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CrystallographyCrystallography&&

MineralogyMineralogy

ByBAKHTIAR KADER AZIZ

Assistance professor

2010-2011

The First Semester

CrystallographyCrystallography

Subject 1: Introduction

Lecturer: Dr. Bakhtiar Q. Aziz

Objective: A brief review of the atoms and their behavior in the solid matters will

discuss to the students, also they learn some terms related with crystallography

science. Several slides will display to illustrate some nice natural crystal in nature

forming different rocks and mineral.

Scientific contents

1- Crystallography difinition .

2- Atom arrangements within the solid body.

3- Abundance of the Elements.

4- The stage of the matters.

References

1. Introduction to crystallography, 1996, Phillips.

2. Mjneralogy, 1997, Reynolds, J. M.

3. Petrology and mineralogy, 1996, Arabic version,

4. www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/states/crystals-ext.html

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Why we study Crystal?

Crystal make up Minerals

What is MINERALS?

Minerals are CrystalMinerals are Crystal

Spinel Fluorite

Garnet CALCITEQuartz

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Gold

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Diamond

SulfurWulfenite

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beryl

Topaz

Corundum

Crystals of grossularite garnet pyrope garnet

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Main Elements of AtomsMain Elements of Atoms

•• Electrons (E):Electrons (E):Electrons (E):Electrons (E):Electrons (E):Electrons (E):Electrons (E):Electrons (E):negative charge, very negative charge, very little masslittle mass

•• Protons (Z):Protons (Z):Protons (Z):Protons (Z):Protons (Z):Protons (Z):Protons (Z):Protons (Z): positive positive charge, mass charge, mass 1800 1800 times greater than times greater than electronelectron

•• Neutrons (N):Neutrons (N):Neutrons (N):Neutrons (N):Neutrons (N):Neutrons (N):Neutrons (N):Neutrons (N): no no electric charge, mass electric charge, mass 1800 1800 times greater times greater than electronthan electron

Matters in nature made up of atomsMatters in nature made up of atoms

Fig. 3.2

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure•• Negatively Negatively

charged charged electrons electrons surround the surround the nucleus.nucleus.

•• Nucleus contains ~mass of the Nucleus contains ~mass of the atomatom–– Protons Protons --positive chargepositive charge–– Neutrons Neutrons -- no charge, i.e., no charge, i.e.,

neutralneutral–– Quarks, and more…Quarks, and more…Electrons orbit Electrons orbit Electrons orbit Electrons orbit

in discrete in discrete in discrete in discrete shellsshellsshellsshells

- outer shell is most reactive

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Periodic table of the elementsPeriodic table of the elementsPeriodic table of the elementsPeriodic table of the elementsPeriodic table of the elementsPeriodic table of the elementsPeriodic table of the elementsPeriodic table of the elementsSimilar Similar Similar Similar propertiespropertiespropertiesproperties

Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing atomic numberatomic numberatomic numberatomic number& electrons in & electrons in & electrons in & electrons in

outer shell.outer shell.outer shell.outer shell.

Elements Elements Elements Elements lose lose lose lose

electrons electrons electrons electrons

Elements gain Elements gain Elements gain Elements gain electrons electrons electrons electrons

Inert Inert Inert Inert elementselementselementselements

CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth

Oxygen Oxygen (O)(O) 4646..3 3 %% 2929..55%%

Silicon Silicon (Si)(Si) 2828..22%% 1515..22%%

Aluminum Aluminum (Al)(Al) 88..22%% 11..11%%

Iron Iron (Fe)(Fe) 55..66%% 3434..66%%

Calcium Calcium (Ca)(Ca) 44..11%% 11..11%%

Sodium Sodium (Na)(Na) 22..44%% 00..66%%

Potassium Potassium (K)(K) 22..11%% 00..11%%

Magnesium Magnesium (Mg)(Mg) 22..33%% 1212..77%%

Titanium Titanium (Ti)(Ti) 00..55%% 00..11%%

Nickel Nickel (Ni)(Ni) tracetrace 22..44%%

All othersAll others tracetrace 22..66%%

Abundance of the Elements (wt. Abundance of the Elements (wt. %)%)

Others: Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C ), Sulfur (S), Mangenese (Mn)Lead (Pb), Uranium (U), Argon (Ar), Phosphorous (P), Zirconium

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IonsIons

•• When an atom loses or gains an electron When an atom loses or gains an electron When an atom loses or gains an electron When an atom loses or gains an electron When an atom loses or gains an electron When an atom loses or gains an electron When an atom loses or gains an electron When an atom loses or gains an electron to or from another atom it is called an to or from another atom it is called an to or from another atom it is called an to or from another atom it is called an to or from another atom it is called an to or from another atom it is called an to or from another atom it is called an to or from another atom it is called an ionionionionionionionion........

•• Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Positively charged ions (loss of electron) are called are called are called are called are called are called are called are called cationscationscationscationscationscationscationscations........

•• Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) are called are called are called are called are called are called are called are called anionsanionsanionsanionsanionsanionsanionsanions........

•• Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge = = = = = = = = 00000000):):):):):):):):

––> > > > > > > > Ionic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic Bonding

•• 9090909090909090% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds.

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding

Cation (+) Anion (-)

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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

- NaClNaClNaClNaCl- HaliteHaliteHaliteHalite- Table SaltTable SaltTable SaltTable Salt

Electron+

Proton + NeutronAtoms

CrystalAmorphous

Minerals

Rocks

Earth

How Crystals are formed?

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How are atoms arranged in solids??How are atoms arranged in solids??

3 phases or states of matter

1-Solid

2-Liquid

3-Gas

The solid state

Atoms in solids may be randomly positioned (as

in a liquid) – Amorphous Solids (e.g. glasses) or

Arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern within

the material – Crystalline Solids

The three stages of matters:

A- Gaseous stage:

1-Atoms have large energy

2- Freely moved

3- Chemical bonds between atoms are very week

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B- Liquid stage:

1-Atoms have less energy

2- Freely moved

3- Chemical bonds between atoms are week

C- Solid stage:

1-Atoms have very less energy

2- Not Freely moved (Stable)

3- Chemical bonds between atoms are very strong

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The solid matters have the following names:

1- Crystalline: Atoms arranged in three dimension

2- Semi-Crystalline: Atoms arranged in one or two dimension

One dimension

Two dimension

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3- Non-Crystalline: Atoms are not arranged

Crystalline Non-Crystalline