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PROFESSIONALISMPROFESSIONALISM

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PROFESSIONALISMPROFESSIONALISM

PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALISM PROFESSIONALISM

Definitions, Relationships, Challenges Definitions, Relationships, Challenges PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS

What they do?What they do?

Professional vs Trade BodiesProfessional vs Trade Bodies

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DEFINITIONS: PROFESSIONDEFINITIONS: PROFESSION

Traditional definition:Traditional definition: ““an employment requiring some degree of an employment requiring some degree of

learning....a calling, habitual employment....the learning....a calling, habitual employment....the collective body of persons engaged in a profession” collective body of persons engaged in a profession”

More modern definition:More modern definition: ““a skilled occupation, a skilled occupation, within an organized within an organized

frameworkframework, , having an accepted body of knowledge, needing having an accepted body of knowledge, needing

structured training, requiring maintenance of structured training, requiring maintenance of skills, guided by a code of conduct” skills, guided by a code of conduct”

The collective body is usually established The collective body is usually established by law, controls entry to theby law, controls entry to the profession, profession, and is self-governingand is self-governing

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DEFINITIONS: PROFESSIONALISMDEFINITIONS: PROFESSIONALISM

Professionalism is seen to involve: Professionalism is seen to involve: currency of knowledge currency of knowledge disinterested provision of disinterested provision of

expertiseexpertise concern for the public good concern for the public good adherence to standards adherence to standards integrity and impartiality integrity and impartiality awareness of responsibilities awareness of responsibilities

(legal, technical, and ethical) (legal, technical, and ethical) in in dealing with clientsdealing with clients

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ISACA Code of Professional ISACA Code of Professional EthicsEthics

http://www.isaca.org/Certification/Code-of-Professional-Ethics/Pages/default.aspx

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NATURE OF THE PROFESSIONAL NATURE OF THE PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLIENTRELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLIENT

VIEWS THE CLIENT AS UNIQUE VIEWS THE CLIENT AS UNIQUE LISTENS TO THE STORY OF THE LISTENS TO THE STORY OF THE

INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUAL CLAIMS NO MONOPOLY OF KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS NO MONOPOLY OF KNOWLEDGE DOES NOT PURPORT TO DO WHAT DOES NOT PURPORT TO DO WHAT

HE/SHE CANNOT DO HE/SHE CANNOT DO CLIENT GOOD OUTWEIGHS ALL OTHER CLIENT GOOD OUTWEIGHS ALL OTHER

CONSIDERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS ABOVE ALL, IS TRUSTWORTHYABOVE ALL, IS TRUSTWORTHY

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Factors Affecting the Factors Affecting the RelationshipRelationship

Professional Client

COMMUNITY NORMS

WELL -BEING OF OTHER CLIENTS

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

PROFESSIONAL BODY CODES/ DISIPLINARY FRAMEWORK

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Factors Affecting the Factors Affecting the RelationshipRelationship

Professional Client

COMMUNITY NORMS

WELL -BEING OF OTHER CLIENTS

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

PROFESSIONAL BODY CODES/ DISIPLINARY FRAMEWORK

SW House ?

SW House ?

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GENERAL CHALLENGES TO GENERAL CHALLENGES TO THE CONCEPTTHE CONCEPT

““Professions are a conspiracy against the laity” G.B. Professions are a conspiracy against the laity” G.B. Shaw Shaw Critics of professions argue that: Critics of professions argue that:

they are simply “houses of trade”, pretending to operate for they are simply “houses of trade”, pretending to operate for the public good, and exercising monopoly the public good, and exercising monopoly

they have no inherent legitimacy, simply being the dominant they have no inherent legitimacy, simply being the dominant ideology of the moment ideology of the moment

growing complexity of knowledge undermines their claim to growing complexity of knowledge undermines their claim to expertise expertise

the relationship with the client is increasingly contractual the relationship with the client is increasingly contractual the relationship with the client has an imbalance of power the relationship with the client has an imbalance of power professionals cannot be trusted (they have their own agendas) professionals cannot be trusted (they have their own agendas)

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SPECIFIC CHALLENGES TO THE SPECIFIC CHALLENGES TO THE CONCEPT REGARDING CONCEPT REGARDING

COMPUTINGCOMPUTING Body of knowledge is not constant, nor “accepted” Body of knowledge is not constant, nor “accepted” There is lack of widespread commitment from There is lack of widespread commitment from

practitioners considered to be working at professional level practitioners considered to be working at professional level (estimated that about 20%are members of a professional (estimated that about 20%are members of a professional body) body)

Many professionals, although developing computer-based Many professionals, although developing computer-based systems, remain in their original professional body systems, remain in their original professional body

Increasing availability of end-user development tools Increasing availability of end-user development tools Increased amount of contracting out on a purely Increased amount of contracting out on a purely

commercial basis commercial basis Accelerating rate of change Accelerating rate of change Industry is young compared to those of the established Industry is young compared to those of the established

professional bodiesprofessional bodies

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WHAT DOES A PROFESSIONAL WHAT DOES A PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTION / BODY DO?INSTITUTION / BODY DO?

