Rajdeep Chatterjee

Assistant Professor

School of Computer Engineering

KIIT University

“Necessity is the Mother of Invention”

- Plato (360 B.C.)

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

COMPUTER Commonly

Operating

Machine

Programming for

Trade

Education &

Research

- My Own Definition

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Generations First Generation (1942 – 1955)

Use of Vacuum Tube,

Larger in size and,

Slower in execution speed,

The MARK – I Computer (1937 - 1944)

The ENIAC (1943 – 1946)

The EDVAC (1946 - 1952)

The EDSAC (1947 – 1949)

The UNIVAC (1951)

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Generations Second Generation (1955 - 1964)

Use of Transistors over Vacuum Tubes,

Redued in size and

Enhancement of execution speed,

Large memory led to the development of high level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL.

e.g. IBM 7000

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Generations Third Generation (1964- 1975)

Silicon transistor replaced germanium transistor,

MSIC was developed,

FORTRAN IV and COBOL 68.

e.g. IBM PL/1

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Generations Fourth Generation – first phase (1975-1988)

LSIC and VLSIC were developed,

Low cost, high capacity secondary memory,

Computer cost came down,

IBM Personal Computer came with Intel 8008,

Microsoft developed MSDOS for PCs,

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Generations Fourth Generation - second phase (1985)

Unix OS became popular,

Later Intel and others came with high performance processors like Pentium,

High level language such as C, C++ and Java came,

PROLOG -- a logic oriented language was designed,

Continuing with modern day Core i3/5/7 processors,

Google developed Android platform for smart phones and hand-held devices.

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Generations Fifth Generation (1999)

It is supposed to perform much calculation using massive parallel processing. It aims to create an computer with supercomputer-like performance and to provide a platform for future developments in artificial intelligence.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Classification based on Computing

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Classification based on Chips

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Classification of Computer Desktop PC

Laptop PC

Hand held Device (ipad, galaxy tab)

Smart Phone

Workstation

Server

Mainframe Computer

Super Computer

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Organization Input Unit

Output Unit

Storage Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Organization

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Von Neumann Machine

Computer Hardware Key Board

Monitor

CPU

Secondary Storage

Primary Storage

Mother - board

Processor

Floppy Disk

CD – DVD RAM/ROM

Flash Drive

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Storage Devices Registers

Part of CPU.

Varies due to computer architectures.

e.g. HYPCOM has ACC, IR and PC.

Cache Memory L1 Cache

Fabricated as a part of CPU chip.

Data / Instruction Cache.

L2 Cache Slower than L1 Cache.

Larger than L1 but quite smaller than RAM.

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Storage Devices Primary Memory

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Basic Input Output System (BIOS) is stored here.

BIOS is responsible for ‘booting process’.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Volatile in nature.

CPU can only access to the RAM.

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Computer Storage Devices Secondary Memory

Large in size & cheap compared to RAM.

Flash Memory

EEPROM

Compact and non-volatile.

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Access speed & Storage Trade-off

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering

Processor (Registers)

Cache Memory

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

Faster Access Time Larger Storage Space

Questions ?

Rajdeep Chatterjee - Asst. Professor -School of Computer Engineering