Lecture №1Lecture №1

Role of science in modern Role of science in modern society.society.

Science - a sphere of human Science - a sphere of human activity, aimed at developing activity, aimed at developing new knowledge about nature, new knowledge about nature,

society and thought. society and thought.

The term "science" includes The term "science" includes both activities aimed at both activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge, and obtaining new knowledge, and the result of this activity - the the result of this activity - the amount of acquired scientific amount of acquired scientific knowledge, which is the basis of knowledge, which is the basis of scientific understanding of the scientific understanding of the world. Science is understood as world. Science is understood as a form of human consciousness. a form of human consciousness. The term "science" used to The term "science" used to name specific areas of scientific name specific areas of scientific knowledge. knowledge.

Principles of operation and Principles of operation and development of science, development of science, structure and dynamics of structure and dynamics of scientific knowledge and scientific knowledge and scientific activities, interaction scientific activities, interaction with other social science with other social science institutions and spheres of institutions and spheres of material and spiritual life of material and spiritual life of society is studying special society is studying special discipline - Science of science.discipline - Science of science.

One of the main tasks of Science One of the main tasks of Science of science is to develop a of science is to develop a classification of science, which classification of science, which determines the location of each determines the location of each science in the common system of science in the common system of scientific knowledge, the scientific knowledge, the connection of all sciences. The connection of all sciences. The most common is the distribution most common is the distribution of all sciences to the science of of all sciences to the science of nature, society and thought. nature, society and thought.

The process of movement of human The process of movement of human thought from ignorance to knowledge is thought from ignorance to knowledge is called knowledge, which is based on called knowledge, which is based on reflection and reproduction in the mind of reflection and reproduction in the mind of objective reality. Scientific knowledge - a objective reality. Scientific knowledge - a study that characterized its specific goals study that characterized its specific goals and objectives, methods of obtaining and and objectives, methods of obtaining and verification of new knowledge. It reaches verification of new knowledge. It reaches the essence of phenomena, revealing the the essence of phenomena, revealing the laws of their existence and development, laws of their existence and development, thereby indicating practice opportunities, thereby indicating practice opportunities, ways and means of influence on these ways and means of influence on these events and changes according to their events and changes according to their objective nature. Scientific knowledge is objective nature. Scientific knowledge is intended to illuminate the path of practice, intended to illuminate the path of practice, provide the theoretical basis for solving provide the theoretical basis for solving practical problems practical problems

The basis and driving force of The basis and driving force of knowledge is experience, it knowledge is experience, it gives the science facts, which gives the science facts, which requires theoretical requires theoretical understanding. Theoretical understanding. Theoretical knowledge creates a solid basis knowledge creates a solid basis for understanding the for understanding the phenomena of objective reality.phenomena of objective reality.

Knowledge reduced to answer Knowledge reduced to answer several questions that can be several questions that can be represented schematically as represented schematically as follows:follows:What? how much? why? what? What? how much? why? what? how? - These questions must be how? - These questions must be answered science.answered science.How do I do? - This question gives How do I do? - This question gives the answer method.the answer method.What to do? - An area of practice.What to do? - An area of practice.

Questions lead to the Questions lead to the immediate goals of science - immediate goals of science - description, explanation and description, explanation and prediction of processes and prediction of processes and phenomena of objective phenomena of objective reality that is the subject of its reality that is the subject of its study on the basis of laws study on the basis of laws which it opens, that is, in a which it opens, that is, in a broad sense - theoretically broad sense - theoretically true.true.

True knowledge exist as a system of True knowledge exist as a system of principles, laws, legislation, basic principles, laws, legislation, basic concepts, scientific facts, theoretical concepts, scientific facts, theoretical statements and conclusions. statements and conclusions. Therefore, the true objective scientific Therefore, the true objective scientific knowledge. However, scientific knowledge. However, scientific knowledge may be relative or knowledge may be relative or absolute. Relative knowledge - a absolute. Relative knowledge - a knowledge which, being mostly an knowledge which, being mostly an adequate reflection of reality is adequate reflection of reality is different to some incomplete match different to some incomplete match the image of the object. Absolute the image of the object. Absolute knowledge - it is a complete, knowledge - it is a complete, comprehensive rendering of comprehensive rendering of generalized concepts of object that generalized concepts of object that fully match the image of the object. fully match the image of the object.

