfigurationRunway Configuration
Example for Parallel Runways Example for Parallel Runways
Spacing =Spacing = far (Staggered Threshold)far (Staggered Threshold)Spacing =Spacing = far (Staggered Threshold)far (Staggered Threshold)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway ConfigurationRunway ConfigurationIntersecting RunwaysIntersecting Runways
Many of airports have two or more runway in differentMany of airports have two or more runway in different directions crossing each other. They are necessary when relatively strong winds blow from more thanwhen relatively strong winds blow from more than direction. Strong winds (only one can be used), light winds (both can be used)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
winds (both can be used)
E l f I t ti RE l f I t ti RRunway ConfigurationRunway Configuration
Example for Intersecting Runways Example for Intersecting Runways
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway ConfigurationRunway ConfigurationOpenOpen--V RunwaysV Runways
They are necessary when relatively strong winds blow f S (from more than direction. Strong winds (only one can be used), light winds (both can be used).
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationT iT iTaxiwaysTaxiways
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationAAApronsAprons
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport ConfigurationAirport ConfigurationAAApronsAprons
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
The airport systemThe airport systemThe airport systemThe airport system
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Structural Design of Airport Pavementsg p
CBRCBR Method of Design for FlexibleMethod of Design for FlexibleCBRCBR-- Method of Design for Flexible Method of Design for Flexible Airport PavementAirport PavementPavement Design Using Elastic Layer Pavement Design Using Elastic Layer TheoryTheoryyyFAA Design Procedure for Flexible FAA Design Procedure for Flexible Airport PavementsAirport PavementsAirport PavementsAirport PavementsLoad Classification Number (LCN) Load Classification Number (LCN) ( )( )ProcedureProcedureICAOICAO (CAN/ PCN) Procedure(CAN/ PCN) Procedure
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
ICAOICAO-- (CAN/ PCN) Procedure(CAN/ PCN) Procedure
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
FAA Design Procedure for Flexible Airport Pavement
Flexible Pavement design is based upon theFlexible Pavement design is based upon the CBR method, an essentially empirical
th dmethod.
The Design assumes that 95% of the grossThe Design assumes that 95% of the gross aircraft weight is carried on the main landing
bl d 5% thgear assembly and 5% on the nose gear assembly
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
St f FAA D i P dSteps of FAA -Design Procedure
Obtain forecasts of Obtain forecasts of annual departuresannual departures by by aircraft typeaircraft typeaircraft typeaircraft typeDetermine for each type the required Determine for each type the required
t thi kt thi k i th i ti th i tpavement thicknesspavement thickness using the appropriate using the appropriate design curve with the forecast number of design curve with the forecast number of annual departures for the aircraft annual departures for the aircraft Select the aircraft requiring the greatestSelect the aircraft requiring the greatestSelect the aircraft requiring the greatest Select the aircraft requiring the greatest pavement thickness as the pavement thickness as the design aircraftdesign aircraft
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
St f FAA D i P dSteps of FAA -Design Procedure
Convert the annual departures of all Convert the annual departures of all aircrafts toaircrafts to equivalent annualequivalent annualaircrafts to aircrafts to equivalent annual equivalent annual
departuresdepartures of the design aircraft by of the design aircraft by the following formula:the following formula:the following formula:the following formula:
Log RLog Reqeq = log (R= log (Rii x Fx Fii) x {W) x {Wii/W}/W}00..55
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
St f FAA D i P dSteps of FAA -Design Procedure
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
P t Thi k R i tPavement Thickness Requirements
Fi 62 16 62 22 th FAA d i h t fFigures 62.16–62.22 are the FAA design charts for different aircraft types.
The charts have incorporated the effects of load repetitions, landing gear assembly configuration, p , g g y g ,
and the “wandering” (lateral distribution) effect of aircraft movements.
With subgrade CBR, gross weight, and total equivalent annual departures of design aircraft asequivalent annual departures of design aircraft as input, the total pavement thickness required can be
read from the appropriate chartProf. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
read from the appropriate chart.
Pavement Thickness RequirementsFIGURE 62.16 Critical area flexible pavementflexible pavement thickness for single-wheel s g e eegear. (Source: Federal Aviation Administration.1978. Airport Pavement DesignPavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular yAC No. 150/5320-6C. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Pavement Thickness RequirementsFIGURE 62.17 Critical area flexible pavementflexible pavement thickness for dual-wheel gear.ee gea(Source: Federal Aviation Administration.1978. Airport Pavement DesignPavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular yAC No. 150/5320-6C. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Pavement Thickness RequirementsFIGURE 62.18 Critical area flexible pavementflexible pavement thickness for dual-tandem gear.ta de gea(Source: Federal Aviation Administration.1978. Airport Pavement DesignPavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular yAC No. 150/5320-6C. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Pavement Thickness RequirementsFIGURE 62.19 Critical area flexible pavement thicknesspavement thickness for B-747-100, SR, 200B, 200C, and 00 , 00C, a d200F. (Source: FederalAviation Administration.1978 Airport1978. Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular AC No. 150/5320-6C.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Thickness Requirements
FIGURE 62.20 Critical area flexible pavement thickness for B-747 SP (Source:747-SP. (Source: Federal Aviation Administration.Administration.1978. Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular AC No 150/5320AC No. 150/5320-6C..
