Lecture 1Lecture 1

HISTORY OF MEDICINE AS A SCIENCEHISTORY OF MEDICINE AS A SCIENCEAND SUBJECT OF TEACHING. AND SUBJECT OF TEACHING.

MEDICINEMEDICINEOF PRIMITIVE COMMUNION SYSTEMOF PRIMITIVE COMMUNION SYSTEM

Why do we begin to study from Why do we begin to study from history? history? • History of our profession is part of human practice, History of our profession is part of human practice,

experience and supervisions, which is named a experience and supervisions, which is named a culture. Medicine and pharmacy are old sciences. culture. Medicine and pharmacy are old sciences.

• History of medicine and pharmacy is history of History of medicine and pharmacy is history of accumulation of experience for prophylaxis and accumulation of experience for prophylaxis and treatment of illnesses of humanity and animals, which treatment of illnesses of humanity and animals, which is directed on a search and perfection of medications is directed on a search and perfection of medications for a fight against illnesses, history of forming, for a fight against illnesses, history of forming, becoming, development and functioning of pharmacy becoming, development and functioning of pharmacy business.business.

History of medicine and pharmacy is one of History of medicine and pharmacy is one of sections of culture of humanity.sections of culture of humanity.

It examines the complex It examines the complex of knowledge’s about of knowledge’s about creation of medications, creation of medications, by development of by development of enterprises of enterprises of pharmacies. History pharmacies. History helps correctly to helps correctly to understand the modern understand the modern level of pharmacy and level of pharmacy and foresee the prospects of foresee the prospects of its development.its development.

The sources of a history of medicine.The sources of a history of medicine.1. Written sources1. Written sources - the contents, which are transmitted with the - the contents, which are transmitted with the

help of, plot signs (manuscripts, printed sources, papyrus, help of, plot signs (manuscripts, printed sources, papyrus, ceramics and other).ceramics and other).

2. Ware sources - most miscellaneous under the shape (instru 2. Ware sources - most miscellaneous under the shape (instru ments of a transactions, monuments, oddments of the people, ments of a transactions, monuments, oddments of the people, medals, coins).medals, coins).

3. The ethnographic sources - phenomena of cultural life, are 3. The ethnographic sources - phenomena of cultural life, are transmitted from breed for breed (solemnities, custom, songs, transmitted from breed for breed (solemnities, custom, songs, retellings).retellings).

4. A way of life modern tribes, which lived in the past epoch.4. A way of life modern tribes, which lived in the past epoch.5. Photo and films - static and dynamic documents.5. Photo and films - static and dynamic documents.6. The phonodocuments- image the acoustical side of historical 6. The phonodocuments- image the acoustical side of historical

events.events.

The origin of the word "pharmacy" is generally ascribed The origin of the word "pharmacy" is generally ascribed to the Greek pharmakon ("remedy").to the Greek pharmakon ("remedy").

• It has been suggested that there is a connection with the It has been suggested that there is a connection with the egyptian term ph-ar-maki ("bestower of security"), which the egyptian term ph-ar-maki ("bestower of security"), which the god Thoth, patron of physicians, conferred as approbation on a god Thoth, patron of physicians, conferred as approbation on a ferryman who had managed a safe crossing. ferryman who had managed a safe crossing.

• The notion of an Egyptian origin has a certain romantic The notion of an Egyptian origin has a certain romantic appeal, but in all likelihood the word "pharmacy" and its many appeal, but in all likelihood the word "pharmacy" and its many cognates derive, like so many other scientific terms, from the cognates derive, like so many other scientific terms, from the Greek. Greek.

1.1. The art of preparing and dispensing drugs. The art of preparing and dispensing drugs. 2.2. A place where drugs are sold; a drugstore. In this sense, also A place where drugs are sold; a drugstore. In this sense, also

called apothecary. called apothecary.

ApothecaryApothecary is an historical name for a medical is an historical name for a medical practitioner who formulates and dispenses materia practitioner who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons and patients — a role medica to physicians, surgeons and patients — a role now served by a now served by a pharmacistpharmacist..• In addition to pharmacy the In addition to pharmacy the

apothecary also offered general apothecary also offered general medical advice and a range of medical advice and a range of services that are now performed services that are now performed solely by other specialist solely by other specialist practitioners, such as surgery practitioners, such as surgery and and midwiferymidwifery. Apothecaries . Apothecaries often operated through a retail often operated through a retail shop, which in addition to shop, which in addition to ingredients for medicines, ingredients for medicines, would also sell would also sell tobaccotobacco and and patent medicinespatent medicines..

From the 15th century the apothecary gained the status of a skilled practitioner, but by the end of the 19th century the medical professions had taken on their current institutional form, with defined roles for physicians and surgeons, and the role of the

apothecary was more narrowly conceived as that of dispensing pharmacist.

In England, the apothecaries merited their own livery company, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, founded in 1617. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain when she passed the Society's examination in 1865.

Apothecaries used the now obsolete apothecaries' measure to provide precise weighing of small quantities.

