WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO IN A RESEARCH?IN A RESEARCH?

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THIS IS WHAT WE CALL ETHICS IN RESEARCH

Etika dan penyelidik

Penyelidik sebagai individu

bermula dan berakhir dengan penyelidikpenyelidikan yang BERetika takes longer to complete, cost more money, is more complicated, and is more likely to be terminated before its completion.

Why unethical? Pressure, gain prestige,

impress people and many more.

Scientific misconduct

What is it?

Fraud and plagiarim. Scientific misconduct occurs when a reseaRcher falsifies or distorts the data or methods of data collection or plagariaszes the work of others.

What is reseaRch fraud? Fake or invent data that were not really collected or falsely reports how reseaRch was conducted

Plagiarism? Steals the ideas or writing of others or uses them without citing the source

Power:

relationship between the researcher and subjects oR assistAnt involve power and trust. There should not be abuse of power and trust by the researcher on the subjects or assistant

Etika berhubung subjek kajian

physical harm:

should not cause physical harm. Anticipate risk before the conduct of research. Screened high risk subjects if stress is involved. Should accept moral and legal responsibility for injury due to participation in research and should terminate the project immediately if yOu can’t guarantee the safety of the participants.

psychological abuse:

you may place people in stressful, embarasSing, anxiety producing or unpleasant situations. Should never create unnecessary stress beyond the minimal amount needed to create the dEsired effect, stress that has no direct, legitimate reseaRch purpose.KNowing the minimal amount comes with experience

legal jeopardy:

Protecting subjects from increases risk of arrest especially when you want to study criminal Observing illegal behavior may be central to a research project. If you supply information to the authority, you violate ethical standards regarding research subjects and undermine future research.

Other harm to subjects:

Like asking to recall unpleasant events. Negative effect on their careers and incomes. Like you make a study and found out the supervisor’s performance are poor. As a result, he may loose his job or get a pay cut.

Deception:

Never force anyone to participate and do not lie unless it is required for legitimate research reasons. Deception may increase mistrust and diminish public respect.

Informed Consent:

A fundamental ethical principle of social research is NEVER COERCE anyone to participate. It should be voluntary. Subjects should be explained so they can make informed decisions

Content of informed consent1. A brief description of purpose and

procedures or research including expected duration of the study

2. A statement of any risk or discomfort associated with participation

3. A guarantee of anonymity and the confidentiality of records

4. The identification of the researcher and of where to receive information about subject rights or questions about the study

5. A statement of participation is completely voluntary and can be terminated at anytime without penalty

6. A statement of alternative procedures that may be used

7. A statement of any benefits or compensation provided to subjects and the number of subjects involved

8. An offer to provide a summary of findings

Privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality

Privacy: can be violated to a minimal degree for a legitimate research purpose. Protect the information on research subjects form public disclosure.

Anonymity:

Anonymity means subject remain anonymous and nameless. Protect privacy by not disclosing a subject’s identity after information is gathered. Discard the name and address as soon as you complete data collection and refer the subjects by code number. You withheld the name.

Confidentiality:

Even if anonymity is not possible, confidentiality should be protected. Anonymity protects the identity of specific individuals. Confidentiality means keeping it secret from the public. The information may have names attached to it. The information is not releasedIn a way that permits linking......

Etika dan komuniti saintifik

Basic principles of Ethical social Research based on UN Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.

1. Ethical responsibility rest with the individual researcher

2. Do not exploit subjects or students for personal gain

3. Some form of informed consent is highly recommended or required

4. Honor all guarantee of privacy, anonymity, confidentiality

5. Do not coerce or humiliate subjects6. Use deception only if needed and always

accompany it with debriefing

7. Use research method that is appropriate for the topic

8. Detect and remove undesirable consequences to research subjects

9. Anticipate the repercussions of the research or publication of results

10. Identify the sponsor who funded the research

11. Cooperate with host nation when doing comparative study

12. Release the details of the study design with the results

13. Make the interpretation of results consistent with the data

14. Use high methodological standards and strive for accuracy

15. Do not conduct secret research

Etika and pembiayaan penyelidikan

you may be asked to compromise ethical or professional research standards as a condition of getting grants. What do you do? You have 3 choices (1) loyalty to the organization or larger group [cave in to the sponsor] (2) exit from the situation [quit], (3) voice opposition [whistle-blower]

Arriving at particular findings:

directly or indirectly you are asked to come up with the desired findings. What will you do?

Limit on how to conduct studies.

Can a sponsor limit research by defining what can be studied or by limiting the techniques used. Sponsors can legitimately set conditions on research techniques used and limit cost of research. But researcher must follow generally accepted research methods. A researcher should refuse to continue if he couldn’t uphold the generally accepted standards of research.

Suppressing findings

What happen if the findings are against your sponsor? Not uncommon in social research. Negotiate condition for releasing findings prior to he start of research. And if possible sign a contract to that effect

What do you do with the findings?