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Thickness Requirements
FIGURE 62.21 Critical area flexible pavement thickness for DC10 10 10CF10-10, 10CF.(Source: Federal AviationAviation Administration.1978. Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory CircularAdvisory Circular AC No. 150/5320-6C.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
6C.
Pavement Thickness RequirementsFIGURE 62.22 Critical area flexible pavementflexible pavement thickness for DC10-30, 30CF, 40, 0 30, 30C , 0,and 40CF.(Source: Federal AviationAdministration. 1978 Airport1978. Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular AC No. 150/5320-
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
6C.
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
P t Thi k R i tPavement Thickness Requirements
Each design chart also indicates the required thicknessEach design chart also indicates the required thickness of bituminous (asphalt) surface course.
The minimum base course thickness is obtained from Fig. 62.23.
The FAA requires stabilized base and subbase courses to be used to accommodate jet aircraft weighing 100 000to be used to accommodate jet aircraft weighing 100,000
lb or more.
These stabilized courses may be substituted for granular courses using the equivalency
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
factors in Table 62.13.
Pavement Thickness RequirementsFIGURE 62.23 Minimum base course thicknesscourse thickness requirements. (Source: Federal (Sou ce ede aAviation Administration. 1978.Airport Pavement Design andDesign and Evaluation. Advisory Circular yAC No. 150/5320-6C, p. 53. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Pavement Thickness Requirements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
St f FAA D i P dSteps of FAA -Design Procedure
The FAA suggests that the full design thickness T be used at critical areas where departing traffic will beused at critical areas where departing traffic will be
using the pavement, 0.9T be used at areas receiving arriving traffic such as high-speed turnoffs and 0 7Tarriving traffic such as high-speed turnoffs, and 0.7T
be used where traffic is unlikely. Th d ti i thi k li d t bThese reductions in thickness are applied to base
and subbase courses.
Figure 62.24 shows a typical cross section for runway pavements.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
y p
Pavement Thickness Requirements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Structural DesignRunway Structural Design
St f FAA D i P dSteps of FAA -Design Procedure
For pavements receiving high traffic volumes and exceeding 25,000 departures per annum, the FAA
requires that the bituminous surfacing be increased by 1 in. (3 cm) and the total pavement thickness be increased as follows: 104, 108, 110, and 112% of design thickness (based on 25,000
annual departures) for annual departures of 50,000, 100,000, 150,000, and 200,000,
respectively.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Example for FAA -Design Procedure1 St Obt i f t f l d t b1. Step: Obtain forecast of annual departures by
aircraft type
Max. Take Max. Take f W i htf W i htAv. AnnualAv. AnnualLandingLandingAi ftAi ft of Weightof Weight
KipsKips
Av. Annual Av. Annual DepartureDeparture
Landing Landing Gear TypeGear TypeAircraftAircraft
16016045004500DualDualB B 727727--100100190190 5599009900DualDualBB 727727 200200 190190..5599009900DualDualB B 727727--20020032732732003200Dual TandemDual TandemB B 707707--320320BB10810855005500DualDualDC DC -- 9 9 --303070070012001200Double DualDouble DualBB 747747 100100
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
70070012001200Double Dual Double Dual TandemTandem
B B 747747--100100
Example for FAA -Design Procedure2 St D t i f h i ft t thD t i f h i ft t th2. Step: Determine for each aircraft type the Determine for each aircraft type the
required pavement thicknessrequired pavement thicknessrequired pavement thicknessrequired pavement thickness
Assume:Subgrade CBR = 10%
Base Course CBR = 80%Base Course CBR = 80%
Sub Base CBR = 30 %
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Example for FAA -Design Procedure2 St D t i f h i ft t thD t i f h i ft t th2. Step: Determine for each aircraft type the Determine for each aircraft type the
required pavement thicknessrequired pavement thicknessrequired pavement thicknessrequired pavement thicknessTotal Total Max. Max.
