Lecture 1THE DEFINITION OF

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY AS A SCIENCE ABOUT PLANTS.

STRUCTURE OF PLANT CELL AND ITS COMPONENTS

Prepared by assoc.-prof. Shanayda M.I.

Botany, or plant biology, is the scientific study of plants. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study plants: structure, growth, development,

reproduction, chemical properties, and evolution the different groups.

Avicenna's Canon of

Medicine - dated 1593

Botany is one of the oldest sciences about edible, medicinal and poisonous plants.

The first writings that show human curiosity about plants appears in the teachings of Aristotle's student Theophrastus

in ancient Athens in about 300 BC.

Statue of Theophrastus "Father of Botany""Father of Botany"

Palermo Botanic Gardens

Plants are the separate Kingdom of living organisms on Earth that includes over 500,000 species.

Plants have all features of living organisms…

Prokaryotic Cells Without Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles

Kingdom Monera [10,000 species] -including the true bacteria (eubacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).

Eukaryotic Cells With Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles:

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Global function of plants on the Earth:Green plants generate the oxygen and sugars that sustain life on the Earth.

Plants supply our food. For example, about 95% of our food

comes from only twenty species of plants. Asian civilizations were based

on rice, Middle Eastern civilizations were based on wheat and barley,

and American civilizations were based on corn.

Tea, cacao and coffee, the world's most popular beverages, are also made from plants. We use of plants to make fibers (from linen,

cotton-plant), money, oils, spices, and medicines

-Food -Clothes-Warmth-Drugs

About 40% of drugs are made from plants

Thus plantsThus plants are for usare for us::

Plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the molecular level

through organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, and communities of plants.

The Pharmaceutical Botany consists from three chapters – anatomy,

morphology and taxonomy of plants.

How plants and animals are different?How plants and animals are different?1) Plants can do the process of photosynthesis.

Plants are green and animals are not. 2) Plants grow on the ground and don't move, but animals

can move freely when they want.3) Plants have unlimited growth, but animals have limited

growth.

Plant and animal cells share many structures, such as Nucleus, EPR, ribosomes, mitochondria and Golgi apparat, however, plants contain structures not found in animals,

such as a cell wall, plastids, and vacuoles.

Plant cellsPlant cells are quite different from the animal cells, because unclude are quite different from the animal cells, because unclude::1)Plastids, especially chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll, the

pigment that allows them to perform photosynthesis. 2)A large central vacuole (enclosed by a membrane, the tonoplast),

which maintains the cell's turgor 3)Cell wall is a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds

a plant cell outside of the plasmalemma. 4)Plasmodesmata - small tubes that connect plant

cells to each other, providing living bridges between cells.5) The main substance of reserve in plant body

is carbohydrate – starch, in animals – glycogen.

6)Shape of plant cells can be elongated (prosenchyma) –

typical for mechanical and vascular tissues amd oval, round, star-like

(parenchyma)

VacuolesVacuolesVacuoles are filled with a watery fluid called cell sapcell sap. Vacuole helps maintain the shape of the cell. Cell sap contains dissolved substances, such as salts, sugars, organic acids and vitamins.

It also frequently contains water-soluble pigments – antocyanins (blue-purple colors of grape fruits) and antochlor (yellow colors of lemon fruits).

Some plants accumulate water-soluble carbohydrate fructan inulin in vacuoles (plants from Sunflower family) – that has a minimal impact on blood sugar,

making in generally suitable for diabetics. We can use 20%- alcohol solution of α-naftol in conc. acid for

identification of inulin (it become rose-violet).

.

There are three types of plastids in plant cells:I. ChloroplastsI. Chloroplasts is the first type of plastids

consisting of two unit membranes. It Within is a colorless, fluid,

enzyme-containing matrix, stroma.

Membranes of thylakoids contain green pigments chlorophyll. Chlorophyll or closely-related pigments (substances that color the plant) are essential to the

photosynthetic process: 6СО2 + 6Н2О + sunlight = С6Н12О6 + 6О2

II. The second type of plastid found in some cells of plants is chromoplast. The chromoplasts contain red,

orange and yellow pigments called carotenoids. These pigments are typically found in roots of carrot, fruits of rose and tomato.

