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8/12/2019 Lecture 1 intro to am modulation
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EE 324: Communication Systems
Dr. Himal A. Suraweera
Continuous Wave Modulation
The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information-bearing signals through a communication channel.
Figure: Basic Block Diagram of a Communication System
Transmitter (source):process the input signal to produce a transmittedsignal to match the characteristics of the channel
Channel: is the medium that connects the transmitter and the receiver
(destination)
Receiver:operates on the output signal of the channel and decodes the
signal to extract the message sent by the source
Information carrying signalsare referred to as baseband signals In general shifting of the range of frequencies of the basebandsignals are achieved using a process called modulation
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Modulation involves two wave forms:
A message signalo In the audio frequency range (2020,000 Hz). In AM broadcasting(1005000 Hz)
A carrier waveo In the US, commercial AM radio is broadcast on a carrier wave of520 kHz to 1710 kHz, while the FM band is 87.5 MHz to 108 MHz.
Why we need modulation?
There are several good reasons that we need to modulate baseband
signals as follows:
1. Modulation for Efficient Transmission Line-of-sight propagation requires transmit antennas whose physicaldimensions at least 1/10th of the signals wavelength
Figure: Wavelength of a sine wave
Examples:
Unmodulated audio signals down to 100 Hz require an antenna length of
300m!
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Submarine communications use very low frequencies (76 Hz in the US
and 82 Hz in Russia) a wavelength of 3,658.5 kms! Obviously, the usual
half-wavelengthdipole antenna cannot be constructed
On the other hand, at high frequencies better efficiency with reasonable
size antennas
2. Modulation to overcome Hardware limitationsCost and availability of hardware issues can be avoided. Modulation
permits a designer to place the signal in some frequencies to avoid
hardware limitations.
3. Modulation to reduce noise and interference A simple method to overcome noise effects is to increase the
signal power which is not desirable!
Wideband modulation techniques such as FM can suppress bothnoise and interference.
Therefore allows a designer to tradeoff between wideband widthto low power
4. Modulation for frequency assignmentObvious benefit of modulation is that it can be used for frequency
assignment
If there is no modulation, only one radio can transmit at a giventime in a given place!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antenna8/12/2019 Lecture 1 intro to am modulation
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In this course, we will study two types of continuous-wave modulation
systems:
1. Amplitude modulation
2. Angle modulation (phase modulation and frequency modulation)
Properties of sinusoidal waves
Figure: Sinusoids
1.Wavelength2.Frequency3.Amplitude4.Phase
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Figure: Illustration of AM and FM signals produced by a single sine
wave
Amplitude Modulation
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the sinusoidal carrier wave
is linearlyvaried according to the amplitude of baseband signal.
Let us consider a sinusiodal carrier defined by
According to the above definition we can represent the AM wave as a
function of time as follows:
is called the amplitude sensitivity(modulation index).
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In order for the envelope of the AM modulated signals(t) to have the
same shape as the message signal m(t):
1. The amplitude of must be always less than one.
Mathematically we have:
for all t
The condition is called overmodulationand results in
phase distortion (envelope can not be recovered)
Note: is referred to as the percentage modulation
2. The carrier frequency must be much larger than the message
bandwidth
The carrier oscillates more rapidly compared to the message signal and
hence m(t) can be visualized!
Exercise:Show that we can calculate using the following formula
given by
where and are the maximum and minimum positive voltages
of the AM modulated signal.
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Average transmitted power of the AM signal
Average transmitted power is given by
Now apply
to yield
Now, if the message has no dc value, i.e.,
and
we have
Now we re-express the above expression as:
with
= power of the unmodulated carrier
= power per sideband
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Due to the constraint we can further show that
Remark:At least 50% of the power of the AM signal resides in the
unmodulated carrier which does not convey any message signal
Example: A transmitter puts out a total power of 25 Watts of 30% AM
signal. How much power is contained in the carrier and each of thesidebands? (Assume that
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Figure: Illustration of % modulation effects on the amplitude
modulation
Frequency spectrum of the AM signal
We can find the Fourier transform of the AM signal to find the
frequency spectrum
How to obtain this expression?
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Fourier transform is a linear operator. Hence we have
Next we write
And employ the frequency translation property
to obtain the Fourier transform of the second term
as
Figure: Spectrum of the AM signal
(Adapted from Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th
Edition)
The spectrum consists of twoparts:
1. Carrier signal2. Message signal
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Remarks:
As a result of AM modulation, the spectrum of the message signalfor negative frequenciesW to 0 becomes completely visible in the
positive frequencies.
Hence the transmission bandwidth is given by
As a double check we see that:
Example: A 500 KHz carrier is amplitude modulated by an audio
signal which contains all frequencies in the range 300 Hz to 5 kHz.
(a)What are the frequency bands which are output?(b)What is the output bandwidth?(c)Draw the spectral diagram of these signals.
Limitations of AM modulation
Amplitude modulation is a wasteful of power! Amplitude modulation is a wasteful of bandwidth!We trade the system complexity for improved use of communication
resources.
E.g. we may use a fairly simple envelope detector for AM
demodulation
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References
[1] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th
Edition
[2] A. Bruce Carlson, Communication Systems, 4th
Edition