Lecture 17

Review for Exam 2

Chapters Covered

Chapter Title Lecture 8 Time and Geology 10 9 Mass Wasting 1110 Streams and Floods 1211 Ground Water 1312 Glaciers and Glaciation 1413 Deserts and Wind Action 1514 Waves, Beaches, and Coasts 16

Time and GeologyConcepts

Deep TimeRelative Time

Absolute Time

Principles of Relative TimeTypes of UnconformityMethods of CorrelationStandard Geologic Time Scale

DivisionsMeanings of Era NamesWhen do we live?

IsotopesRadioactive Decay

TypesImportant Decay SystemsIsotopic Dating

PrinciplesUses

Time and GeologyHelpful Figures and Tables

Textbook

Lab Manual

Figures 8.1-8.11 Geologic History of Minor CanyonFigure 8.12 Age relationships indicated by contact metamorphism ...Figure 8.20 Use of fossil assemblagesFigure 8.22 Three modes of radioactive decayTable 8.3 Radioactive Isotopes Commonly Used for DatingFigure 8.27 Deep Time thought experiment

Figure 8.1 Three common types of unconformityFigures 8.2 - 8.12 Examples of use of relative dating principlesFigure 8.16 Radioactive Decay, Decay parameters of useful Isotopes

Lecture Slides

Time and GeologyTerms to Know

angular unconformityconformitycontactcross-cutting relationshipdaughter isotopedisconformityformationhalf-lifeinclusion

isotopelateral continuitynonconformityoriginal horizontalityparent isotoperadiometric datingsuperpositionuniformitarianism

Mass WastingConcepts

Classification of Mass WastingControlling Factors on Mass WastingTypes of Mass Wasting

Mass WastingHelpful Figures and Tables

TextbookTable 9.1 Types of Mass WastingFigure 9.1Flow, Slide, and FallTable 9.2 Summary of Controls of Mass WastingFigure 9.4 Indicators of CreepFigure 9.7 EarthflowFigure 9.10 SolifluctionFigure 9.14 Two examples of rockfallFigure 9.18 A hillside becomes vulnerable to mass wasting due to ...Figure 9.19 Use of drains to prevent mass wastingFigure 9.20 Safe and Unsafe roadcuts

Lab ManualLecture Slides

Mass WastingTerms to Know

angle of reposecreepdebrisdebris avalanchedebris falldebris flowdebris slideearthflowfallflowlandslidemass wasting

mudflowrock avalancherock fallrocksliderotational slideshear forceshear strengthslidesolifluctiontalustranslational slide

Streams and FloodsConcepts

The Hydrologic CycleDrainage

RunoffDrainage BasinsStream OrderDrainage PatternsStream Valley Development

Controls on Stream FunctionErosion and Erosional FeaturesTransportationDepositional Landforms

Stream Function

Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables

TextbookFigure 10.1 The Hydrologic CycleFigure 10.2 Longitudinal and cross sections of a typical streamFigure 10.4 Drainage basin of the MississippiFigure 10.5 Drainage patterns and underlying rockFigure 10.6 Regions of maximum velocity in a streamFigure 10.7 Hjulstrom's DiagramFigure 10.8 Channel shape and roughness influence stream velocityFigure 10.9 Channel width variations caused by rock type and ...Figure 10.14 Stream bed load and suspended loadFigure 10.27 Natural levee deposition during a floodFigure 10.30 Shape of delta and sediment supplyFigure 10.31 Alluvial FanFigure 10.40 Base level is the lowest level of downcuttingFigure 10.41 Ungraded and Graded streamsFigure 10.42 Lateral ErosionFigure 10.45 Development of Stream TerracesFigure 10.47 Incised MeandersFigure 10.48 Development of a Superposed Stream

Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables

Lab ManualFigure 11.1 General features of stream drainage basins, streams, and ...Figure 11.2 Stream drainage patternsFigure 11.10 map of the Rio Grande in 1992

Lecture

Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables

Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables

Streams and FloodsTerms to Know

alluvial fanbarbase levelbed loadbraided streamcapacitychannel flowcompetencedeltadendritic patterndischargedissolved loaddistributarydividedowncuttingdrainage basin

drainage patterndrainage systemflood plainfluvial landformgraded streamhydrologic cycleincised meanderlateral erosionmeandermeander cutoffnatural leveeoxbow lakepoint barradial patternrectangular patternsaltation

sheet flowstreamstream channelstream gradientstream orderstream terracetrellis patterntributary

Ground WaterConcepts

The Water TableMovement of Ground Water

Hydraulic Head, Gradient, and Darcy's LawGround Water VelocityDarcy's LawSprings and Streams

Aquifers and WellsEffects of Ground WaterGround Water Contamination

Ground WaterHelpful Figures and Tables

TextbookPage 259 World Distribution of WaterTable 11.1 Porosity and Permeability of Sediments and RocksFigure 11.2 Perched water tableBox 11.1 - Figure 1 Hydraulic HeadBox 11.1 - Figure 2 Ground Water FlowFigure 11.3 Movement of Ground Water below a sloping water tableFigure 11.4 Good wells and bad wellsFigure 11.6 Confined and Unconfined aquifers; Ground water flowFigure 11.7 Seasonal variations in unconfined aquifersFigure 11.8 Pumping well and cone of depressionFigure 11.12 Formation of springsFigure 11.13 Gaining and losing streamsFigure 11.15 Map view of contaminant plumeFigure 11.17 Rock type and distance control contamination of ...Figure 11.18 Ground water problems caused/aggravated by wellsFigure 11.23 Karst topography

