Lecture 12Perissodactyla (odd-toed) &
Artiodactyla (even-toed)
Perissodactyla & Artiodactyla
3 Families3 Families 10 Families10 Families
Shared Characteristics
• Relatively large, hoofed, terrestrial herbivores• Ungulates – Walk on the tips of their toes on
keratinized hoofs.• Cursorial movement• Mostly hypsodont teeth, with complex
occlusal surfaces.
Plantigrade
Digitigrade
Unguligrade
SHARED CHARACTERISTICS
Mesaxonic
Paraxonic
tapir
rhino
horse
pig deer camel
pronghorn
“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtnLNmB3ZNE
Major CRANIODENTAL trends in ungulate evolution:
Omnivore/carnivore•pointy incisors & canines
•large temporalis, coronoid process; small angular pr. of dentary
•cheekteeth tritubercular or bunodont, Often brachyodont
Herbivore•flat incisors, small or no canines; diastema•small temporalis, coronoid process; large angular pr.
•cheekteeth flat for grinding; lophodont, selenodont, bilophodont.Often hypsodont
SHARED CHARACTERISTICS
Masticators
Croppers
Rumination(foregutfermentation)
Hindgutfermentation
DIFFERING CHARACTERISTICS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWg1u1bUKNc (Ruminant)
Cellose digested:
60%
40-45%
Adaptation differences
• Quantity vs. Quality– Perissodactyla – high passage rate, low digestion– Artiodactyla – slower passage rate, more digestion
• http://www.newsminer.com/view/full_story/5784999/article-Alaska-biologists-try-to-ward-off-feeding-of-moose?
Perissodactyla “odd-toed”
Order Perissodactyla: 3 families, 6 genera,ca 17 species Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras)
1 genus, ca. 8 species
Family Tapiridae (tapirs)1 genus, 4 species
Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos)4 genera, 5 species.
-MESAXONIC
Mesaxonic
Paraxonic
tapir
rhino
horse
pig deer camel
pronghorn
“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane
Family Tapiridae
• Relatively primitive living mammal
Perissodactyla
Family Tapiridae• Originated in North America and spread to
Asia and South America• Extirpated from NA in Pleistocene
Perissodactyla
Family Tapiridae• Nose and upper lip form a pronounced, flexible
proboscis (like an elephant)• Assists with feeding• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szcRMFzV8uE (7th min)
Perissodactyla
Family Rhinocerotidae• Large and heavyset with a prehensile upper lip• Family name refers to horn
– Agglutinated keratinized horn• Neither horn attached to bone
Perissodactyla
glutenized, keratinized fibers
Family Rhinocerotidae• Geographic extant limited to tropical and
subtropical habitat because of poaching and habitat destruction
Perissodactyla
Family Rhinocerotidae• All species considered endangered or critically
endangered
Perissodactyla
Family Equidae• Relatively long, slender limbs, and only the 3rd
digit remains functional
Perissodactyla
Family Equidae Perissodactyla
Family Equidae• Literally shaped the formation, economics,
and culture of human societies over the last 5000 years: see book “Guns, germs, and steel”
Perissodactyla
62 Spanish soldiers on horses took down an Inca empire.
Family Equidae• Different than other families of
Perissodactyla , Equids exhibit group living.
Perissodactyla
Artiodactyla (even-toed)
Order Artiodactyla: 10 families, 80 genera, >220 species! Suborder Suiformes
Family Suidae -pigsFamily Tayassuidae -peccariesFamily Hippopotamidae -hippos
Suborder TylopodaFamily Camelidae-camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca
Suborder Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina
Family Tragulidae-chevrotain, mouse deer Infraorder Pecora Superfamily Giraffoidea
Family Giraffidae -giraffes Superfamily Cervoidea
Family Moschidae-musk deerFamily Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeerFamily Antilocapridae -pronghorn
Superfamily BovoideaFamily Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows
Mesaxonic
Paraxonic
tapir
rhino
horse
pig deer camel
pronghorn
“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane
Funcions:-enable males to carry out combat in competition for mates-secondarily used for display, indicators of social status, antipredator defense, secretion delivery
Cranial appendages
bovid
True “horns” only found in bovids (Bovidae).-unbranched and permanent-Inner bony core, extension of frontal bone-no parts are shed
Cranial appendages
antilocaprid
Cranial appendages
Pronghorns (found only in Antilocapridae)-Similar bony core to bovids-horny sheath shed annually
cervid
Cranial appendages
True antlers only in Cervidae-entirely bony when fully developed-extension of frontal bone-shed periodically (usually annually in temperate zones)-during growth, covered with velvet (highly vascularized)
giraffe
Cranial appendages
Giraffe “horns”-bony processes, but not outgrowths of the frontal bone-situated over sutures b/w frontal and parietal bones-permanently covered with skin and hair-present from birth in both sexes
rhino
Cranial appendages
Rhinoceros “horns”-non-bony-solid mass of hardened epidermal cells formed from cluster of long dermal papillae-resulting fibers hair-like, but grow differently from true hairs-not attached to underlying nasal bones
Extensive diversity
Suborder Suiformes• Family Suidae -pigs• Family Tayassuidae -peccaries• Family Hippopotamidae -hippos
• Quite different compared to the rest of artiodactyla– Simple stomach – don’t ruminate (no cud)– Less complex bunodont cheek teeth– Canines are present and tusk like– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1xbGw-MG7I
Suborder Suiformes
Suborder TylopodaFamily Camelidae -camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca
Only plantigrade or fully digitgrade ungulates (I know, how can you be a plantigrade ungulate?)
Lack horns or antlers. (they bite for dominance)
Remarkable ability to conserve water (loose up to 40% of water weight).
• Infraorder TragulinaFamily Tragulidae -chevrotain, mouse deer
• Infraorder Pecora
Superfamily GiraffoideaFamily Giraffidae -giraffes
Superfamily Cervoidea
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7HCIGFdBt8&feature=related
• Family Moschidae -musk deer
• Family Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeer
• Family Antilocapridae -pronghorn
• Superfamily BovoideaFamily Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows
Suborder Ruminantia
Grauer and Higgins 1994, Thewissen et al. 2001 (Nature) Agnarsson and May-Collado 2008
Cetartiodactyla?
Hunting• 10.7 million people hunt Artiodactylas each year in the US.• Millions of WTD harvested each year.• In Alaska, around 71,000 people hunt each year.• 22,000 Caribou are harvested each year• 1,000 Dall sheep• 300 Muskox• 13,000 Sitka black-tailed deer• 500 Mountain goat• 10,000 Moose• 100 Bison• 50 Elk
USFWS = Hunting statistics,