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Lecture 2Etymological Study of
Medical Terms
Etymology Definition The origin and historical development of a
linguistic form as shown by determining its basic elements, earliest known use, and changes in form and meaning, tracing its transmission from one language to another, identifying its cognates in other languages, and reconstructing its ancestral form where possible.
Medical Terminology - Applied
DefinitionThe words or terms that make up the
language of medicine are referred to as the terminology of the medical field.
Like every other language, medical terminology has changed over time, but the majority of terms are based on Latin or Greek words.
The Sources of Medical Terminology
Native terms
Borrowed terms
Coinage
Sources of Medical Terms
Native: those that derive from Old English
Old English (450AD-1100 AD) Time: the fifth and sixth centuries AD,
Event: invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland into the British Isles and began populating those areas
Result: The invaders, known as the Anglo-Saxons, pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is now England into Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words. The language they spoke, Anglo-Saxon, was mutually intelligible and at some point developed into what we know as Old English.
Words evolved from old English
Most medical words from old English denote :
Anatomic structures Organs Substances Basic concepts of human activities
Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changes
ankle back bladder ear eye foot gum hair
knee lip liver lung neck throat tongue
Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changes
Some words denoting basic physical functions: breath swallow thirst yawn sleep heal health
Some words denoting basic symptoms:
ache choke deaf fever lame mad swell wound
Anatomic words Words evolved from old English
With Semantical Changesblood In O.E., spelt as blod perhaps originally meant “to swell,
gush, spurt” or ‘"that which bursts out”.
Anatomic words Words evolved from old English
With Semantical Changeschest chest – In O.E., cest meaning “box, coffer”. a medicine chest ( 药箱 ) The meaning was extended to “thorax” in
1530 and replaced breast, on the metaphor that the ribs are a box for the organs.
Anatomic words Words evolved from old English
With Semantical Changesorgan It was organe in O.E., and orgene in O.Fr.
(Old French), both meaning “musical instrument”.
Sense was narrowed in late M.E. to modern musical instrument known by that name ( 风琴 ).
Anatomic words Words evolved from old
English With Semantical Changes
organ Great Organ Works The meaning “functioning body part”
appeared in English in 1392.
Words evolved from old English
Other Examples:
whooping-cough
pertussis
pink eye
epidemic conjunctivitis
athlete’s foot
tinea pedis
Submedical Words Word General Meaning Medical meaning Examples
arrest base carrier complaint complication control digest failure shock
Sources of Medical Terms
Borrowed words, or loan-words: taken from other languages
largely based upon Greek, Latin and French vocabulary
German, Italian, Spanish and others have contributed some words to medical terminology.
Words originated from Greek
Great influence of long standing and well established ancient Greek civilization on western culture
·Asklepios (Greek spelling) /Aesculapius (Latin spelling)
埃斯科拉庇俄斯: the god of medicine and healing
He had a stick with the snake curled around it .
Words originated from Greek (WHO) World Health Organization
Words originated from Greek
中国医师协会标志
Words originated from Greek
·Hippocrates: the father of western medicine
a Greek physician born in 460 BCon the island of Cos, Greece. He became known as the founder of medicine and was regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body.
Words originated from Greek
acne It was borrowed from Gk. akme in
1570, meaning “(highest) point”. It contains the base “ak-”, denoting “sharp”.
“青春痘” “痤疮” “粉刺”
Words originated from Greek
diagnosis It was Greek diagnosis (a discerning,
distinguishing) used as a medical term in English in 1681. The word was evolved from diagignoskein composed of dia- (apart) and gignoskein (to learn, to discern).
Words originated from Greek Other Examples:
(1) aden, anorexia, colon, coma, derma, dyspeptic, glaucoma, glottis, larynx, metastasis, necrosis, nephron, paralysis, phalanx, pharynx, pneumonia, psychology, rachis, soma, stenosis, stoma, thorax,
— simple, fixed and precise
Achilles
Irisiris
Words originated from Latin The earliest influence of Latin language on
English may date back to Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought
their language to other parts of the entire Empire.
Greater influence was exerted after Norman Conquest. As Norman invaders spoke a language that derives from Ancient Latin, borrowing from Latin was inevitable.
Words originated from Latin
aorta Borrowed into English in 1578 from Middle
Latin aorta, the term was applied by Aristotle to the great artery of the heart. It literally meant “what is hung up.”
Words originated from Latin
bacteria The plural form of Modern Latin of
bacterium, it comes into English in 1847. The original Latin word is from Greek bakterion (small staff), the diminutive ( 指小词) of baktron (stick, rod). It is so called because the first ones observed were rod-shaped.
Words originated from Latin
cell It is made from Latin cella (small room, hut),
related to Latin celare (to hide, conceal). The earliest sense was for monastic rooms, then prison rooms. It began to be used in biology in the 17th century but not in modern sense until 1845.