AvAvLandingLanding Pavement Pavement thicknessthickness
Take of Take of WeightWeight
Av. Av. Annual Annual
DepartureDeparture
Landing Landing Gear Gear TypeType
AircraftAircraft
in (cm)in (cm)kipskipsDepartureDepartureTypeType
1919 ((4848))16016045004500DualDualBB 727727--100100 1919 ((4848))16016045004500DualDualB B 727727 1001002828..5 5 ((7272))190190..5599009900DualDualB B 727727--2002002626 ((6666))32732732003200D l TD l TBB 707707 320320BB 26 26 ((6666))32732732003200Dual TanDual TanB B 707707--320320BB19 19 ((4848))10810855005500DualDualDC DC -- 99 --3030
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
(( ))27 27 ((6969))70070012001200Dual DTDual DTB B 747747--100100
Example for FAA -Design Procedure
3 Step: Log RLog R = log (R= log (R x Fx F ) x {W) x {W /W}/W}00 553. Step: Log RLog Reqeq = log (R= log (Rii x Fx Fii) x {W) x {Wii/W}/W}00..55
Single Single Max. Max. T k fT k f
Av. Av. A lA l Wheel Wheel
Load (Load (WWii) ) Take of Take of WeightWeight
Annual Annual DepartureDeparture
Landing Landing Gear TypeGear TypeAircraftAircraft
(kips)(kips)kipskipsRRii
WWii = = 383816016045004500Dual Dual (F(Fii = = 11))B B 727727--100100 ii(( ii ))
W = W = 4545..2424190190..5599009900Dual Dual (F(Fii = = 11))B B 727727--200200Dual TanDual TanBB 707707 WWii ==3838..838332732732003200Dual Tan Dual Tan
(F(Fii ==11..77))B B 707707--320320BB
WW ==2525 656510810855005500D lD l (F(F == 11))DCDC 99 3030 WWii ==2525..656510810855005500Dual Dual (F(Fii = = 11))DC DC -- 99 --3030
WWii ==4141..252570070012001200Dual DT (FDual DT (Fii = = 11..77))B B 747747--100100
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Example for FAA -Design Procedure
Conversion Factors for computingConversion Factors for computingConversion Factors for computingConversion Factors for computing
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Example for FAA -Design Procedure
3 Step: Log RLog R = log (R= log (R x Fx F ) x {W) x {W /W}/W}00 553. Step: Log RLog Reqeq = log (R= log (Rii x Fx Fii) x {W) x {Wii/W}/W}00..55
Equivalent Equivalent Single Single Equivalent Annual Depart. Annual Depart.
By Design By Design Wheel Wheel
Load (Load (WWii) ) Dual Wheel
Gear Depart. AircraftAircraft
Aircraft Aircraft RReqeq((kips)kips)Ri x Fi
22202220WWii = = 383845004500 x x 11==45004500B B 727727--100100 ii
99009900W = W = 4545..24249900 9900 x x 11==99009900B B 727727--200200BB 707707 28902890WWii ==3838..83833200 3200 x x 11..77==54405440B B 707707--320320BB
655655WW ==2525 656555005500 xx 11==55005500DCDC 99 3030 655655WWii ==2525..656555005500 x x 11==55005500DC DC -- 99 --3030
871871WWii ==4141..25251200 1200 x x 11..77==20402040B B 747747--100100
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
16536165362738027380SUMSUM
Example for FAA -Design Procedure
FIGURE 62.17 Critical area flexible pavementflexible pavement thickness for dual-wheel gear.ee gea(Source: Federal Aviation Administration.1978. Airport Pavement DesignPavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular
Pavement Thickness ~ 30 inch = 76 cmy
AC No. 150/5320-6C. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Example for FAA -Design Procedure
FIGURE 62.17 Critical area flexible pavementflexible pavement thickness for dual-wheel gear. Asphalt + Base
Thi k 13 5 i hee gea
(Source: Federal Aviation
Thickness ~ 13.5 inch = 34 cm
Sub Base 16.5 ~ 42 cmAdministration.1978. Airport Pavement DesignPavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular yAC No. 150/5320-6C. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Example for FAA -Design Procedure
FIGURE 62.17 Critical area flexible pavementflexible pavement thickness for dual-wheel gear.ee gea(Source: Federal Aviation Administration.1978. Airport Pavement Design
Asphalt Thickness ~ 8 inch = 20 cm
Base = 13 5 8 =Pavement Design and Evaluation. Advisory Circular
Base = 13.5 – 8 = 5.5 in ~ 14 cm
yAC No. 150/5320-6C. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Pavement Thickness RequirementsFIGURE 62.23 Minimum base course thicknesscourse thickness requirements. (Source: Federal Minimum Base
Thickness = 15 inch ~(Sou ce ede aAviation Administration.
Thickness = 15 inch ~ 38 cm
1978.Airport Pavement Design andDesign and Evaluation. Advisory Circular yAC No. 150/5320-6C, p. 53. With
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
permission.)
Example for FAA -Design Procedure
Pavement:Asphalt Layers = 8 in ~ 20 cm
Base Course = 15 in ~ 38 cm
Sub Base 30 – 13 5 = 16 5 in ~ 42 cmSub Base 30 – 13.5 = 16.5 in 42 cm
Total Thickness = 39.5 in ~ 100 cm
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Home Work for FAA -Design Procedure
Determine the thickness of Runway and Taxiway of the Airport. Drawing is requiredy p g qAssume:Subgrade CBR = 12%, Base Course CBR = 80%, Sub Base CBR = 25% (using several types of baseSub Base CBR = 25%. (using several types of base courses)
8 Types of Aircraft need to use the airport.
3 of them take off (10 – 15) a day3 of them take off (10 15) a day.
3 of them take off (16 – 25) a day.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia2 of them take off (26 – 40) a day.
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