Lection 4Lection 4

Research methods Research methods of wild-growing of wild-growing medicinal plant medicinal plant

stocks (resources)stocks (resources)Authors

as.- prof. Kernychna I.Z.

Authors as.- prof. Kernychna

I.Z.

BilberryBilberry

Grows in forests in Europe, Siberia, Carpathion Mountains. In Ukraine every year. Ukraine can prepare annually an average of 30 tons of berries. In medicine use berries and leaves of bilberry. The dried berries are used as an astringent in acute and chronic diarrhea, especially in children. The leaves are used as an aid in the treatment of early forms of diabetes, to prevent radiation sickness.

Pinus silvestrisPinus silvestris

Is the main forest species in Ukrainian alive. Medicinal raw materials are buds, needles and sap. Kidneys harvested in winter and early spring, before their intensive growth. Preparations of pine have expectorant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and distracting.

Research carried out Research carried out worldwide and are used to worldwide and are used to account for all types of account for all types of natural resources.natural resources.

The main purpose The main purpose resources of medicinal resources of medicinal

plantsplants is to find accounting resources is to find accounting resources ofof flora flora

and fungi for their proper use in the and fungi for their proper use in the pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical industry and medicine.medicine.

Object of scienceObject of science - a specific kind of - a specific kind of medicinal plants and fungi, which are medicinal plants and fungi, which are a source of raw materials.a source of raw materials.

All variety of studies of wild medicinal plants All variety of studies of wild medicinal plants consists of two aspects: theoretical and consists of two aspects: theoretical and

practical.practical. The theoretical aspectThe theoretical aspect of the work is to of the work is to

develop theories and methods for long-term develop theories and methods for long-term and one-time guest areas and species and one-time guest areas and species protection problems, legal regulation of protection problems, legal regulation of natural plant communities, the rules of natural plant communities, the rules of storage, etc.storage, etc.

The practical aspectThe practical aspect is based on is based on theoretical developments and is keeping the theoretical developments and is keeping the plant resources of species (species list) or plant resources of species (species list) or population (of raw materials) levels for population (of raw materials) levels for specific administrative or natural area.specific administrative or natural area.

So, So, as we find new herbsas we find new herbs??

First stepFirst step: : describe association of describe association of plants where herbs growsplants where herbs grows

SecondSecond step: step: define the areas of a phytocenosis

Third step: Third step: determination of plant determination of plant material productivitymaterial productivity

Fourth step:Fourth step: preparation of preparation of accounting documentsaccounting documents

Preparatory workPreparatory work

1.1. InIn organizations take statistics for organizations take statistics for the last 5 years about harvesting of the last 5 years about harvesting of medicinal plantsmedicinal plants ..

22. . Analyze Analyze of cartographic material of cartographic material (geobotanical, botanical and (geobotanical, botanical and geographical maps). Maps and geographical maps). Maps and forestry land, literature (articles,forestry land, literature (articles, books).books).

3. 3. Selection of species for research. Selection of species for research. Record the list of species of Record the list of species of medicinal plants that grows in a medicinal plants that grows in a certain regioncertain region . .

4. Determine the time of collection of 4. Determine the time of collection of medicinal plants and duration of the medicinal plants and duration of the research. Make up the route.research. Make up the route.

5. 5. Take the necessary tools for Take the necessary tools for research.research.

We came to a place where We came to a place where grows medicinal plantsgrows medicinal plants

First stepFirst step: : describe association of plantsdescribe association of plants

The field work observation begins with qualitative The field work observation begins with qualitative estimation of resources of herbs on the territory. estimation of resources of herbs on the territory.

For this purpose make 3-5 trial areas. For this purpose make 3-5 trial areas.

The trial areas should include those plants which we The trial areas should include those plants which we want to study and their amount should be want to study and their amount should be

homogeneous, within the whole area. The sizes of homogeneous, within the whole area. The sizes of the trial areas depend on type of phytocenosis the trial areas depend on type of phytocenosis

varying from 1 to l00m or more.varying from 1 to l00m or more.

The description of the trial areas will be carried The description of the trial areas will be carried out by the scheme:out by the scheme:

1. Number of the trial area, For example 1. Number of the trial area, For example No1No1 2. The name of association of plants. For example, 2. The name of association of plants. For example, Nettle Nettle

((Urtica dioicaUrtica dioica))

3. The location (area, region, village). For example: 3. The location (area, region, village). For example: the the Ternopil area, city of HorostkivTernopil area, city of Horostkiv

4. Position of association of plants in a relief: the river, 4. Position of association of plants in a relief: the river, mountains, a field, a wood and exposition (on the countries mountains, a field, a wood and exposition (on the countries of the world).of the world).