Emblem of medicine and pharmacy

The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle and the (℞ recipe) character,

which is often written as "rx" in typed text.

Mortar and pestle Recipe symbol

Emblem of medicine and pharmacy• Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the

Bowl of Hygieia. • Representing a snake in different combinations has old history. In

primitive society, on his first stage of development, group of people represented animals – bears, wolves, birds and snakes as a totem.

• In Babylon thought that a snake is a “child of goddess of Earth”, in Egypt named the snake of “life of earth”, about a snake other people had similar imagination. From old times a snake symbolized good,

wisdom and knowledge.

Emblem of medicine and pharmacy

• Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cross in France and the United Kingdom, the increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands, and a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke, the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary').

Pharmacopoeia• is a book containing

directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.

The earliest pharmacopoeia books were written by Muslim The earliest pharmacopoeia books were written by Muslim physicians. These included Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th physicians. These included Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century, Ibn Baytar in the 14th century,and Ibn Zuhr in 1491.century, Ibn Baytar in the 14th century,and Ibn Zuhr in 1491.

The first work of the kind published under government The first work of the kind published under government authority appears to have been that of Nuremberg in 1542; a authority appears to have been that of Nuremberg in 1542; a passing student named Valerius Cordus showed a collection of passing student named Valerius Cordus showed a collection of medical receipts, which he had selected from the writings of medical receipts, which he had selected from the writings of the most eminent medical authorities, to the physicians of the the most eminent medical authorities, to the physicians of the town, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the town, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the apothecaries, and obtained for his work the sanction of the apothecaries, and obtained for his work the sanction of the senatus.senatus.

An earlier work, known as the An earlier work, known as the Antidotarium FlorentinumAntidotarium Florentinum, had , had been published under the authority of the college of medicine been published under the authority of the college of medicine of Florence.of Florence.

The term The term pharmacopoeiapharmacopoeia first appears as a distinct title in a first appears as a distinct title in a work published at Basel in 1561 by Dr A. Foes, but does not work published at Basel in 1561 by Dr A. Foes, but does not appear to have come into general use until the beginning of the appear to have come into general use until the beginning of the 17th century.17th century.

Medicine of the primitive communion Medicine of the primitive communion system order.system order.• Medicine is to historical timesMedicine is to historical times hugs a hugs a

period from the Paleozoic era (600 million period from the Paleozoic era (600 million years BC) to opening of calendar and letter years BC) to opening of calendar and letter (4000 BC). (4000 BC).

• In development of man marks two critical In development of man marks two critical moments. moments.

• First is beginning of labour activity, second First is beginning of labour activity, second transformation of ancient man on the man transformation of ancient man on the man of modern type (40000-45000 BC). of modern type (40000-45000 BC).

The heavy terms of existence The heavy terms of existence and getting of meal were and getting of meal were instrumental in the origin of instrumental in the origin of diseases.diseases.• Pharmacy, as well as all medicine, arose Pharmacy, as well as all medicine, arose

out of desire sick to save the life and out of desire sick to save the life and facilitate sufferings, loosen pain by the facilitate sufferings, loosen pain by the use of matters which surround him. use of matters which surround him.

• Using different herbages, a man marked Using different herbages, a man marked their medical or poisonous properties.their medical or poisonous properties.

People of the Paleolithic period were People of the Paleolithic period were interested in the flora around them to interested in the flora around them to engrave a variety of plants, bones and deer engrave a variety of plants, bones and deer antlers. antlers. • The use of herbs as healing agents predates recorded history. The use of herbs as healing agents predates recorded history.

Investigation of a 60,000 year old Palaeolithic grave site in Investigation of a 60,000 year old Palaeolithic grave site in Shanidar, Northern Iraq, yielded pollen samples of no less than Shanidar, Northern Iraq, yielded pollen samples of no less than eight different genera of flowering plants. Many of the species eight different genera of flowering plants. Many of the species were still official in various pharmacopeias until the mid were still official in various pharmacopeias until the mid 1930's. Therefore to say that 'herbs are the mother of all 1930's. Therefore to say that 'herbs are the mother of all medicine', would not be unreasonable. Herbal therapeutics is a medicine', would not be unreasonable. Herbal therapeutics is a broad term that covers all those systems of medicine in which broad term that covers all those systems of medicine in which herbs or their derivatives form an essential part of the therapy, herbs or their derivatives form an essential part of the therapy, e.g.e.g.

• With development hunt appeared remedies of animal origin fat, With development hunt appeared remedies of animal origin fat, blood, marrow. The matters of medical origin appear also and blood, marrow. The matters of medical origin appear also and above all things as mineral waters.above all things as mineral waters.

• Prehistoric skulls found in Europe and South America indicate that Neolithic man was already able to trephine, or remove disks of bone from, the skull successfully, but whether this delicate operation was performed to release evil spirits or as a surgical procedure is not known. Empirical medicine developed in ancient Egypt, and involved the use of many potent drugs still in use today, such as castor oil, senna, opium, colchicine, and mercury. In spite of their skill in embalming, however, the Egyptians had little knowledge of anatomy.