Lecture 1

1. Introduction

2. Basic Security Concepts

CSCE 522 - Farkas 2Lecture 1

Class Information

Class Homepage: http://www.cse.sc.edu/~farkas/csce522-2013/csce522.htm

Instructor: Csilla Farkas Office: Swearingen 3A43 Office Hours: M, W 2:30-3:30 pm or electronically any

time or by appointment E-mail: farkas@cec.sc.edu

Text Books

Charles P. Pfleeger and Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, Security in Computing (4th Edition) (Hardcover), Prentice Hall PTR; 4 edition (October 23, 2006), ISBN-10: 0132390779

Handouts

CSCE 522 - Farkas 3Lecture 1

CSCE 522 - Farkas 4Lecture 1

Course Objective

Understanding of Information Security Industry + Academics Managerial + Technical DEFENSE!

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE Week 1 Basic security concepts Week 2 Cryptography, Secret Key Week 3 Cryptography, Public Key Week 4 Identification and Authentication, key-distribution centers, Kerberos Week 5 Security Policies -- Discretionary Access Control, Mandatory Access Control Week 6 Access control -- Role-Based, Provisional, and Logic-Based Access Control Week 7 The Inference Problem Week 8 EXAM 1

Network and Internet Security, E-mail security, User Safety Week 9 Program Security -- Viruses, Worms, etc. Week 10 Firewalls Week 11 Intrusion Detection, Fault tolerance and recovery Week 12 Information Warfare Week 13 Security Administration, Economic impact of cyber attacks Week 14 Presentations Week 15 Presentations DECEMBER 13 (Friday), 12:30 PM -- FINAL EXAM

CSCE 522 - Farkas 5Lecture 1

Assignments

Research project: there will be a group (2-4 students) research project and the students must present their results to the class in the last two weeks of the semester.

Homework: there will be several homework assignments during the semester. Homework should be individual work! There will be a late submission penalty of 4%/day after the due date. (You can always turn it in early.)

Exams: two closed book tests will cover the course material. Final exam is accumulative.

CSCE 522 - Farkas 6Lecture 1

Grading

Test 1: 25%, Test 2: 35%, Homework: 20%, Research project: 20%

Total score that can be achieved: 100 Final grade: 90 < A , 87 < B+ <=90, 80 < B

<= 87, 75 < C+ <= 80, 65 < C <= 75, 60 < D+ <= 65, 50 < D <= 60, F <= 50 Graduate students must perform additional

assignments to receive full credit.

CSCE 522 - Farkas 7Lecture 1

CSCE 522 - Farkas 8Lecture 1

Reading Assignment

Reading assignments for this class: Pfleeger: Ch 1

Reading assignments for lecture 2: Pfleeger: Ch 2

CSCE 522 - Farkas 9Lecture 1

Attack Sophistication vs.Intruder Technical Knowledge

High

Low

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

password guessing

self-replicating code

password cracking

exploiting known vulnerabilities

disabling audits

back doors

hijacking sessions

sweepers

sniffers

packet spoofing

GUIautomated probes/scans

denial of service

www attacks

Tools

Attackers

IntruderKnowledge

AttackSophistication

“stealth” / advanced scanning techniques

burglaries

network mgmt. diagnostics

distributedattack tools

Cross site scripting

Stagedattack

Copyright: CERT, 2000

CSCE 522 - Farkas 10Lecture 1

Security Objectives

Confidentiality: prevent/detect/deter improper disclosure of information

Integrity: prevent/detect/deter improper modification of information

Availability: prevent/detect/deter improper denial of access to services

CSCE 522 - Farkas 11Lecture 1

Military Example

Confidentiality: target coordinates of a missile should not be improperly disclosed

Integrity: target coordinates of missile should be correct

Availability: missile should fire when proper command is issued

CSCE 522 - Farkas 12Lecture 1

Commercial Example

Confidentiality: patient’s medical information should not be improperly disclosed

Integrity: patient’s medical information should be correct

Availability: patient’s medical information can be accessed when needed for treatment

CSCE 522 - Farkas 13Lecture 1

Fourth Objective

Securing computing resources: prevent/detect/deter improper use of computing resourcesHardwareSoftwareDataNetwork

What is the trade off between the security objectives?

CSCE 522 - Farkas 14Lecture 1

CSCE 522 - Farkas 15Lecture 1

Achieving Security

PolicyWhat to protect?

MechanismHow to protect?

AssuranceHow good is the protection?

CSCE 522 - Farkas 16Lecture 1

Security Policy

Organizational Policy

Computerized Information SystemPolicy

Why do we need to fit the security policy into the organizational policy?