The scientific idea - an intuitive The scientific idea - an intuitive explanation of the phenomenon explanation of the phenomenon (process) without intermediate (process) without intermediate argument, without awareness of the argument, without awareness of the totality of relationships on which it is totality of relationships on which it is concluded. It is based on existing concluded. It is based on existing knowledge, but reveals the knowledge, but reveals the previously observed patterns. previously observed patterns. Science provides two types of ideas: Science provides two types of ideas: constructive and destructive, that is, constructive and destructive, that is, those who have or not have those who have or not have relevance for science and practice. relevance for science and practice. His specific materialization of the His specific materialization of the idea found in the hypothesis.idea found in the hypothesis.

Hypothesis - scientific assumptions Hypothesis - scientific assumptions put forward to explain any put forward to explain any phenomena (processes) or reasons phenomena (processes) or reasons given for this result. Scientific theory given for this result. Scientific theory includes the hypothesis as a starting includes the hypothesis as a starting point the search for truth, which point the search for truth, which helps to significantly save time and helps to significantly save time and effort, specifically to collect and effort, specifically to collect and classify facts. There are zero, classify facts. There are zero, descriptive (conceptual and descriptive (conceptual and terminological), explanatory, terminological), explanatory, conceptual and basic working conceptual and basic working hypothesis. If the hypothesis is hypothesis. If the hypothesis is consistent with scientific facts, in consistent with scientific facts, in science it is called a theory or law.science it is called a theory or law.

Law - significant internal Law - significant internal communication events that communication events that leads to their logical leads to their logical development. Law, invented by development. Law, invented by guess, you must then logically guess, you must then logically prove that only in this case it is prove that only in this case it is recognized by science. To prove recognized by science. To prove the law of science is using the law of science is using judgmentjudgment

Judgment - an opinion which by Judgment - an opinion which by means of communication means of communication concepts claimed or denied concepts claimed or denied anything. Judgments about the anything. Judgments about the object or phenomenon can be object or phenomenon can be obtained either through direct obtained either through direct observation of any fact or observation of any fact or indirectly - by means of indirectly - by means of deduction.deduction.

Deduction - mental operation by Deduction - mental operation by which a certain number of given which a certain number of given statements displayed a different statements displayed a different judgment, which in some way judgment, which in some way connected with the original.connected with the original.

The scientific concept - a system The scientific concept - a system of beliefs, theoretical positions, of beliefs, theoretical positions, the basic ideas of the object of the basic ideas of the object of study, which combined some study, which combined some main idea.main idea.

The idea - the definition of The idea - the definition of content, essentially meaning of content, essentially meaning of what is at stake.what is at stake.

The concept - this idea is The concept - this idea is reflected in the generalized reflected in the generalized form. It reflects the form. It reflects the significant and necessary significant and necessary features of objects and features of objects and phenomena, and phenomena, and relationships. If the concept relationships. If the concept was incorporated into was incorporated into scientific use his mark in a scientific use his mark in a word or use a set of words - word or use a set of words - terms.terms.

Scientific fact - an event or Scientific fact - an event or phenomenon that is the basis phenomenon that is the basis for the conclusion or for the conclusion or confirmation. It is an element confirmation. It is an element which together with other forms which together with other forms the basis of scientific knowledge the basis of scientific knowledge reflects objective properties of reflects objective properties of phenomena and processes. On phenomena and processes. On the basis of scientific facts the basis of scientific facts determined by the laws of determined by the laws of phenomena, theories are phenomena, theories are constructed and derived laws.constructed and derived laws.

The movement of thought from The movement of thought from ignorance to knowledge is ignorance to knowledge is guided by the methodology. The guided by the methodology. The methodology of scientific methodology of scientific knowledge - the study of the knowledge - the study of the principles, forms and methods principles, forms and methods of research activities. The of research activities. The method of research - a way to method of research - a way to use old knowledge to gain new use old knowledge to gain new knowledge. It is a means of knowledge. It is a means of obtaining scientific facts.obtaining scientific facts.

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