Lab ManualLecture Slides

Ground WaterHelpful Figures and Tables

Ground WaterTerms to Know

aquiferartesian wellcavecone of depressionconfined aquiferdischarge zonedrawdowngaining streamground waterhydraulic gradienthydraulic headlosing streamperched water table

permeabilityporosityrechargerecharge area (zone)saturated zonesinkholespringunconfined aquifervadose zonewater tablewell

Glaciers and GlaciationConcepts

Distribution of GlaciersTypes of GlaciersFormation and Growth of Glaciers

Evolution of Snow to IceGlacial MovementErosional Glacial LandformsDepositional Glacial LandformsGlacial Water BodiesPast Glaciation

Glaciers and GlaciationHelpful Figures and Tables

TextbookFigure 12.3 Cross section of ice sheetFigure 12.4 Conversion of snow to glacier iceFigure 12.6 A valley glacier as it would appear at end of melt seasonFigure 12.8 Movement of a glacierFigure 12.9 CrevassesFigure 12.12 Plucking and AbrasionFigure 12.14 Landscape evolutionFigure 12.25 Moraines associated with valley glaciersFigure 12.28 Depositional features in front of a receding ice sheetFigure 12.33 Maximum glaciation during Pleistocene Ice Age

Lab ManualFigure 13.1 Active mountain glaciation in a hypothetical regionFigure 13.2 Erosional features remain after total ablationFigure 13.3 Erosional features produced by mountain or continental ...Figure 13.4 Depositional features produced by mountain or ...Figure 13.5 Water bodies of glaciated regionsFigure 13.6 Continental glaciation produces these characteristic ... Figure 13.7 Continental glaciation leaves behind these characteristic ...

Lecture Slides

Glaciers and GlaciationTerms to Know

ablationabrasionadvancing glacieralpine glaciationaretebasal slidingcirquecontinental glaciationcrevassedrumlinend (terminal) moraineequilibrium lineerraticeskerfinger lakefirnglacier

ground morainehanging valleyheadhornicebergice capice sheetkamekettlelateral moraineloessmarginal lakemedial morainemoraineoutwashpaternoster lakeplucking

receding glacierrock flourtarnterminustheory of glacial agestillvalley glacierzone of ablationzone of accumulation

Deserts and Wind ActionConcepts

DesertsCharacteristicsDistribution

Wind Action

Atmospheric CirculationRain ShadowCool Ocean CurrentsDistance From Ocean

CharacteristicsDistribution

Desert Landforms

ErosionTransportationDeposition

Glaciers and GlaciationHelpful Figures and Tables

TextbookFigure 13.3 World distribution of nonpolar desertsFigure 13.4 Rain shadowFigure 13.7 Characteristic landforms of the Colorado PlateauFigure 13.8 Monoclines, hogbacks and cuestasFigure 13.10 Two possible geometries of faults that control the ...Figure 13.11 Development of landforms associated with Basin and ...Figure 13.17 BlowoutsFigure 13.22 Sand dune formation and movement

Lab ManualFigure 14.1 Eolian erosion, transport, and depositionFigure 14.3 Common types of sand dunesFigure 14.7 Typical landforms of arid mountainous deserts in regions ...

Lecture Slides

Deserts and Wind ActionTerms to Know

bajadabarchanblowoutbuttedeflationdesertflash floodgravel pavementHadley Cellloesslongitudinal dunemesa

parabolic dunepedimentplateauplayaplaya lakerain shadowsand duneslip facetransverse duneventifact

Waves, Beaches, and CoastsConcepts

Waves

Nearshore Circulation

TypesEvolutionMotionPropertiesBreakers

Wave RefractionLongshore CurrentsRip Currents

The BeachCoastal Sediment BudgetNearshore Sediment Dynamics

LandformsHuman Interference

Coastal Types and Landforms

Waves, Beaches, and CoastsHelpful Figures and Tables

TextbookFigure 14.3 Orbital motion of water wavesFigure 14.4 Deep water wave begins to "feel" the bottomFigure 14.5 Wave refractionFigure 14.6 Rip currentsFigure 14.8 Seasonal cycle of a beach Figure 14.9 Longshore drift of sandFigure 14.11 Formation of a tomboloFigure 14.12 Man-made coastal structuresFigure 14.13 Wave refraction on an irregular coastFigure 14.14 Coastal straightening

Lab ManualFigure 15.1 Emergent coastline featuresFigure 15.2 Submergent coastline featuresFigure 15.3 Coastal structures

Lecture Slides

Waves, Beaches, and CoastsTerms to Know

barrier islandbaymouth barbeachbeach facebermbreakercoastcoastal straighteningcrestestuaryfetchfjordgroinheadlandjettylongshore currentlongshore drift

marine terraceoverwash fanplunging wavesprimary coastrip currentrip current feederrip current headrip current neckripplesea archsea cliffsecondary coastspilling wavesspitstacksurfsurging waves

swashswelltombolotrough (of wave)wavewave-cut platformwave amplitudewave basewave frequencywave heightwave lengthwave periodwave refractionwave train