Words originated from Latin
Other Examples: acute, abscess, abdomen, apnea,
autopsy, bacterium, cancer, clinic, cerebrum, cornea, cortex, dystrophy, hydrophobia, inflame, medicine, muscle, nausea, obstetrics, panacea, pelvis, placebo, plexus, prognosis, rabies, tumor, vertebra
Words originated from LatinThe changes of the endings: (1) inflammation, inspection (-tio→ -tion)
(2) catarrh, fluid (-us)
(3) ligament, pigment, medicament
(-mentum → -ment)
(4) immunity, heredity, obesity (-itas → -ity)
(5) medicine (medicina), intestine
(intestinum)
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar → Caesarean Section
Some interesting Examples:
Mercury →mercury Mercury, also known as
quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a chemical element with the symbol Hg (Latinized Greek: hydrargyrum, from "hydr-" meaning watery or runny and "argyros" meaning silver) and atomic number 80.
Mercury-god of commerce
Some interesting Examples:
Venus → venereal
Hygeia → hygiene
Panacea → panacea
Some interesting Examples:
Aesculapius and Hygeia
Words originated from French
After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language.
As French language itself is a modified form of Latin, many of these borrowed words ultimately come from Greek, since many words form this language had passed into Latin.
Words originated from French
hospital
Borrowed in 1242 from Old French hospital (hostel), it originally referred to “shelter for the needy”. Its sense of “institution for sick people” was first recorded 1549. Hospitalize was recorded from 1901.
Words originated from French
faint (adj.)
Old French faint (soft, weak, sluggish), which was derived from past participle of faindre (avoid one's duty by pretending), entered English in about 1300. Sense of “weak, feeble” began to be used in about1320.
Words originated from French
Disease
It was evolved in about 1330 from Old French desaise, made of des– (without, away) and aise (ease). Sense of “sickness, illness” was first recorded in 1393.
Words originated from French
Other examples:
ambulance, anatomy, antibiotics, artery, benign, bruit, chronic, doctor, embolism, jaundice, lavage, lymph, malaise, massage, mortuary, palpitation, pathology, prostate, rehabilitation, surgeon,
Words originated from German Starting from 19th century, German made
great progress in science and technology. Such advances necessitate new vocabulary to
denote new findings, discoveries, concepts and substances.
Some medical terms were first coined in German and then introduced into English.
Words originated from German
aspirin
It was coined in 1899 in German as a trademark name either from Greek a– (without) and Latin spiraea (ulmaria), the plant in whose flowers or leaves the processed acid in the medicine is found naturally.
Hence aspirin means “acetylo–salicylic acid which is gained not from the Spiraea ulmaria( 绣线菊类的植物 )(but in a chemical way)”.
Words originated from German
Biology
The word was suggested from Greek bios (life) and logia (study of) in 1802 by German naturalist G. Reinhold Treviranus (特雷维拉努斯) and introduced as a scientific term that year in French by Lamarck( 拉马克) . It was borrowed in English in 1819.
Words originated from German
Other examples:
barbiturate, chemotherapy, chromosome, gene, genome, leukemia, neuron, psychoanalysis, schizophrenia, testosterone
Words originated from Italian, Spanish and Chinese
From Italian :
influenza, malaria, quarantine From Spanish:
mosquito, quinine From Chinese:
yin, yang, jing, qi, tui na (from Pinyin)
acupoint, acupressure,moxibustion (coinage)
Words originated from Direct Coinage
Development in medical science necessitates more words to describe new findings, explains innovative processes and denotes new concepts .English has been enriched with a large vocabulary of coinage, embodying creativity and talents of all human thinking.
Words from Direct Coinage
acupuncture
It was coined in 1684 from Latin acus (needle) and English puncture, first used as noun meaning “pricking with a needle”. The verb was first recorded 1972.
Words from Direct Coinage
antacid
It was coined in 1732 from anti- (against) and acid.
Words from Direct Coinage
paramedic: It means “medical technician”, back-formation from paramedical (related to medicine in an auxiliary capacity) (1921), from para- + medical. The meaning “medical corpsman who parachutes” is 1951 from para(chute) + medic.
Causes of Coinage
1. Intersection and differentiation of medical science:
cytopathology
nanomedicine
microbial engineering
immunotoxicology
Causes of Coinage2. New findings in the medical field:
(1) penicillin, chemotherapy, streptomycin, electrocardiogram(ECG), reproductive cloning, transsexual operation, artificial heart
pasteurization
(2) AIDS, SARS, avian flu (bird flu), Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, karoshi (death from overwork), subhealth, ICU syndrome, affluenza (civil disease),
Causes of Coinage
(3) Escherichia coli, rickettsia, Shigella, Salmonella
(4)fallopian tube, Eustachian tube, Bowman’s
gland
(5)Mediterranean anemia, tularemia (rabbit
fever), Keshan disease
Causes of Coinage
3. Raised awareness of health care:
Medicare, Medicaid, aerobic exercise, organic food, skimmed milk, vegetarian, internet addiction, over-the-counter (OTC) drug, balanced diet, health-care food
4. Renewal of medical ethical views:
bioethics, hospice care, QOL (quality of life), euthanasia (mercy killing) , dignified death, brain death, vegetative state, informed consent