Advances and disseminates knowledge Advances and disseminates knowledge Sets standards for education and training Sets standards for education and training Monitors professional conduct Monitors professional conduct Recognizes achievement Recognizes achievement Represents the profession on issues of Represents the profession on issues of

importance importance Offers members opportunities to meet and Offers members opportunities to meet and

share experiences share experiences Provides services for membersProvides services for members

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Professional BodiesProfessional Bodies

International: IEEE, ISACA, PMI, AMA, International: IEEE, ISACA, PMI, AMA, Pakistan: ICA, ICMA, IBP, PMDC, CPS, Pakistan: ICA, ICMA, IBP, PMDC, CPS,

PEC, CSPPEC, CSP Pakistan Medical and Dental CouncilPakistan Medical and Dental Council Pakistan Nursing CouncilPakistan Nursing Council Pakistan Pharmacists SocietyPakistan Pharmacists Society Management Association of Pakistan MAP Management Association of Pakistan MAP

http://www.mappk.org/http://www.mappk.org/

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Professional BodiesProfessional Bodies

Professional Development Schemes, Professional Development Schemes, ExaminationsExaminations

British Computer SocietyBritish Computer Society

www.bcs.org.uk www.bcs.org.uk

Computer Society of PakistanComputer Society of Pakistan

http://csp.org.pk/CSPSITE/http://csp.org.pk/CSPSITE/

Australian Computer SocietyAustralian Computer Society

http://www.acs.org.au/http://www.acs.org.au/

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WHAT IS THE BRITISH WHAT IS THE BRITISH COMPUTER SOCIETY (BCS)?COMPUTER SOCIETY (BCS)?

Chartered Institute for Information Systems Chartered Institute for Information Systems Engineering Engineering

Awards AMBCS or MBCS Awards AMBCS or MBCS 33,000+ members from all occupational areas, with a UK 33,000+ members from all occupational areas, with a UK

network of branches and special interest groups (50+) network of branches and special interest groups (50+) National representation on government committees National representation on government committees International network - IFIP, CEPIS International network - IFIP, CEPIS A committee structure which sets and maintains A committee structure which sets and maintains

technical and professional standards, influences technical and professional standards, influences education and training, and helps members keep abreast education and training, and helps members keep abreast of current developments of current developments

Also Fellow, Graduate and Companion membership Also Fellow, Graduate and Companion membership gradesgrades

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THE BCS AND PROFESSIONAL THE BCS AND PROFESSIONAL FORMATIONFORMATION

The BCS is the professional body for Information Systems The BCS is the professional body for Information Systems ENGINEERS ENGINEERS

It is one of the nominated bodies of the Engineering Council It is one of the nominated bodies of the Engineering Council

The Engineering Council maintains the registers in the UK of The Engineering Council maintains the registers in the UK of Chartered Engineers (CEng) and Incorporated Engineers Chartered Engineers (CEng) and Incorporated Engineers (IEng) (IEng)

The route to CEng is known as Professional Formation and The route to CEng is known as Professional Formation and consists of: consists of:

Completion of the BCS examination or an accredited first degree Completion of the BCS examination or an accredited first degree (will be an MEng or a BA/BSc with further study) (will be an MEng or a BA/BSc with further study)

Professional Training Professional Training

Responsible Experience Responsible Experience

The BCS accredits degrees and offers a Professional The BCS accredits degrees and offers a Professional Development Scheme (PDS) to cover the latter two Development Scheme (PDS) to cover the latter two stagesstages

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BCS EXAMINATIONSBCS EXAMINATIONS

Three elements Three elements Part I Part I

Part II Part II

Professional Project Professional Project

Part I is at HND level, emphasizes breadth (2 Part I is at HND level, emphasizes breadth (2 general papers + 2 options out of 7) general papers + 2 options out of 7)

Part II is at Honors Degree level, emphasizes Part II is at Honors Degree level, emphasizes depth (2 papers on main option and 1 paper on a depth (2 papers on main option and 1 paper on a subsidiary option) subsidiary option)

The Professional Project is concerned with The Professional Project is concerned with demonstrating a practical engineering approach demonstrating a practical engineering approach to technical problem solving in Information to technical problem solving in Information Systems Engineering Systems Engineering

The accreditation of degrees involves assuring the The accreditation of degrees involves assuring the BCS that the requirements of breadth, depth and BCS that the requirements of breadth, depth and practical problem solving are coveredpractical problem solving are covered

