Lecture 2 colonial + indosarcenic

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Colonialism

History of Architecture-II (AP-313)

COLONIAL & INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE

LECTURE 2

Nipesh P Narayanan

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COLONIALISM WHAT IT MEANS?


IS IT SO BAD? WHY DID IT HAPPEN IN THE FIRST PLACE?

“Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;

And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,

Watch sloth and heathen Folly

Bring all your hopes to nought.”

~ Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899


BURDEN ON THE WHITE MAN!

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BURDEN ON THE WHITE MAN!

Advertisement for Pears soap in 1899.

Admiral George Dewey the American Navy Commander who destroyed the Spanish Navy

in Philippines

The first step towards lightening

The White Man’s Burden

Is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness

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ATTITUDE OF THE COLONISER

• I know it better than you!




• I am raising the natives to civilization




• I am raising the natives to civilization

• Win-Win situation – Coloniser get the native resources– Colonised gets to be civilized


COLONIALISM IN INDIA



• Portuguese (1505–1961)

• Dutch (1605 to 1825)

• British (1612-1947)

• French (1759–1954)


ARCHITECTURE OF THE COLONIZER

• Need for colonizer’s architecture» Started with Greeks

– French – Pondicherry– Dutch – Coromandel, Malabar– Portuguese – Goa– British – Calcutta

“And there they set effigies of the prisoners arrayed in barbarian costume and holding up the roof, their pride punished by this deserved affront, that enemies might tremble for fear of the effects of their courage, and that their own people, looking upon this example of their valour and encouraged by the glory of it, might be ready to defend their independence.”

~ Vitruvius, Chapter 1, De Architectura (Around 15 BC)

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• Pre 1857– Functional– Trade requirements



• Pre 1857– Functional– Trade requirements

• Post 1857– Identity – Power & Superiority– Social disparity– Building for performance


NEW RULE NEW INSTITUTIONS

• Railway stations– Engines of growth

• Courts– A civilized world

• Colleges– Modern education as a base for the society

• Hospitals– Quality of life

• Post Offices– Bureaucracy


NEW BRITISH CITY “NEW DELHI” & A ROMAN ARCH?

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NEW LOGIC TO URBAN DESIGN

• Urban Inserts– Nai Sadak– Town Halls and clock tower

• Hill Stations– Masoorie– Shimla

• Cantonments

• Urban Extensions– Civil Lines


NEW LOGIC TO BUILDING

• Military engineers– MES

• PWD– 1862

• Building laws– 1855 plague

• ASI– 1861 by Sir Alexander Cunningham


NEW LIFE STYLE

• New behavioural pattern

• Colonial life style of the rich

• New typologies– Clubs– Gymkhana– Hotels– Parks and Gardens– Bungalows


WHY TAKE OVER THE GOVERNMENT?

• Build Infrastructure• Railways• Roads• Social


MODES OF TRADE?

• Type 1:– Basic Trade– Civilizing the natives

• Type 2– Basic trade– Civilizing the natives– PRODUCTION

• Capital Crops• Semi Processed Goods

British

FrenchPortuguese

Dutch


EUROPEAN PALETTE

• Classical

• Romanesque

• Gothic

• Renaissance

• Baroque


PRE 1857

Introverted trading enclaves called “factories”

Factories

Fort

Towns/colonies


POST 1857

Magnificence of the Raj

Introverted

Colonies

Spectacle of Pow

er

Architecture of the

Supreme


LONDON EAST INDIA HOUSE

Leadenhall Street in London (1729)

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CALCUTTA WRITERS’ BUILDING

Architecture in India - 1777 (Construction started)

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WILLIAM HODGES AND VIEWS OF INDIA

"A View of the Fort of Agra on the River Jumna," by William Hodges, London, 1785-88


BRITISH UNDERSTANDING OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

Islamic Architecture

Hindu Architecture


INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE

Islamic Architecture

Hindu Architecture

British Palette(Import)


EUROPEAN PALETTE

• Classical

• Romanesque

• Gothic

• Renaissance

• Baroque


WILLIAM EMERSON THE MUIR COLLEGE

Allahabad 1873 – “Over a large hall which exudes a vague air of Venetian Gothic there rises a dome which is Mughal in outline but Persian in decoration, and beside it stands a minaret which appears to have been transposed from Mamluk Egypt” ~ H R Tillotson

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ROBERT FELLOWES CHISHOLM MADRAS UNIVERSITY SENATE HOUSE

Madras 1870s – “…some of the arches are of ogee form…while others are voluptuous horseshow…as those of Moorish Spain” ~ H R Tillotson

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ROGER T SMITH ARCHITECTURAL ART IN INDIA

“As our administration exhibits European justice, order, law, energy, and honour – and that in no hesitating or feeble way – so our buildings ought to hold up a high standard of European art. They aught to be European both as rallying points for ourselves, and as raising a distinctive symbol of our presence to be beheld with respect and even with admiration by the natives of the country”

~ Roger Smith (1873), Talk at Society of Arts


THE QUESTION OF STYLE


THE QUESTION OF STYLE

“We ought, like the Romans and the Mohammedans, to take our national style with us….we shall be likely to succeed best if we are not too anxious to incorporate much of the art or style of the country with our own”~ Roger Smith

Emerson pointed out that, on contrary, Islamic architecture in India is notable for its degree of adaptation to local conditions. That was the procedure which he urged the British to Follow.


ROBERT FELLOWES CHISHOLM ORIENTALISING THE RAJ

Chepauk Palace Madras 1871 ~ Chisholm (Governor of Mardras, Lord Napier’s support)

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ROBERT FELLOWES CHISHOLM STYLE OF THE ERA

Napier Museum Trivandrum 1872

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CHARLES MANT MAYO COLLEGE AJMER

Ajmer 1875-85

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MANT & CHISHOLM LAXMI VILAS

Baroda 1878-90

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HENRY IRWIN LAW COURTS

Madras 1888-92

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HENRY IRWIN ART GALLERY

Madras 1907

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F W STEVENS VICTORIA TERMINUS

Bombay 1880s

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F W STEVENS VICTORIA TERMINUS

Bombay 1880s

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GEORGE WITTET PRINCE OF WHALES MUSEUM

Bombay 1905

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GEORGE WITTET GATEWAY OF INDIA

Bombay 1911


WILLIAM EMERSON VICTORIA MEMORIAL

Calcutta 1921 (Inaugurated )

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LUTYENS AND BAKER NEW DELHI

1914 - 31

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LUTYENS AND BAKER NEW DELHI

1914 - 31

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REFERENCE

Ching, Francis D K, Jarzombek, Mark M and Prakash, Vikramaditya. 2011. A Global History of Architecture. s.l. : John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN: 0470902485, 9780470902486.

London, Chrostopher W, [ed.]. 1994. Architecture in Victorian and Edwardian India. Mumbai : Marg, 1994. ISBN: 81-85026-26-2.

Marshall, P. J. 2001. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. s.l. : Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN: 0521002540, 9780521002547.

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Lecture 2 colonial + indosarcenic

Education