For example: Plants grow in a field where there is a river, the For example: Plants grow in a field where there is a river, the area flat. The field is to the east from the city of area flat. The field is to the east from the city of HorostkivHorostkiv

5. Environment: what other plants grow in this association 5. Environment: what other plants grow in this association of plants and their characteristics. of plants and their characteristics.

For example: For example: on this field chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and on this field chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and the grasses also growthe grasses also grow

6. The density of investigated species is expressed in points: 6. The density of investigated species is expressed in points: 5 points - the covering is more than 3/4 areas; 5 points - the covering is more than 3/4 areas; 4 points - a covering from 1\2 to 3/4; 4 points - a covering from 1\2 to 3/4; 3 points - a covering from 1/4 to 1/2;3 points - a covering from 1/4 to 1/2;2 points - a covering from 1/20 to 1/4;2 points - a covering from 1/20 to 1/4;1 point - a lot of plant samples occur, but the covering is less 1/20 or is rare enough; 1 point - a lot of plant samples occur, but the covering is less 1/20 or is rare enough; ““+” or - rare +” or - rare ““-“ - very rare, up to 1 specimen -“ - very rare, up to 1 specimen For example: For example: Density is of 4 points (1/2)Density is of 4 points (1/2)

7. Determination of projective covering of an investigated 7. Determination of projective covering of an investigated species.species.

8. The period of development of an examined species: young, 8. The period of development of an examined species: young, vegetative, generative, maturity.vegetative, generative, maturity.

For exampleFor example: Now is an autumn, and the mature period: Now is an autumn, and the mature period

9. Vitality:9. Vitality: - - full - the plant is well matured and reproduced; full - the plant is well matured and reproduced; average - a plant has less powerful maturity, ability to duplication is expressed average - a plant has less powerful maturity, ability to duplication is expressed

insufficiently; insufficiently; - reduced - the plant is of poor ability to reproduction is strongly reduced. - reduced - the plant is of poor ability to reproduction is strongly reduced. For example: For example: Vitality full, nettle is well matured and reproducedVitality full, nettle is well matured and reproduced

10. Conditions 10. Conditions of of grounds.grounds.For example: For example: The field is well lighted by the sun, ground dense, dry.The field is well lighted by the sun, ground dense, dry.

To define the areas of a To define the areas of a phytocenosisphytocenosis

The area of a The area of a phytocenosisphytocenosis is defined as is defined as the area of any geometrical figure, the area of any geometrical figure, measuring length, width and diameter. The measuring length, width and diameter. The sides are measured by steps or by means sides are measured by steps or by means of roulette. In meadow and steppe of roulette. In meadow and steppe phytocenoses the measurements of length phytocenoses the measurements of length of the sides by a speedometer is supposed.of the sides by a speedometer is supposed.

For example: Square S = A² ; Circle S = πR²; For example: Square S = A² ; Circle S = πR²; rectangular S = A*B (m²) rectangular S = A*B (m²)

When populations of an herb are When populations of an herb are placed irregularly, form the placed irregularly, form the separate sites in borders of separate sites in borders of

vegetative groups, than define the vegetative groups, than define the area of all phytocenoses, and then area of all phytocenoses, and then

percent of the area which is percent of the area which is occupied with a particular species. occupied with a particular species.

Determine the medicinal plant Determine the medicinal plant material productivity for this area.material productivity for this area.

Productivity Productivity (or a density of material (or a density of material stock) is an amount of material stock) is an amount of material phytomass, obtained on a square phytomass, obtained on a square unit of unit of brushwoodbrushwood (overgrowth). (overgrowth).

There are 3 methods determination of There are 3 methods determination of productivity:productivity:

A)A) the methods of registered partsthe methods of registered parts (registration plots),(registration plots),

B)B) model (modeling) specimens,model (modeling) specimens,

C)C) projective covering.projective covering.