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BCS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT BCS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (PDS)SCHEME (PDS)

Has been running for 8 years Has been running for 8 years Used by 100+ larger organizations Used by 100+ larger organizations Provides a structured way of recording Provides a structured way of recording

achievements (especially professional updating) achievements (especially professional updating) through documentation owned by participant through documentation owned by participant

Related to external performance standards Related to external performance standards developed as the Industry Structure Model (now developed as the Industry Structure Model (now Europe- wide through the EISS - European Europe- wide through the EISS - European Informatics Skills Structure) Informatics Skills Structure)

Involves validation and inspection by trained Involves validation and inspection by trained and qualified personsand qualified persons

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BCS INDUSTRY BCS INDUSTRY STRUCTURE MODELSTRUCTURE MODEL

ISM3ISM3

What is it?First published in 1996. The industry structure model is recognized worldwide as the definitive set of performance standard for information system practitioners

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BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 1OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 1

““Accredited courses are expected to foster professionalism. Accredited courses are expected to foster professionalism. Examples ... might be manifested in: Examples ... might be manifested in:

professional standards of analysis, design and documentation professional standards of analysis, design and documentation attention to testing, reliability and quality assurance attention to testing, reliability and quality assurance awareness of the legal obligations of the computer awareness of the legal obligations of the computer

professional professional acceptance of responsibility for work which affects the public acceptance of responsibility for work which affects the public

well-being well-being understanding of the social and ethical implications of understanding of the social and ethical implications of

Information Systems Engineering, and of appropriate Information Systems Engineering, and of appropriate professional codes of conduct. professional codes of conduct.

The course should give students an awareness of external The course should give students an awareness of external factors which may affect the work of the computer factors which may affect the work of the computer professional.”professional.”

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BCS EXPECTED BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OF KNOWLEDGE OF

PROFESSIONAL ISSUES -PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 22 Professional Bodies Professional Bodies

History and evolution of professions, role of engineering History and evolution of professions, role of engineering institutions, typical structure, organization and functions institutions, typical structure, organization and functions of a professional body, constitutional powers and legal of a professional body, constitutional powers and legal status, statutory and regulatory functions, professional status, statutory and regulatory functions, professional standards, disciplinary powers. standards, disciplinary powers.

The role of the Professional The role of the Professional Duties to client and employer, duties to the public, Duties to client and employer, duties to the public,

private practice vs. employment, professional private practice vs. employment, professional responsibilities to fellow professionals, especially to responsibilities to fellow professionals, especially to guide, support and develop junior staff within the areas guide, support and develop junior staff within the areas of competence, participation in activities of the of competence, participation in activities of the professional body, involvement in continuing professional body, involvement in continuing education/professional development. education/professional development.

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BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 3OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUES - 3

Professional Competence Professional Competence Methodologies for systems design, Methodologies for systems design,

including use of software tools, including use of software tools, appreciation of risk analysis and appreciation of risk analysis and techniques for security, prevention of techniques for security, prevention of systems failures and disaster recovery, systems failures and disaster recovery, prevention and detection of computer prevention and detection of computer misuse, quality assurance measures, misuse, quality assurance measures, documentation standards, project documentation standards, project management, human relationships and management, human relationships and change management.”change management.”

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BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE BCS EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE OF RELEVANT LEGISLATIONOF RELEVANT LEGISLATION

““To include reference to (in some cases To include reference to (in some cases detailed discussion of) among others: detailed discussion of) among others:

Companies Act, Public Liability, Employee Companies Act, Public Liability, Employee Liability, Trade Secrets and the Registered Liability, Trade Secrets and the Registered Design Act, Consumer Protection, Finance Design Act, Consumer Protection, Finance Acts, Data Transmission and Security Acts, Data Transmission and Security legislation legislation

Copyright and Patent Law Copyright and Patent Law Data Protection Acts 1984 and 1998 Data Protection Acts 1984 and 1998 Computer Misuse Act 1990 Computer Misuse Act 1990 Health and Safety and Industrial Relations Health and Safety and Industrial Relations

and Employment legislation” and Employment legislation”

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Do some research on Do some research on these sitesthese sites

http://www.ppra.org.pk/http://www.ppra.org.pk/ Procurement lawsProcurement laws

www.secp.gov.pk/corporatelaws/pdf/www.secp.gov.pk/corporatelaws/pdf/1997.pdf1997.pdf CDC Act 1997CDC Act 1997

www.www.pakistanlawpakistanlaw.com/copysoft.htm.com/copysoft.htm Copyright ActCopyright Act

//www.labourunity.org/labourlaws.htm//www.labourunity.org/labourlaws.htm Labour lawsLabour laws