CSCE 522 - Farkas 17Lecture 1

CSCE 522 - Farkas 18Lecture 1

Security Mechanism

Prevention Detection Tolerance/Recovery

CSCE 522 - Farkas 19Lecture 1

Security by Obscurity

Hide inner working of the system

Bad idea! Vendor independent open standard Widespread computer knowledge

CSCE 522 - Farkas 20Lecture 1

Security by Legislation

• Instruct users how to behave• Not good enough!

Important Only enhance security Targets only some of the security problems

CSCE 522 - Farkas 21Lecture 1

Security Tradeoffs

COST

Security Functionality

Ease of Use

CSCE 522 - Farkas 22Lecture 1

Threat, Vulnerability, Risk

Threat: potential occurrence that can have an undesired effect on the system

Vulnerability: characteristics of the system that makes is possible for a threat to potentially occur

Attack: action of malicious intruder that exploits vulnerabilities of the system to cause a threat to occur

Risk: measure of the possibility of security breaches and severity of the damage

Distinguish among vulnerability, threat, and control (protection).

CSCE 522 - Farkas 23Lecture 1

CSCE 522 - Farkas 24Lecture 1

Types of Threats (1)

Errors of users

Natural/man-made/machine disasters

Dishonest insider

Disgruntled insider

Outsiders

CSCE 522 - Farkas 25Lecture 1

Types of Threats (2)

Disclosure threat – dissemination of unauthorized information

Integrity threat – incorrect modification of information

Denial of service threat – access to a system resource is blocked

CSCE 522 - Farkas 26Lecture 1

Types of Attacks (1)

Interruption – an asset is destroyed, unavailable or unusable (availability)

Interception – unauthorized party gains access to an asset (confidentiality)

Modification – unauthorized party tampers with asset (integrity)

Fabrication – unauthorized party inserts counterfeit object into the system (authenticity)

Denial – person denies taking an action (authenticity)

CSCE 522 - Farkas 27Lecture 1

Types of Attacks (2) Passive attacks:

Eavesdropping Monitoring

Active attacks: Masquerade – one entity pretends to be a

different entity Replay – passive capture of information and its

retransmission Modification of messages – legitimate message

is altered Denial of service – prevents normal use of

resources

CSCE 522 - Farkas 28Lecture 1

Computer Crime

Any crime that involves computers or aided by the use of computers

U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation: reports uniform crime statistics

Malicious Attacks

Method: skills, knowledge, tools, information, etc.

Opportunity: time and access

Motive: reason to perform the action

How can defense influence these aspects of attacks?

CSCE 522 - Farkas 29Lecture 1

CSCE 522 - Farkas 30Lecture 1

Computer Criminals

Amateurs: regular users, who exploit the vulnerabilities of the computer system Motivation: easy access to vulnerable resources

Crackers: attempt to access computing facilities for which they do not have the authorization Motivation: enjoy challenge, curiosity

Career criminals: professionals who understand the computer system and its vulnerabilities Motivation: personal gain (e.g., financial)

CSCE 522 - Farkas 31Lecture 1

Methods of Defense

Prevent: block attack Deter: make the attack harder Deflect: make other targets more attractive Detect: identify misuse Tolerate: function under attack Recover: restore to correct state

CSCE 522 - Farkas 32Lecture 1

Information Security Planning

Organization Analysis Risk management Mitigation approaches and their costs Security policy Implementation and testing Security training and awareness

CSCE 522 - Farkas 33Lecture 1

Risk Management

CSCE 522 - Farkas 34Lecture 1

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

RISKRISK

Threats

Vulnerabilities Consequences

CSCE 522 - Farkas 35Lecture 1

Real Cost of Cyber AttackReal Cost of Cyber Attack

Damage of the target may not reflect the real amount of damage

Services may rely on the attacked service, causing a cascading and escalating damage

Need: support for decision makers to – Evaluate risk and consequences of cyber

attacks– Support methods to prevent, deter, and

mitigate consequences of attacks

CSCE 522 - Farkas 36Lecture 1

Risk Management Framework(Business Context)

Understand BusinessContext

Identify Business and Technical Risks

Synthesize and RankRisks

Define RiskMitigation Strategy

Carry Out Fixesand Validate

Measurement and Reporting

CSCE 522 - Farkas 37Lecture 1

Risk Acceptance

Certification How well the system meet the security

requirements (technical)

Accreditation Management’s approval of automated

system (administrative)

CSCE 522 - Farkas 38Lecture 1

Next Class

Cryptography

The science and study of secret writing