The choice of method is based The choice of method is based on the features of plant:on the features of plant:

vital form (vital form (life forms or habituslife forms or habitus) )

sizes of plants and their parts used sizes of plants and their parts used as raw materialas raw material

The methods of registered The methods of registered partsparts (registration plots)registration plots)

We use We use the methods of registered the methods of registered parts (registration plots) fparts (registration plots) for or

medium height grassy plants, if medium height grassy plants, if above-ground part is used as a above-ground part is used as a

materialmaterial determine the number of plants on the determine the number of plants on the registered parts (registration plots) registered parts (registration plots) ;;

weighed phytomass plant material weighed phytomass plant material from each registration plotsfrom each registration plots;;

calculate the calculate the productivity (productivity (yieldyield) as ) as multiplicationmultiplication average phytomass on average phytomass on average number of plants on the average number of plants on the registered parts registered parts

The methods model (modeling) The methods model (modeling) specimensspecimens

The method of model (modeling) The method of model (modeling)

specimens is used for productivity specimens is used for productivity determination of underground parts or large determination of underground parts or large plants, when are needed registered parts plants, when are needed registered parts (registration plots) of larger sizes (registration plots) of larger sizes

For Determination of productivity by this For Determination of productivity by this method it is necessary to have two method it is necessary to have two parameters: parameters:

A)A) Average number of specimens in a section Average number of specimens in a section of the areaof the area

B)B) Average weight of plant material from one Average weight of plant material from one modeling specimen.modeling specimen.

Determination of specimen numbers is better Determination of specimen numbers is better for carrying out on areas through the certain for carrying out on areas through the certain number of meters. Depending on the sizes of number of meters. Depending on the sizes of a thricket, density of distribution and the a thricket, density of distribution and the length of specimen’s parts there can be 20, length of specimen’s parts there can be 20, 50 and 100 meters. The number of sections 50 and 100 meters. The number of sections within the route should be about 25-40, and within the route should be about 25-40, and their width of 1-2 m.their width of 1-2 m.

Should be selected on each section 1-2 Should be selected on each section 1-2 specimens, weighed, and calculated the specimens, weighed, and calculated the average weight of plant material of one average weight of plant material of one model specimen. Count also the amount of model specimen. Count also the amount of specimens on each section and the average specimens on each section and the average number of specimens.number of specimens.

Productivity is calculated Productivity is calculated by multiplying of an by multiplying of an average number of average number of specimens within a specimens within a section on average section on average weight of one model weight of one model specimen.specimen.

The methods projective coveringThe methods projective covering

It is necessary to determine It is necessary to determine two numbers: two numbers:

average covering of a herb within the average covering of a herb within the thricket and the 1% covering average thricket and the 1% covering average value (weight of the material from 1 % value (weight of the material from 1 % percent of a projective covering).percent of a projective covering).

Productivity is calculated by multiplying Productivity is calculated by multiplying of an average projective covering on of an average projective covering on the 1% covering average value.the 1% covering average value.

Determine projective covering by Determine projective covering by means of a square - grid. Within each means of a square - grid. Within each overlaying square grid through some overlaying square grid through some meters, determine percent of a meters, determine percent of a covered area by the examined plant covered area by the examined plant species. Cut off and weigh also the species. Cut off and weigh also the plant samples from the 1 dm² area of plant samples from the 1 dm² area of covering and determine the 1% covering and determine the 1% covering average value.covering average value.

Indicate symbol of plantsIndicate symbol of plants

indicate digital numbers of indicate digital numbers of brushwood by summary information brushwood by summary information of the area and magnitude of of the area and magnitude of operating (exploitable reserve) operating (exploitable reserve) reservereserve

Mapping brushwoodMapping brushwood

16,0

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Fourth step:Fourth step: preparation of preparation of

accounting documentsaccounting documents

Inventory sheet of a Inventory sheet of a brushwoodbrushwood must include must include

information about:information about:1.1. № № of brushwoodof brushwood

2.2. Geographical placeGeographical place

3.3. Type of plan communityType of plan community

4.4. Area of brushwoodArea of brushwood

5.5. № № of registration groupsof registration groups

6.6. operating (exploitable reserve) reserveoperating (exploitable reserve) reserve

7.7. Possible volume of annual collectionPossible volume of annual collection

Detemine possible volume of Detemine possible volume of annual collectionannual collection::

A volume of possible year harvesting is equal to:

Exploitative stocks / years, needed to restore+1

Exploitative stocks of material comprise the amount of MPM, which

may be harvested within one exploitation period of a brushwood

(overgrowth).

But every-year harvesting at the same But every-year harvesting at the same area is possible for plants, those fruits area is possible for plants, those fruits are used. In other cases there is a need are used. In other cases there is a need to know, during what time (years) after to know, during what time (years) after harvesting the given area restores the harvesting the given area restores the primary material stocks.primary material stocks.

The periodicy of harvestingThe periodicy of harvesting for for inflorescences and above-ground parts inflorescences and above-ground parts of annual plants is once a two years, for of annual plants is once a two years, for above-ground parts (herbs) of above-ground parts (herbs) of perennials is once a 4-6 years, for perennials is once a 4-6 years, for underground parts is once a 15-20 underground parts is once a 15-20 yearsyears