III. Leucoplasts are the third type of plastids. They are essentially colorless. Leucoplasts include the:

1. amyloplasts which synthesize secondary starch (found in tuber of potato),

2. elaioplasts which synthesize oils (in sunflower),

3. proteoplasts which synthesize protein (in bean).

Seeds of pea, bean, castor-oil plant include aleurone grain (body) –

granule within plant cells that usually contains protein. They may accumulate

in a proteoplast or just a specialized vacuole

The forms of starch grains are different in various plants. These shapes are diagnostic

features for identification of many medicinal plants –

potato, rice, wheat potato, rice, wheat and cornand corn

2 3

5 4

1

CELL INCLUSIONSCELL INCLUSIONSCell inclusions are divided in reserve and waste products.

Reserve products include starch grains, aleuronic grains and fatty oils.

Waste products include the large crystals of salts and essential oils.

Sometimes large crystals of waste products form within the cell sap after certain ions have become

concentrated there. The most abundant are crystals of calcium oxalate.

Microscopic examination of a ficus, hop-plant and nettle leaves revealed

in some cells of its epidermis a protrusion of the cell membrane with an accumulation of calcium carbonate crystals (CaCO3) – Cystolits – that dissolve in the hydrochloric

acid and release carbonic acid gas.

Any of the tissue or tissue systems of plants can contain idioblasts.

They are isolated cells which differ from neighboring plant tissues and contain non-living substances. They have various functions such as storage of

reserves, excretory materials, pigments and minerals.

The Cell WallExcept for very few examples, plant cells are surrounded by

a cellulose containing cell wall.

Cell wall a a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell

The secondary cell walls of many cells, especially those

of vascular tissues, are incrusted with lignin, the ground

substance of wood and suberin, the ground

substance of cork.

There are many pores (pits) in the secondary cell walls – unthickening places in a surface, which allows substances

to pass through it. Pores can be simple straight, crack-like branching and encircled.

ACTIVE HERBAL COMPOUNDS OF PLANTSACTIVE HERBAL COMPOUNDS OF PLANTSMucilage (in linen seeds), starch (potato, wheat, corn, rice).

Protein, amino-acids (bean).Vitamins C, K, U, etc.

Fatty oils of plants are usually nonvolatile liquid chemicals.Essential oils are volatile and usually have aromatic smell.

Flavonoids are often yellow colored and are usually bound to sugars. They are found in many

plant and often work synergistically with other compound.Tannins are found in wide range of plant. Uses as astringent anthrachinons (for treating intestine problems as laxative).

Bitters are mixed group of bitter-tasting compounds. They improve digestion and appetite, and also affect fermentation processes.

Cardiac glycosides have strong effects on heart function. Most are very poisonous and should therefore only

be handled by qualified doctors.Alkaloids are a group of basic organic compounds containing

nitrogen. Many are poisonous, for example: nicotine, codeine, morphine.

It was established that the plants reserve the secondary starch in ... It was established that the plants reserve the secondary starch in ... amiloplastamiloplast chloroplastchloroplast chromoplastchromoplast oleoplast oleoplast ProteoplastProteoplastIt was established that pigment xanthophyll that have yellow-orange It was established that pigment xanthophyll that have yellow-orange

color are localized mainly in the ...color are localized mainly in the ... amiloplastamiloplast ChloroplastChloroplast chromoplastchromoplast oleoplast oleoplast proteoplastah proteoplastah It is known that depending on pH of cellular fluid petal coloration of a It is known that depending on pH of cellular fluid petal coloration of a

plant can vary from blue-and-violet to pink. It is coused by plant can vary from blue-and-violet to pink. It is coused by presence of :presence of :

Carotins Carotins XanthophyllsXanthophylls ChlorophyllsChlorophylls PhycobilinsPhycobilins AnthocyaninsAnthocyanins

What it is What it is ??

A GLOSSARY OF PLANT CELL ANATOMY TERMS