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Cell BiologyBi0 222

 Dr Mona Ali Mohamed 

Ph.D in Molecular Ecology 

 MSc.in Entomology 

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Course Description:

History of cell biology

Cell theory

Cell environment Relationship between cell and other biological

fields.

Types and structures of cell Differences between virus and cell

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Plasma membrane: Structure and Function

Cytoskeleton

Organelles (Structure and Function) Movement and its machineries

Embryonic development

Cell differentiation

Course Description:

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IntroductionIntroduction

Cell theory and the cellCell theory and the cell All animals consist of   certain structur al units

A ter m cell was used by Robert Hook in1665

Cells are the fundamental units of  life.

The concept that the cell is the basic unit of  life is known as the cell theor y, (Schlieden), thus he is regarded as the founder  of  the cell theor y

Anton von Leeuwenhoek was f irst to obser ve one celled living things. Examples of  these were bacter iaand par amecium. He invented the compound microscope in 1591

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Cell are divided into two main classes:Cell are divided into two main classes:

Prokar yotic cells: lacks a nuclear  envelope, smaller and simpler  thaneukar yotic cells, absence of nucleus, their  

genomes are less complex, they do not contain cytoplasmic organelles or  cytoskeleton.

Eukar yotic cells: have a nucleus in which the genetic mater ial is separ ated from the cytoplasm.

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Biological chemistry of the cellBiological chemistry of the cell

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Biological chemistry of the cellBiological chemistry of the cellA-

types of molecules within the cells

1- Inorganic ions:

water , salts, acids and bases

2-Organic molecules (Macromolecules): lipids, proteins, nucleic acid, car bohydr ates

3- Organelles:

Mitochondr ia, Golgi appar atus, Nucleus

4- Vitamins and miner als

B- the structure and function of  each type

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 These constituents differ according to

Cell type & Cell function

Molecular  constituents of  cells.

(Biological Molecules)

 (Water)

(Nucleic acids)

(Proteins) (Lipids)

(Bases)

(Carbohydrate

s)

(Organic)

(Inorganic

)

(Acids)

(Salts)

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 water water

Str ictly hydrophobic molecules, including most lipids, do 

not mix well with water 

Some molecules have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

ends. Such molecules are said to be amphipathic. 

Amphipathic molecules make good emulsif iers because 

they can attr act both hydrophobic substances and 

hydrophilic substances to them.

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Water  in Biochemical Reactions

Water  plays an essential role in different functional activities such as digestion,

secretion, excretion, etc

Water is needed to breakdown car bohydr ates,

lipids and proteins dur ing digestion. The for mation of  large biological molecules fromsmaller building blocks releases water 

A cell makes a large number  of  polymers from a

small group of monomers Proteins are made from only 20 different amino 

acids, and DN A is built from just four  kinds of  nucleotides

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)Organic substances (Macromolecules

1- Car bohydr ates

2- Proteins

3- Lipids

4- Nucleic acids

The four  classes of biological molecules are often called macromolecules because of  their  large size

They are also called polymers because they are made from identical building blocks

The building blocks are called monomers

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LIPIDSLIPIDS

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Lipids

Simple lipids (f ats, tr iglycer ides): three f atty acids bonded to the C3 alcohol glycerol

Complex lipids: simple lipids that contain additional elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur , or  small hydrophilic organic compounds (e.g., sugars)

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Lipid categories

Lipids may be divided into the following categories: 

f atty acyls

Glycerophospholipids

sphingolipids  Neutr al f ats 

Plasmalogens

Steroids

Waxes

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Good Luck  Dr Mona